豆大蓟马对12种杀虫剂的敏感性测定

室内采用叶管药膜法测定12种杀虫剂对豆大蓟马(Megalurothrips usitatus)成虫和若虫的毒力。结果表明,供试药剂中除杀虫环和拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对豆大蓟马各虫态的毒力较低外,其他药剂均对豆大蓟马具有较高的毒力。毒力测定分析结果表明,供试药剂对豆大蓟马若虫的毒力不同程度上均大于成虫,且对成虫的毒力又以对雄成虫的毒力大于雌成虫。综合来看,乙基多杀菌素、甲维盐、噻虫胺、啶虫脒、阿维菌素和噻虫啉等药剂对豆大蓟马毒力较大,可推荐作为田间防治药剂。     

离心管药膜法测试12种杀虫剂对香蕉花蓟马的毒力

室内采用离心管药膜法,选用12种杀虫剂原药对香蕉花蓟马若、成虫进行了毒力测定。结果显示,供试药剂对香蕉花蓟马二龄若虫的毒力(LC50)大小顺序为:甲维盐(1.63 mg/L)毒死蜱(2.18 mg/L)阿维菌素(5.11 mg/L)啶虫脒(5.86 mg/L)高效氯氰菊酯(5.90 mg/L)吡虫啉(6.59 mg/L)噻虫嗪(6.72 mg/L)噻虫胺(11.49 mg/L)杀虫单(13.25 mg/L)功夫菊酯(14.56 mg/L)噻嗪酮(20.47 mg/L)吡蚜酮(55.26 mg/L);对成虫的毒力(LC50)大小顺序为:甲维盐(2.82 mg/L)毒死蜱(4.46 mg/L)啶虫脒(6.41 mg/L)吡虫啉(6.62 mg/L)阿维菌素(6.83 mg/L)噻虫嗪(7.43 mg/L)高效氯氰菊酯(9.94 mg/L)噻虫胺(15.49 mg/L)功夫菊酯(15.87 mg/L)杀虫单(17.59 mg/L)噻嗪酮(30.26 mg/L)吡蚜酮(55.47 mg/L);供试药剂对成虫的LC50值不同程度大于若虫,表明药剂对香蕉花蓟马若虫的毒力高于成虫。     

新入侵害虫海枣异胸潜甲防治药剂的室内筛选

海枣异胸潜甲是一种新入侵并爆发成灾的棕榈科植物害虫,筛选出具有较高毒力水平的化学药剂防治该虫迫在眉睫。本研究采用浸渍法测定了11种杀虫剂对海枣异胸潜甲幼虫的毒力。试验结果表明,较低浓度的阿维菌素(10 mg/L,24 h)、氟虫腈(10 mg/L,24 h)、甲氨基阿维菌素(10 mg/L,72 h)和啶虫脒(10 mg/L,48 h)对海枣异胸潜甲幼虫的触杀致死率达100%,其24 h的LC50分别为0.7、2.28、4.02、5.61 mg/L;较高浓度的高效氯氰菊酯(200 mg/L,48 h)、氯虫苯甲酰胺(400 mg/L,48 h)和氯氟氰菊酯(400 mg/L,72 h)对海枣异胸潜甲幼虫的触杀致死率达100%;敌百虫、多杀菌素、虫酰肼和氟啶脲的触杀致死率相对较低。因此,可选用阿维菌素、啶虫脒、甲氨基阿维菌素和氟虫腈作为当前防治海枣异胸潜甲主要防治药剂。      

花梨双线卷裙夜蛾的发生规律与毒力测定

结合室内饲养和田间观察,对双线卷裙夜蛾（Plecoptera bilinealis）的卵、幼虫、蛹及成虫的形态特征进行详细的描述,深入研究了其生活习性、生活史以及田间种群消长规律;采用滤纸药膜法进行了5种杀虫剂对双线卷裙夜蛾幼虫的室内毒力测定。结果表明,双线卷裙夜蛾在海南澄迈地区一年发生3代,无世代重叠,以蛹在3～5 cm松软的土壤中或者泥土包裹的土壳中越冬。双线卷裙夜蛾幼虫共有6龄,幼虫为害期为3～10月,5月中旬、7月中旬及9月上旬为危害盛期。药剂处理48 h后,吡虫啉、阿维菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、高效氯氰菊酯及啶虫脒对幼虫的LC50分别0.767、1.179、1.679、2.174、13.998 mg/L,5种杀虫剂中吡虫啉和阿维菌素对双线卷裙夜蛾的幼虫具有较好的毒力效果。     

