海南21世纪气候变化预估分析

利用RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下区域气候模式RegCM4.0单向嵌套BCC_CSM1.1全球气候系统模式输出结果中海南岛区域的格点进行站点插值后的预估数据,分析了海南本岛21世纪气候变化情景,结果表明:21世纪海南岛总体呈变暖、变湿趋势.在RCP4.5情景下,年增暖倾向率为1.4℃/100a,在RCP8.5情景下,年增暖倾向率为3.4℃/100a.RCP4.5情景下,增温幅度最大的是冬季;RCP8.5情景下,前期增温幅度最大的是冬季,中期增温幅度最大的是夏季,后期增温幅度最大的在秋季.21世纪年降水距平百分率的变化有明显的阶段性变化.RCP4.5情景下前、后期降水增多不明显,中期增多明显;RCP8.5情景下前、后期的降水增加幅度比中期更明显.21世纪冷季降水可能减少,秋季可能更明显,冬季次之;暖季降水可能增加,夏季可能更明显.     

“一带一路”区域未来气候变化预估

利用耦合模式比较计划第5阶段(CMIP5)提供的18个全球气候模式的模拟结果,预估了3种典型浓度路径(RCP2.6、RCP4.5、RCP8.5)下“一带一路”地区平均气候和极端气候的未来变化趋势。结果表明:在温室气体持续排放情景下,“一带一路”地区年平均气温在未来将会持续上升,升温幅度随温室气体浓度的增加而加大。在高温室气体排放情景(RCP8.5)下,到21世纪末期,平均气温将普遍升高5℃以上,其中北亚地区升幅最大,南亚和东南亚地区升幅最小。对于降水的变化,预估该区域大部分地区的年降水量将增加,其中西亚和北亚增加最为明显,而且在21世纪中期,RCP2.6情景下的增幅要比RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下的偏大,而在21世纪后期,RCP8.5情景下降水的增幅比RCP2.6和RCP4.5情景下的偏大。未来极端温度也将呈升高的趋势,增温幅度高纬度地区大于低纬度地区、高排放情景大于低排放情景。而且在高纬度区域,极端低温的增暖幅度要大于极端高温的增幅。连续干旱日数在北亚和东亚总体呈现减少趋势,而在其他地区则呈增加趋势。极端强降水在“一带一路”区域总体上将增强,增强最明显的地区位于南亚、东南亚和东亚。     

基于CMIP5模拟的中国区域陆气耦合强度评估及未来情景预估

基于第五次国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP5)11个模式历史情景的模拟结果计算得到了中国区域夏季的陆气耦合强度并进行集合平均,结果表明,位于半干旱区的华北和内蒙古地区陆气耦合强度相对较强,西部干旱区的陆气耦合强度相对较弱,位于湿润区的中国东北地区东部、长江中下游和西南地区陆气耦合强度最弱。利用上述模式集合平均结果与由NCEP再分析资料和欧洲中心的中期气象预报40年再分析资料(ERA40)计算得到的陆气耦合强度相比较,结果显示这些模式的集合平均与再分析资料NCEP和ERA40的计算结果有较好的一致性。利用历史情景模拟和不同的典型排放路径(RCP),即低排放情景RCP2.6、中排放情景RCP4.5和高排放情景RCP8.5下的模拟结果预估陆气耦合强度未来变化。结果显示:与历史情景相比较,位于湿润区的中国南方地区蒸散发的主要控制因子是温度,在3种排放情景下随着温度上升引起蒸散发增加所导致陆气耦合强度升高;位于青藏高原以及半干旱区的内蒙古大部分地区蒸散发在未来的年际变化幅度减弱导致陆气耦合指数降低;位于西北干旱区陆气耦合强度在RCP2.6和RCP4.5情景上升,然而在RCP8.5情景下陆气耦合强度下降,其原因是在高排放情景下,水汽平流输送明显增强,局地蒸散发异常对空气湿度变化的贡献减弱,导致了陆气耦合强度降低。未来预估结果在中国南方可信度相对较高,从全国来看,在RCP4.5情景下可信度相对较高。     

