微生物降解苯胺的特性及其降解代谢途径

从活性污泥中分离得到的一株细菌 Ａ Ｎ３ ,能以苯胺为唯一碳、氮源和能源生长,苯胺的最高降解浓度５０００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 以上,鉴定为食酸丛毛单胞菌（ Ｃｏｍａｍｏｎａｓ ａｃｉｄｏｖｏｒａｎｓ） ． Ａ Ｎ３ 还可降解乙酰苯胺,但不利用其他取代类苯胺,该菌株的生长细胞和完整细胞降解苯胺的最适ｐ Ｈ７ ．０ ,最适温度３０ ℃,且完整细胞降解苯胺的活性比生长细胞高得多．９ 种金属离子对该菌株的生长细胞和完整细胞降解苯胺均有不同程度的抑制作用,尤以 Ａｇ ＋ 和 Ｈｇ２ ＋ 为明显． Ａ Ｎ３ 含有苯胺加双氧酶、邻苯二酚２ ,３加双氧酶等一系列与苯胺降解有关的酶类,它们均为诱导酶．对苯胺降解的关键酶进行了酶动力学特性的研究,根据这些结果提出了该菌株降解苯胺的代谢途径．     

一株高浓度苯胺降解菌的分离

通过驯化培养,从含苯胺的化工废水处理厂生化曝气池污泥中分离出一株高效苯胺降解菌 Ｈ６２ ,在苯胺浓度低于３ ０００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 的无机盐培养基中均可生长． Ｈ６２ 利用苯胺的最适温度为３０ ℃,最适ｐ Ｈ 为８ ．０ ,当苯胺浓度在６００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 以下时,对该菌不表现出明显抑制作用．在含苯胺８００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 的无机盐溶液中,通气量为０ ．４ Ｌ／ｍｉｎ ,３０ ℃,培养１５ 小时可使苯胺去除率达１００ ％ ．经鉴定,该菌株为不动杆菌属（ Ａｃｉｎｅｔｏｂａｃｔｅｒｓｐ ．） ．     

微生物降解蔬菜残留农药研究

从富集培养物中筛选到以甲胺磷为唯一碳源生长的菌株ＮＭＪ５和以乐果为唯一碳源生长的菌株ＮＭＬ３，经鉴定分别为芽孢杆菌属（Ｂａｃｉｌｕｓｓｐ．）和假单胞菌属（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｓｐ．）．它们利用甲胺磷、乐果生长的最适条件及在无机盐培养基中农药最大耐受浓度分别为ｐＨ７．５，ｔ＝３５℃，ρ＝１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ和ｐＨ７．５，ｔ＝３０℃，ρ＝２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ．在无碳基础培养基内单菌株培养８ｄ，５２４ｍｇ／Ｌ的甲胺磷好气降解４２．５％，厌气降解３５．９％，２５０ｍｇ／Ｌ的乐果好气降解５０．２％，厌气降解１６．４％．小区试验表明，ＮＭＪ５、ＮＭＬ３的菌液制剂对普通白菜的变种南农矮脚黄（Ｂｒａｓｉｃａｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓｓｐ．ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＬ．ｖａｒ．ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓＴｓｅｎｅｔＬｅｅ）中残留的甲胺磷、乐果有明显的去除作用．     

丁草胺高效降解细菌的分离

通过瓶培养法富集培养，从肥东县一块单晚稻田土中分离出一株丁草胺高效降解细菌ＷＹ３０６，经鉴定，该菌为节杆菌属菌Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒ ｓｐ．ＷＹ３０６．Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒ ｓｐ．ＷＹ３０６降解丁草胺的影响因素研究表明：丁草胺降解半衰期与初始菌量近似成反比；当丁草胺添加浓度为５、９ｍｇ／Ｌ时，其降解半衰期分别为０．９７ｈ和１．８６ｈ，随浓度的增大而增大，而当丁草胺添加浓度为０．８ｍｇ／Ｌ或其     

食酸丛毛单胞菌AN3菌株降解苯胺的研究

报道了各种环境因子对食酸丛毛单胞菌ＡＮ３菌株完整细胞降解苯胺的影响．在良好的通气条件下,该菌株完整细胞降解苯胺,最适湿细胞质量浓度ρＦＷ（ｃｅｌ）＝２０ｇ／Ｌ、最适ｐＨ和温度θ分别为７．０和３０℃,苯胺ρ＝１３００ｍｇ／Ｌ左右,经过６ｈ的作用即可被完全降解;各种有机物如葡萄糖和蛋白胨对苯胺的降解均有延缓的作用：除Ｈｇ２＋和Ａｇ＋外,其他重金属离子对苯胺降解抑制作用较小     

甲基对硫磷降解菌DLL-1的分离、鉴定及降解性研究

从长期施用甲基对硫磷的污染土壤中分离到一株能以甲基对硫磷为唯一碳源生长且能将其完全矿化的细菌 Ｄ Ｌ Ｌ－ １ ,经鉴定,为邻单胞菌（ Ｐｌｅｓｉｏｍｏｎａｓ ｓｐ ．） ．该菌株３ ｈ 内对５０ ｍｇ／ Ｌ甲基对硫磷的降解率为９３ ％ ,２４ｈ 内对５０ ｍｇ／ Ｌ甲基对硫磷的降解率为９５ ％ 以上．在葡萄糖铵盐培养基中, Ｄ Ｌ Ｌ１ 对甲基对硫磷的耐受浓度和降解速度均增大．降解曲线表明延滞期内,菌体依靠上一生长阶段分泌的酶类对甲基对硫磷进行降解,一旦菌体开始生长,则检测不到中间代谢产物对硝基苯酚的存在．生长情况和粗酶液试验均显示 Ｄ Ｌ１ 优良的降解性状     

