地幔中水的研究进展

地幔中的水水地地幔地球化学动力学、地球物理场有着重要的影响,而且对认识地内部挥发分的再循环以及整个行星地球的演化均有着关键性的科学意义。简要评述了一领域的研究进展,介绍了地幔中水的赋存状态,位置及其影响因素,并初步估算了地幔中水的含量     

氢——地球深部流体的重要源泉

介绍了近年来金刚石包裹体中流体研究结果，特别是分子氢和羟基的发现。基于地幔中氢的发现，论证了氢在地球内部的赋存形式。地核和地幔中有氢化物存在得到高压低温实验、地球物理和天文物理测定的支持。从而提出，氢是地幔羽中的原始热物质。核幔边界或地幔中氢化物释放出的氢，发生化学反应，形成地幔流体，推动地球演化。地幔羽应称为氢羽。     

地球深部水的新形式:分子氢

<正>地球上水的起源以及地幔中水的存储,是长期以来的前沿领域和热门方向。学术界广为流行的学说是:早期地球生长过程中,水来自其他星体中氧化形式的H_2O或OH(+1价的氢);地幔主要由各种硅酸盐矿物组成,以OH等点缺陷形式赋存在矿物结构中的氢(结构水)构成了深部地球最重要的水储库。在长达四十多亿年的漫长地质演化过程中,这些水在地球内外不同层圈中不断发生交换和循环,影响整个地球的动力学过程乃至     

橄榄石中氢的实际溶解度及其对地幔中水储存的意义

水在地球上地幔的地球动力学过程中起着重要的作用，例如，氢（正如水）能影响部分熔融产生的岩浆的数量和组成，而微量氢（～０．００１ｗｔ％的水）可使上地幔的主要矿物—橄榄石弱化。氢离子的适移可能是造成软流圈异常高的电导率的主要原因，氢在地幔过程中的重要性必然取决于无水橄榄石中所储存的氢或水的数量以及氢在橄榄石晶格中所处的位置。本文报道了橄榄石单晶的水热实验结果，该实验表明，在１５７３Ｋ和５０－３００ＭＰ     

含水上地幔的模拟实验研究

本实验采用H群球粒陨石的硅酸盐相作为地幔的原始物质，在含水条件下进行上地幔高温高压模拟实验研究。林伍德估计，现在地幔中保留的水至少相当于去气作用而进人海洋的水三倍。因此，地幔中水的行为对于地幔的成分和性质有着重要的影响。在含水条件下进行地幔的模拟实验是十分必要的。     

河北汉诺坝玄武岩中幔源捕虏体中的水

本文对河北汉诺坝玄武岩内的幔源捕虏体矿物进行了系统地红外光谱学研究。结果表明,来自该地区约75km以上的地幔捕虏体普遍含有微量水(0.45×10~(-2)％～11.6×10~(-2)％,以H_2O计算,下同),以OH~-形式主要赋存在辉石(及橄榄石?)中,而不是在角闪石或金云母中。捕虏体中的水可能首先进入橄榄石、石榴石及辉石晶格,角闪石或金云母晶出在后。虽然角闪石及金云母晶格中含有比辉石高百倍的水,但它们所含的水可能是局部水的富集,与相对规模较小的岩浆事件或交代作用有关。早期研究估计的75km以上原始地幔岩中含0.1％水的数据可能偏高。汉诺坝玄武岩捕虏体含水量(多数1.11×10~(-2)％～3.01×10~(-2)％)比大洋中脊玄武岩和南非金伯利岩中捕虏体含水量(多数低于1.00×10~(-2)％)略高。反映了水在上地幔中时间、空间分布的不均匀性。幔源无水硅酸盐矿物中含有微量水这一事实,为了解上地幔中水的分布,水在地幔中的动力学、地球化学过程所起的作用提供了重要基础数据。     

上地幔矿物中的氢

上地幔中水的含量、赋存状态、运移途径和演化方式是具有重要科学意义的地球化学问题 ,多年来一直是地球科学的研究前沿和热点。常见的研究方法有 :(1)岩石学相平衡实验 ;(2 )流体包裹体 ;(3)稳定同位素。含羟基矿物的产出是地幔中存在水的直接证据。 2 0世纪 90年代以来 ,对地球深部物质 (主要是各种地幔包体 )的研究发现 ,几乎所有名义上的无水矿物 (ｎｏｍｉｎａｌｌｙａｎｈｙｄｒｏｕｓｍｉｎｅｒａｌｓ ,简为ＮＡＭｓ)都含有微量的结构氢 ,以ＯＨ或Ｈ2 Ｏ的形式存在 ,其含量从ｎ× 10 -6～ｎ× 10 -3 。主要是通过分子光谱学的工作 ,…     