不同代表性浓度路径情景下2045-2050年中国气溶胶分布变化的分析（英文）

基于来自于CMIP5中CESM模式的三种RCP情景下的气象场的降尺度模拟,应用区域空气质量模式系统RAMSCMAQ模拟2045-2050年中国地区气溶胶浓度.三种RCP情景下气象场的降尺度模拟表明,与RCP2.6相比,在RCP4.5和RCP8.5下,华北和华南的近地表温度差减小,风速在华北和华南地区增加,在中部地区下降.RCP2.6情景下,模拟的2045年到2050年平均的PM_(2.5)浓度在华北平原,长三角的部分地区和四川盆地最高,约为40-50μg m~(-3),在中国中部和珠三角的部分地区约为30-40μg m~(-3).与RCP2.6相比,在RCP4.5和RCP8.5下,PM_(2.5)增加了4-12μg m~(-3),其中在RCP4.5和RCP8.5下,SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+的浓度增加,在RCP4.5下,NO~(3-)浓度降低,在RCP8.5下,NO~(3-)浓度升高,在RCP4.5和RCP8.5下,BC浓度变化很小,而OC浓度下降,其中在RCP8.5下,西南和东南部分地区的OC有所增加.不同的气溶胶物种浓度在RCP4.5和RCP2.6之间的差异以及RCP8.5和RCP2.6之间的差异具有相似的年度变化,这表明气候变化对不同物种的影响趋于一致.     

2012/2013年东亚冬季风活动特征及其可能成因分析

东亚冬季风目前处于年代际偏强的气候背景下,2012/2013年东亚冬季风强度指数(EAWM)为0.83,连续第六年强度偏强。2012/2013年冬季,北极涛动(AO)指数维持负位相,导致全国平均气温较常年同期略偏低。季内,西伯利亚高压强度变化显著,与之相对应,我国气温季内阶段性变化大,前冬冷、后冬暖。进一步研究表明,前秋北极海冰的大幅偏少是造成东亚冬季风偏强的重要原因,前期海冰范围的减少有利于冬季欧亚大陆北部的海平面气压出现正异常,致使西伯利亚高压的偏强,有利于冷空气南下我国。而西伯利亚高压和东亚冬季风季内变化主要是受平流层环流异常信号影响,1月中旬前后,北半球高纬地区平流层位势高度出现明显正异常并迅速下传影响对流层中低层,造成西伯利亚高压和冬季风季内阶段性偏弱。     

两种温室气体排放情景下中国汛期江淮暴雨低涡特征研究

本文基于一个水平分辨率为50 km的区域气候模式RegCM4(Regional Climate Model,version 4.0)的模拟与预估结果,对我国汛期江淮暴雨低涡在气候变化背景下的统计特征与合成结构进行分析,进一步对两种温室排放情景下未来中国汛期的江淮暴雨低涡特征进行预估。结果表明:RegCM4模式对环境要素及低涡都具有一定的模拟能力,低涡的伸展高度、生命期及暴雨位置模拟结果与观测较为接近,但模拟的低涡个数、最大暖区高度以及温、湿要素分布均比实际略偏低,而风速和低涡的强度模拟则偏强;在未来两种温室排放情景预估方面, RCP4.5(Representative Concentration Pathways,简称RCP)典型浓度排放情景下,暴雨低涡数量比例减少,强度减弱,但低涡发展高度仍以850 hPa为主,生命期多为2 d以内,低涡雨区分布及最大暖区高度均与历史时段相近;RCP8.5情景下,暴雨低涡比例明显大于RCP4.5情景,低涡发展高度以700 hPa为主,生命期达3 d的增多,强度增强,最大暖区厚度范围显著伸展。两种情景下均有低涡中温度锋区减弱,而湿度锋区增强,但RCP8.5情景减弱与增强更显著,显示更高的温室气体排放将导致未来出现更强的暴雨低涡,造成伴随暴雨的低涡灾害性天气的增加,因此应进一步深化对低涡暴雨灾害性天气发展趋势的研究。     

2℃全球变暖背景下青藏高原平均气候和极端气候事件变化

利用CMIP5耦合模式RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景预估结果,以1890一1900年为基准气候,确定了2℃全球变暖时间、对应时期青藏高原平均气候和极端气候事件变化幅度,多模式集合平均结果表明:RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下2℃全球变暖分别发生在2063年、2040年和2036年;对应着2℃全球变暖,三种情景下青藏高原平均气温分别升高2.99℃、3.22℃和3.28℃,均超过全球2℃的升温水平;年降水量亦增加,分别增加8.35%、7.16%和7.63%。受气温升高和降水量增多影响,RCP4.5情景下霜冻日数、冰封日数减少,暖夜日数、暖昼日数增多;RCP4.5情景下中雨日数、强降水量、降水强度均增加,持续干期天数减少。从各地平均气候和极端气候事件变化结果来看,柴达木盆地是青藏高原气候变化的敏感区。     