螺孢菌ZG9901的筛选及其产碱性果胶酶发酵条件研究

用筛选培养基从芦苇土壤中筛选到７株碱性果胶酶产生菌株，经初筛选和复筛得到产酶活性较高的一株菌株ＺＧ９９０１，初步鉴定为螺孢菌属Ｓｐｉｒｉｌｌｏｓｐｏｒａ ｓｐｐ．最适摇瓶产酶条件是：果胶２０ｇ／Ｌ，乳糖２０ｇ／Ｌ，蛋白胨３ｇ／Ｌ，酵母膏４ｇ／Ｌ，ＫＨ２ＰＯ４１ｇ／Ｌ，ＭｇＳＯ４．７Ｈ２Ｏ０．０４ｇ／Ｌ，ＭｇＣｌ２０．２ｇ／Ｌ，ｐＨ９．０，３２℃培养３６ｈ达到产酶高峰。     

原生质体转化构建有机磷农药降解工程菌

降解有机磷农药甲胺磷、敌敌畏和对硫磷的菌株地衣芽孢杆菌 Ｐ１２（ Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｌｉｃｈｅｎｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ） 经溶菌酶处理获得原生质体,加入降解乐果的供体菌 Ｇ１ Ｄ Ｎ Ａ,经ρ（ Ｐ Ｅ Ｇ６ ０００） ＝ ３００ ｇ Ｌ－ １ 诱导,在液体再生培养基中振荡培养ｔ＝ ２０ ｈ ,使其恢复细胞壁后,离心收集菌体,涂布于含乐果的基础培养基上,经筛选得一转化子 Ｊ Ｐ Ｚ．其菌落形态明显不同于出发菌株,乐果平板连续传代１０ 次,性状保持稳定．在θ＝ ３０ ℃,１００ ｒ／ｍｉｎ 的培养条件下,３ ｄ 内对ρ（ 甲胺磷） ＝ ０ ．５ ｇ Ｌ－ １ ,ρ（ 敌敌畏） ＝ ０ ．２ ｇ Ｌ－ １ ,ρ（ 对硫磷） ＝ ０ ．１ ｇ Ｌ－ １ ,ρ（ 乐果） ＝ ０ ．３ ｇ Ｌ－ １ 的降解率分别为 Ｒｄ ＝ ７９ ．１ ％ ,４６ ．７ ％ ,２９ ．４ ％ 和４６ ．４ ％ ．     

石油降解菌的分离、鉴定及其降解能力的研究

从含油污泥中,筛选出能以２０ ＃ 机械润滑油为唯一碳源的３ 株石油降解菌菌株,经鉴定分别为动胶菌属（ Ｚｏｏｇｌｏｅａ ｓｐ ．） 、氮单胞菌属（ Ａｚｏｍｏｎａｓｓｐ ．） 和假单胞菌属（ Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ ｓｐ ．） ．通过其降解能力的测试,以动胶菌 Ｄ２ 菌株对２０ ＃ 机油的降解能力最强：在含油浓度ρ＝ ５００ ～１ ５００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 的摇瓶试验中,其除油率为２０ ．８ ％ ～２５ ％ ．利用动胶菌 Ｄ２ 菌株进行生物接触氧化法处理含油废水模拟试验,当入流浓度为１ ０００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 时,除油率可达９０ ．５ ％ ～１００ ％ ．这一结果表明,动胶菌 Ｄ２ 菌株生物接触氧化法处理含油废水具有很好的应用前景     

用假单胞菌(PSEUDOMONAS SP.)E4-106生物转化苯丙酮酸生产L-苯丙氨酸研究

用从土壤中筛选的假单胞菌（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｓｐ．）Ｅ４１０６株细胞进行了转化苯丙酮酸生产Ｌ苯丙氨酸实验研究．结果表明，转氨反应最适温度３５～４０℃；该转氨酶可在ｐＨ７～１０范围内催化反应而活力变化不大；０．５％戊二醛处理细胞可降低其转氨酶活力；表面活性剂处理细胞或在反应液中加入Ｍｇ２＋能显著提高转氨反应速度；Ｌ天冬氨酸是转氨反应的最适氨基供体；底物转化率与底物浓度、氨基供体浓度有关．在此反应体系中，Ｅ４１０６菌株单位湿重细胞的转氨酶活力为１０３９Ｕ／ｇ；生成产物ＬＰｈｅ浓度为３２．２ｇ／Ｌ和５０．４ｇ／Ｌ时，苯丙酮酸摩尔转化率分别为９７．５％、８７．２％．生成产物用ＣＧＡ６８８大孔吸附树脂进行分离、纯化．目标产物经熔点、比旋光度、元素分析、红外光谱和纸层析分析，证实是ＬＰｈｅ．产物收率为８１．８％．     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.