5%高氯·啶虫脒热雾剂对烟粉虱的杀虫活性

于室内和田间测定了5%高氯·啶虫脒热雾剂对烟粉虱的杀虫活性。结果表明：5%高氯·啶虫脒热雾剂对烟粉虱成虫具有很强的毒杀作用,其毒力回归方程为4.007 8＋1.457 7x,LC50值为4.79 mg/L,说明氯氰菊酯对啶虫脒具有显著的增效作用,其共毒系数(CTC)为186;田间防治试验显示,5%高氯·啶虫脒热雾剂对烟粉虱具有明显的控制作用,在处理剂量为37.5～112.5 g/hm2时,药后7 d的防治效果可达75%以上。5%高氯·啶虫脒热雾剂可作为防治烟粉虱的专用药剂。     

防治稻纵卷叶螟高毒农药替代药剂的室内筛选

 为筛选高毒农药替代药剂,采用Potter喷雾法测定了8类29种杀虫剂对广西南宁和江苏南京稻纵卷叶螟3龄幼虫的室内毒力。这8类杀虫剂的毒力顺序为：抗生素类杀虫剂≥苯基吡唑类杀虫剂≥噁二嗪类杀虫剂≥昆虫生长调节剂类杀虫剂≥有机磷酸酯类杀虫剂、拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂≥有机氯类杀虫剂≥沙蚕毒素类杀虫剂。甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐（甲维盐）对两地区稻纵卷叶螟3龄幼虫的触杀毒力最高,其LC50值介于0.2~0.8 mg/L;氟虫腈、茚虫威、呋喃虫酰肼、丁烯氟虫腈、虫酰肼、氟啶脲和氟铃脲的LC50值介于1.8~53 mg/L。推荐对稻纵卷叶螟毒力最高的10种新型杀虫剂（甲维盐、依维菌素、阿维菌素、氟虫腈、茚虫威、呋喃虫酰肼、丁烯氟虫腈、虫酰肼、氟啶脲、氟铃脲）和一些有机磷杀虫剂（喹硫磷、辛硫磷、丙溴磷、毒死蜱、哒嗪硫磷）作为高毒农药替代的候选药剂进行大田药效试验。此外,还讨论了稻纵卷叶螟的药剂防治措施。     

不同发育阶段椰心叶甲对3种杀虫剂的敏感性

测定不同发育阶段椰心叶甲的药剂敏感性差异。结果表明,低龄幼虫和成虫对高效氯氰菊酯和阿维菌素的敏感性高于高龄幼虫、蛹和卵。幼虫和成虫对啶虫脒的敏感性高于蛹和卵。卵的药剂敏感性最低。低龄幼虫期为最佳防治适期。椰心叶甲对3种杀虫剂的敏感性大小为高效氯氰菊酯＞阿维菌素＞啶虫脒。随着幼虫的发育,其体重由小变大,对高效氯氰菊酯和啶虫脒的敏感性降低,而幼虫对阿维菌素的敏感性与体重相关不显著。     

福建省茶小绿叶蝉抗药性的地区差异

采用浸梢法测定茶小绿叶蝉对8种杀虫剂的相对敏感基线,福建省不同地区茶小绿叶蝉对5种杀虫剂的药剂敏感性水平。结果表明,联苯菊酯、溴虫腈、三氟氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉、高效氯氰菊酯、啶虫脒、噻嗪酮、杀螟丹等药剂对小绿叶蝉均有较高的毒力,不同地区小绿叶蝉对药剂的抗性水平不同。福安茶场的小绿叶蝉种群对联苯菊酯、啶虫脒已经产生了高抗水平,抗性倍数分别达44.1和97.4倍,对吡虫啉达中抗水平,抗性倍数为11.8倍;北峰茶场的小绿叶蝉种群对杀螟丹的抗性水平为中抗,抗性倍数为16.4倍;武夷山茶场的小绿叶蝉种群对啶虫脒已经产生了高抗水平,抗性倍数为52.3倍。不同茶场的小绿叶蝉种群对溴虫腈表现敏感。     