东北地区气候变化CMIP5模式预估

利用CMIP5的多模式集合资料,从时间变化和空间分布两方面分析了不同情景下(RCP2.6、RCP4.5、RCP8.5)中国东北地区未来100年的气候变化。结果显示:3种排放情景下,21世纪东北地区气温和降水呈显著增长趋势,中期和末期增幅较明显,冬季增幅高于其他季节,RCP8.5情景下气温增暖最为显著,RCP4.5次之,RCP2.6最小,随着年代的推移,气温和降水年较差逐渐减小;空间分布显示:3种排放情景下各个时期的增温分布形式基本一致,由南向北逐渐增大,辽宁南部增温幅度最小,最显著地区位于黑龙江大兴安岭;不同情景下气温变化率的分布形势略有不同,但均呈显著增温趋势;3种排放情景下降水距平百分率均为增加趋势,呈由东向西逐渐增大的经向分布特征;不同情景下的降水变化率分布形势相似,呈南大北小特征,辽宁地区增长最为明显,黑龙江西部地区增长相对较小。     

对流层上层副热带西风急流与东亚冬季风的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,研究冬季对流层上层西风急流的时空变化特征,提出表征急流强度和位置变化的指数,进而探讨西风急流与东亚冬季风的关系。结果表明:冬季西风急流强度指数体现了西太平洋与高纬大陆的热力对比,较好地反映了西伯利亚高压与阿留申低压的强度变化,可作为表征冬季风强弱变化的一个定量指标,急流增强(减弱)对应西伯利亚冷高压和阿留申低压加强(减弱),东亚冬季风偏强(弱)。急流强度指数与不同高度冬季风子系统的显著相关表明,东亚冬季风活动异常不只是对流层中低层的现象,而在整个对流层都有明显反映,低层的西伯利亚高压和阿留申低压、中层的欧亚脊、东亚大槽及西太平洋副热带高压与高层的西风急流是同相变化的。在此基础上还比较了急流强度指数和北极涛动指数(AO)与东亚冬季风的关系,急流强度变化体现了欧亚大陆与西太平洋的热力差异,而AO则主要反映极地与中纬度环状模的反相变化,所以急流强度变化与东亚冬季风的关系更为密切。     

Intraseasonal oscillation intensity over the western North Pacific:Projected changes under global warming

本文利用8个CMIP5模式的日资料,预估了RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下全球增温达1.5℃和2.0℃时西北太平洋夏季30～60天和10～20天季节内振荡(ISO)强度的变化情况.大多数模式都认为,无论增温水平或情景如何,预估结果均显示从中南半岛南部到菲律宾以东的带状区域内ISO强度增加,并且关键气象要素背景的变化会对...     

Projections of the East Asian Winter Monsoon under the IPCC AR5 Scenarios Using a Coupled Model: IAP-FGOALS

Responses of the East Asian winter monsoon(EAWM) in future projections were studied based on two core future projections of CMIP5 in coordinated experiments with the IAP-coupled model FGOALS2-s.The projected changes of EAWM in climatology,seasonality,and interannual variability are reported here;the projections indicated strong warming in winter season.Warming increased with latitude,ranging from 1 C to 3 C in the Representative Concentration Pathways simulation RCP4.5 projection(an experiment that results in additional radiative forcing of ～4.5 W m 2 in 2100) and from 4 C to 9 C in the RCP8.5 projection(an experiment that results in additional radiative forcing of ～8.5 W m 2 in 2100).The northerly wind along the East Asian coastal region became stronger in both scenarios,indicating a stronger EAWM.Accordingly,interannual variability(described by the standard deviation of temperature) increased around the South China Sea and lower latitudes and decreased over eastern China,especially in North China.The two EAWM basic modes,defined by the temperature EOF analysis over East Asia,were associated with the Arctic Oscillation(AO) and stratospheric polar vortex.The future projections revealed more total variance attributable to the secondary mode,suggesting additional influences from the stratosphere.The correlation between AO and the leading mode decreased,while the correlation between AO and the secondary mode increased,implying increased complexity regarding the predictability of EAWM interannual variations in future projections.     