地幔羽构造论：板块构造后理论发展的新范例

通过地震波层析成像所揭示的地幔构造和板块下插历史的对比研究，揭开了探索地球动力学的新局面。地球的构造是由地幔深部上升的直径约数千公里的火柱状热地幔羽（ｐｌｕｍｅｔｅｃｔｏｎｉｃｓ）和沉入到６７０ｋｍ深并暂处于滞留状态的板块的崩落而引起的冷地幔羽，这两个基本因素所造成的卷入整个地幔的对流所支配着。     

地幔转换带中的水及其地球动力学意义

综述了近20年国际上地幔转换带中水的研究进展。前人研究表明,地球深部的水主要以OH-(hy-droxyl)形式存储在名义上无水矿物(NAMs)中。高温高压实验研究表明,地幔转换带中的主要矿物均具有较高的储水能力,且在转换带的温压条件下,其储水能力随着温度的升高而降低,其中瓦兹利石(β-Ol)和林伍德石(γ-Ol)的储水能力为2%～3%,超硅石榴子石(Mj)的储水能力为0.1%左右,据此估算地幔转换带的储水能力约为1.2%～1.91%,是地表水总量的3.9～6.2倍;而转换带除外的上地幔和下地幔主要矿物的含水量或储水能力均小于0.1%,因此与上、下地幔相比,地幔转换带可能是地幔的主要储水库。尽管地幔转换带具有较强的储水能力,但对地幔转换带的实际含水量还存在干、湿两方面的地质和地球物理证据和争议。地幔转换带中的水会对转换带中一系列的过程产生重要影响,当水含量增加时,橄榄石(Ol)向β-Ol、γ-Ol分解以及超硅石榴石的分解反应分别向低压、高压和低压方向迁移,从而由橄榄石向β-Ol和γ-Ol分解两个相变反应界定的转换带宽度也会增加;水还会使地幔深部的部分熔融温度降低,熔体的密度降低;同时,水的加入可以很好地解释地幔岩"pyrolite"模型在410km不连续面处产生的与地震波测量不相符突变,也可以解决全地幔对流模式所不能解释的地幔成分分层问题。因此,深入研究和探讨转换带中的水对地球深部动力学过程的影响,包括中国东部地区受太平洋板块深俯冲作用的影响,均具有重要的约束和研究意义。     

地幔交代作用：研究进展、问题及对策

有关地幔交代作用的研究始于７０年代早期。近２０年来研究工作的贡献是使人们对与地幔演化和不均一性有关的地幔交代作用特征和交代作用机制有了更多的了解。地幔交代作用很复杂，它取决于交代作用发生的时间、构造环境、交代介质的种类以及与不同深度地幔内各种地质事件有关的流体的组成。进一步深入开展有关交代作用成因、机制及其与各种地质事件关系的研究，对于深入认识岩石圈地幔的演化和不均一特征具有十分重要的意义。对不同构造环境中的不同包体类型进行深入研究，为地幔交代作用提供广泛约束。将传统的地质学、岩石学的研究与地球化学、地球物理学以及现代测试技术相结合，很可能为解决交代作用成因、机制及交代作用与岩浆作用之间的时间先后问题，交代作用与地质事件的关系问题提供有效的方法和途径。     

Locating suitable sites for the construction of subsurface dams using GIS

Subsurface dams constitute an affordable and effective method for the sustainable development and management of groundwater resources when constructed on suitable sites. Such dams have rarely been constructed in crystalline rock areas and to best of our knowledge, geographic information system (GIS) has never been used in any methodology for locating suitable sites for constructing these dams. This paper presents a new methodology to locate suitable sites for the construction of subsurface dams using GIS software supported by groundwater balance modelling in a study area Boda-Kalvsvik, Sweden. Groundwater resources were calculated based on digitized geological data and assumptions regarding stratigraphic layering taken from well archive data and geological maps. These estimates were then compared with future extractions for domestic water supply using a temporally dynamic water balance model. Suitability analyses for subsurface dams were based on calculated topographic wetness index (TWI) values and geological data, including stratigraphic information. Groundwater balance calculations indicated that many of the most populated areas were susceptible to frequent water supply shortages. Of the 34 sub-catchments within the study area: ten were over-extracted, nine did not have any water supply demand at all, one was self-sufficient and the remaining 14 were able to meet the water supply demand with surplus storage capacity. Six suitable sites for the construction of subsurface dams were suggested in the vicinity of the over-extracted sites based on suitability analysis and groundwater balance estimates. The new methodology shows encouraging results for regions with humid climate but having limited natural water storage capacities. The developed methodology can be used as a preliminary planning step for subsurface dam construction, establishing a base for more detailed field investigations.     