不同杀虫剂对花生蚜毒力及拌种控制效果研究

为明确噻虫胺等9种杀虫剂对花生蚜虫的毒力和拌种处理对花生蚜虫的控制效果,采用浸渍法进行了室内毒力测定,并进行了盆栽和田间药剂拌种防治试验。结果表明,以新烟碱类噻虫胺、吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻虫嗪对蚜虫的毒力最高,其毒力分别是毒死蜱的49.2、40.7、26.6和26.1倍;其次是吡蚜酮、高效氯氰菊酯和氯氟氰菊酯,哒螨灵的毒力是毒死蜱的3.9倍。盆栽药剂拌种处理后50d,噻虫胺、噻虫嗪和吡虫啉对花生蚜的防效达仍在89%以上。田间拌种处理后25d,噻虫胺、噻虫嗪和吡虫啉对蚜虫的防效均达100%,药后45d防效达87.07%~92.67%,其中以噻虫胺防效最高,而对照药剂毒死蜱几乎无控制效果。采用新烟碱类药剂噻虫胺、噻虫嗪和吡虫啉拌种,对花生苗期蚜虫控制效果优异,并可有效控制地下害虫,且对天敌保护作用强。     

防治水稻二化螟的高毒农药替代药剂的室内筛选

为了筛选防治水稻二化螟的高毒农药替代药剂,采用点滴法测定了7类32种药剂对不同水稻生态区二化螟种群的室内毒力。基于这些毒力数据,推荐对二化螟毒力较高的7种新型农药（氟虫腈、阿维菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、虫酰肼、呋喃虫酰肼、氟铃脲和氟啶脲）和一些中低毒性的有机磷品种（如辛硫磷、喹硫磷、毒死蜱和哒嗪硫磷）作为大田药效试验的候选替代药剂。评估了田间二化螟对10种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的敏感性,发现7种对鱼高毒的拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂（高效氟氯氰菊酯、λ 高效氯氟氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、顺式氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯和S 氰戊菊酯）对二化螟的毒力高于大多数有机磷类农药。虽然我国禁止上述菊酯类杀虫剂在水稻上使用,但是浙江瑞安田间种群（RA05）已对高效氟氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯和λ 高效氯氟氰菊酯等产生高水平抗性（抗性倍数分别为166.7、51.9、41.3和36.8倍）。对鱼低毒的3种菊酯类农药（乙氰菊酯、醚菊酯和氟硅菊酯）对抗性二化螟（RA05）的毒力高于三唑磷。因此,可考虑将这些对鱼低毒的菊酯类农药作为防治水稻二化螟的高毒农药的替代药剂和抗性治理的轮换品种。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

中耕方式对土壤理化特性及玉米生长发育影响研究Ⅰ.中耕方式对玉米生长发育的影响

2002～2003年在0～3次中耕条件下研究了中耕方式对玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响。结果表明,多次中耕增大了玉米倒伏率,降低了玉米最大叶面积指数、株高及各时期叶片叶绿素含量,对花粒期玉米净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率也产生一定的负面影响。少中耕有增产的趋势,并且可以降低生产成本、增加经济效益。     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.     

12份白花泡桐材料亲缘关系的ISSR分析

以‘福桐’、‘绿桐’2个无性系与10个不同种源的白花泡桐个体为研究对象，采用ISSR分子标记对12份白花泡桐材料的亲缘关系进行研究，并利用DPSv3.01进行聚类分析。结果表明：10条引物共扩增出66条条带，其中有37条多态带，多态性比例为56.1%。根据ISSR聚类分析结果，在遗传距离为0.35时，12份白花泡桐材料可分为5类，第1类为‘福桐’无性系与河南、河北种源个体；第2类为‘绿桐’无性系与湖南、湖北、江苏种源个体；第3类为浙江、广东种源个体；第4类为江西、福建种源个体；第5类为广西种源个体。此结果     

论长白山人参主要品种类型栽种方式及其商品分类

本文论述了长白山人参主要品种类型的栽种方式、总结其规范化种植的工艺流程、对各人参品种类型栽种方式、技术要点、品种退化的主要原因及其解决措施作了详细的研讨。强调指出人参的各种栽种方式必须实施GAP标准化管理才是最好的栽种方式。重点报告了人参主产区,最新最好的栽种方式。并对人参商品分类及野山参分等质量标准中的野山参、移山参的定义提出修改意见,为提高我国人参产品质量在国际市场上的竞争能力,保持人参产业可持续发展提供科学依据。     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。