气候变化对河北坝上地区草地土壤风蚀扬尘季节和年排放速率的影响

以全球气候模式NorESM1-M产生的RCP2.6、RCP4.5、RCP6.0、RCP8.5气候变化情景数据和原环保部推荐的土壤风蚀扬尘计算方法,模拟分析了未来气候变化对河北坝上砂粘壤土、粘壤土、壤粘土、砂壤土、砂粘土和风沙土草地土壤风蚀扬尘总可悬浮颗粒物(Total Suspended Particle,TSP)、PM10和PM2.5的季节及年排放速率的影响。结果表明:气候变化影响下坝上地区气温上升,年降水量和风速波动较大、并存在上升和下降的趋势。相比基准情景,在RCP2.6、RCP4.5、RCP6.0和RCP8.5情景下,各土壤风蚀扬尘TSP、PM10和PM2.5季节排放速率在春季分别高15%、47%、28%和46%;秋季分别高17%、54%、45%和38%;冬季分别低36%、42%、39%和44%;夏季,在RCP2.6情景下低1%,在RCP4.5、RCP6.0和RCP8.5情景下分别高14%、3%和7%;未来气候变化情景下,各土壤风蚀扬尘TSP、PM10和PM2.5年排放速率分别高25%、54%、35%和54%。基准和未来气候变化情景下,土壤风蚀扬尘TSP、PM10和PM2.5的季节和年排放速率及其差异从高到低均依次为砂粘壤土、风沙土、砂壤土、粘壤土、壤粘土和砂粘土。表明未来气候变化将使河北坝上地区草地土壤风蚀扬尘排放速率增加,但存在季节和气候变化情景方面的差异。     

Future changes in drought characteristics over South Korea using multi regional climate models with the standardized precipitation index

In this study, the projection of future drought conditions is estimated over South Korea based on the latest and most advanced sets of regional climate model simulations under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) scenarios, within the context of the national downscaling project of the Republic of Korea. The five Regional Climate Models (RCMs) are used to produce climate-change simulations around the Korean Peninsula and to estimate the uncertainty associated with these simulations. The horizontal resolution of each RCM is 12.5 km and model simulations are available for historical (1981-2010) and future (2021-2100) periods under forcing from the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. To assess the characteristics of drought on multiple time scales in the future, we use Standardized Precipitation Indices for 1-month (SPI- 1), 6-month (SPI-6) and 12-month (SPI-12). The number of drought months in the future is shown to be characterized by strong variability, with both increasing and decreasing trends among the scenarios. In particular, the number of drought months over South Korea is projected to increase (decrease) for the period 2041-2070 in the RCP8.5 (RCP4.5) scenario and increase (decrease) for the period 2071-2100 in the RCP4.5 (RCP8.5) scenario. In addition, the percentage area under any drought condition is overall projected to gradually decrease over South Korea during the entire future period, with the exception of SPI-1 in the RCP4.5 scenario. Particularly, the drought areas for SPI-1 in the RCP4.5 scenario show weakly positive long-term trend. Otherwise, future changes in drought areas for SPI-6 and SPI-12 have a marked downward trend under the two RCP scenarios.     

西南地区持续性气候事件的未来变化预估

利用RegCM4.0区域气候模式单向嵌套BCC_CSM1.1模式输出资料进行连续积分获得的模拟预估数据,对西南地区未来2025-2055年在两种温室气体排放情景下持续性干期和持续湿期事件的特征及其相对于历史基准期的变化进行了预估分析。结果表明,最长持续干期和湿期在RCP4.5和RCP8.5两种情景下的变化趋势不一致,RCP8.5情景下的最长湿期和持续湿期事件的发生频次相较RCP4.5并没有大幅增加,而是比RCP4.5情景具有更高的年际变率特征。相对于历史基准期,两种情景下的最长持续性气候事件的日数和发生频次在西南地区的东南部区域显著性增加,而在川西高原地区显著减少。对于持续干期发生的频次FCDD和最长持续湿期而言,四川中部以及四川、云南和贵州三省邻接处在RCP4.5情景下表现为显著增加的区域在RCP8.5情景下转变为显著减少。未来几十年西南地区持续性湿期和干期的分布特征可能更加趋于不均匀。     

不同代表性浓度路径情景下2045-2050年中国气溶胶分布变化的分析

基于来自于CMIP5中CESM模式的三种RCP情景下的气象场的降尺度模拟,应用区域空气质量模式系统RAMS-CMAQ模拟2045-2050年中国地区气溶胶浓度.三种RCP情景下气象场的降尺度模拟表明,与RCP2.6相比,在RCP4.5和RCP8.5下,华北和华南的近地表温度差减小,风速在华北和华南地区增加,在中部地区下...     

Water vapor transport and cross-equatorial flow over the Asian-Australia monsoon region simulated by CMIP5 climate models

The summer mean water vapor transport (WVT) and cross-equatorial flow (CEF) over the Asian-Australian monsoon region simulated by 22 coupled atmospheric-oceanic general circulation models (AOGCMs) from the World Climate Research Programme’s Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) were evaluated. Based on climatology of the twentieth-century simulations, most of models have a reasonably realistic representation of summer monsoon WVT characterized by southeast water vapor conveyor belt over the South Indian Ocean and southwest belt from the Arabian Sea to the East Asian. The correlation coefficients between NCEP reanalysis and simulations of BCC-CSM1-1, BNU-ESM, CanESM2, FGOALS-s2, MIROC4h and MPI-ESM-LR are up to 0.8. The simulated CEF depicted by the meridional wind along the equator includes the Somali jet and eastern CEF in low atmosphere and the reverse circulation in upper atmosphere, which were generally consistent with NCEP reanalysis. Multi-model ensemble means (MME) can reproduce more reasonable climatological features in spatial distribution both of WVT and CEF. Ten models with more reasonable WVT simulations were selected for future projection studies, including BCC-CSM1-1, BNU-ESM, CanESM2, CCSM4, FGOALS-s2, FIO-ESM, GFDL-ESM2G, MRIOC5, MPI-ESM-LR and NorESM-1M. Analysis based on the future projection experiments in RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) 2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6 and RCP8.5 show that the global warming forced by different RCP scenarios will results in enhanced WVT over the Indian area and the west Pacific and weaken WVT in the low latitudes of tropical Indian Ocean.     

FGOALS-g2模式模拟和预估的全球季风区极端降水及其变化

利用LASG/IAP（中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室）全球耦合模式FGOALS-g2,评估了其对全球季风区极端气候指标的模拟能力,并讨论了RCP8.5排放情景下21世纪季风区极端气候指标的变化特征。总体而言,模式对季风区总降水和极端气候指标1997～2014年气候态和年际变率的空间分布均具有一定的模拟能力。偏差主要表现在模式低估了亚洲季风强降水中心,低估了中雨（10～20 mm d-1）和大雨（20～50 mm d-1）的频率而高估了暴雨（>50 mm d-1）频率。在RCP8.5排放情景下,由于可降水量的增加,模式预估的全球季风区极端降水、降水总量和降水强度将持续增加。到2076～2095年,极端降水和降水强度在北美季风区增加最显著（约22%和17%）,降水总量在澳大利亚增加最显著（约37%）。然而,FGOALS-g2对全球季风区平均的日降水量低于1 mm的连续最大天数（CDD）的预估变化不显著,这是由于预估的CDD在陆地季风区将增加,而在海洋季风区将减少。对各子季风区的分析显示,CDD在南美季风区变长最显著,达到30%,在澳洲季风区变短最显著,达到40%,这与两季风区日降水量低于1 mm的降水事件发生频率变化不同有关。     

Observational Subseasonal Variability of the PM2.5 Concentration in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Area during the January 2021 Sudden Stratospheric Warming

It is still not well understood if subseasonal variability of the local PM_2.5 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region is affected by the stratospheric state. Using PM_2.5 observations and the ERA5 reanalysis, the evolution of the air quality in BTH during the January 2021 sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) is explored. The subseasonal variability of the PM_2.5 concentration after the SSW onset is evidently enhanced. Stratospheric circumpolar easterly anomalies lasted for 53 days during the January–February 2021 SSW with two evident stratospheric pulses arriving at the ground. During the tropospheric wave weakening period and the intermittent period of dormant stratospheric pulses, the East Asian winter monsoon weakened, anomalous temperature inversion developed in the lower troposphere, anomalous surface southerlies prevailed, atmospheric moisture increased, and the boundary layer top height lowered, all of which favor the accumulation of pollutant particulates, leading to two periods of pollution processes in the BTH region. In the phase of strengthened East Asian winter monsoon around the very beginning of the SSW and another two periods when stratospheric pulses had reached the near surface, opposite-signed circulation patterns and meteorological conditions were observed, which helped to dilute and diffuse air pollutants in the BTH region. As a result, the air quality was excellent during the two periods when the stratospheric pulse had reached the near surface. The increased subseasonal variation of the regional pollutant particulates after the SSW onset highlights the important role of the stratosphere in the regional environment and provides implications for the environmental prediction.