Assessment of Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) feasibility at selected sites in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi,UAE

Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) is considered as a strategy for the storage of water to ensure a sustainable water supply in the Abu Dhabi emirate. Earlier investigations have been conducted, and two sites were proposed for the installation of ASR in the surficial aquifer. Recently, the site located in the center of Abu Dhabi (sand dune area) was executed, and the second site is undergoing the pilot phase of the study. However, the performance and influence of the regional groundwater system may vary depending on regional hydrogeological characteristics, which have not been investigated. Hence, this study attempts to understand the feasibility of the proposed ASR sites in the surficial aquifer using a regional model developed by the finite-difference approach with an accuracy of 0.28 m mean residual difference. Additionally, six sites were selected on the basis of the literature and aquifer parameters and were investigated for their suitability for future ASR installation. Six cycles of injection and recovery at various rates were analyzed at each ASR site by using a transient calibrated model until the end of the year 2030. The area of influence is axisymmetrical in the sand dune area and non-symmetrical in the east and northeastern areas because of the steep topography and groundwater table gradient. At the sites that possess a non-symmetrical influence, the area of influence is always high upstream of the groundwater flow. Heterogeneity-induced variation in the fluctuation of the groundwater table is noted in all sites. Even with 100% recovery, the groundwater table did not reach the ambient groundwater table during the recovery period. This finding confirms the contribution of regional groundwater to the site during recovery. All sites selected for future ASR installation, except site 5, are capable of storing the volume needed to meet expected water demand. Site 2 is considered the most suitable site for ASR installation in the future. This study will facilitate the scientific communities and authorities in understanding the feasibility of ASR installation for sustainable water storage and supply in the Abu Dhabi emirate.     

OH-bearing planar defects in olivine produced by the breakdown of Ti-rich humite minerals from Dabie Shan (China)

The partial breakdown of Ti-chondrodite and Ti-clinohumite during exhumation from ultra-high pressure to amphibolite facies conditions in garnet-pyroxenites from Dabie Shan (China) produces coronas of olivine coexisting with ilmenite blebs. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of this newly formed olivine exhibit absorption bands in the hydroxyl-stretching region. Two intense peaks were observed at 3,564 and 3,394 cm⁻¹, identical in energy to peaks in Ti-clinohumite. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the same olivine domains revealed the presence of a complex (001) planar intergrowth. These interlayers have a 1.35 nm repeat distance, which is characteristic of clinohumite. Such interlayers are also enriched in Ti with respect to the adjacent olivine as shown by energy dispersive spectrometry. The combined evidence from FTIR spectroscopy and TEM indicates that OH is incorporated along Ti-clinohumite planar defects. This study provides evidence that the nominally anhydrous phase olivine may contain OH as a humite-type defect beyond the breakdown of the hydrous humite minerals and confirms earlier suggestions that Ti plays a key role in OH incorporation in mantle olivine. We suggest that olivine containing Ti-clinohumite defects is an important phase for water transport in subduction zones and for the storage of water in cold subcontinental mantle. However, these defects are unlikely to be stable in hotter parts of the oceanic mantle such as where basaltic magmas are generated.     

女山和盘石山橄榄岩包体中的水: 红外光谱研究

运用傅立叶变换红外光谱技术对来自安徽女山新生代碧玄岩中的6个和江苏盘石山新生代玄武岩中的3个名义上“干”橄榄岩包体中的矿物进行了观察。结果显示:单斜辉石和斜方辉石普遍含有微量的结构水,以OH^-的形式赋存;除1个女山包体外,其余的橄榄石均未探测到结构水;女山1个石榴石橄榄岩中的石榴石未能探测到结构水。单斜辉石中结构水含量>斜方辉石>>橄榄石(石榴石)。结合文献中的资料来看,岩石圈地幔中水的分布可能既具有大尺度不均一性,又具有小尺度不均一性,可能并不具有明显的垂向分带。     

Constraining input and output fluxes of the southern-central Chile subduction zone: water,chlorine and sulfur

In this paper, we constrain the input and output fluxes of H₂O, Cl and S into the southern-central Chilean subduction zone (31°S–46°S). We determine the input flux by calculating the amounts of water, chlorine and sulfur that are carried into the subduction zone in subducted sediments, igneous crust and hydrated lithospheric mantle. The applied models take into account that latitudinal variations in the subducting Nazca plate impact the crustal porosity and the degree of upper mantle serpentinization and thus water storage in the crust and mantle. In another step, we constrain the output fluxes of the subduction zone both to the subcontinental lithospheric mantle and to the atmosphere–geosphere–ocean by the combined use of gas flux determinations at the volcanic arc, volume calculations of volcanic rocks and the combination of mineralogical and geothermal models of the subduction zone. The calculations indicate that about 68 Tg/m/Ma of water enters the subduction zone, as averaged over its total length of 1,480 km. The volcanic output on the other hand accounts for 2 Tg/m/Ma or 3 % of that input. We presume that a large fraction of the volatiles that are captured within the subducting sediments (which accounts for roughly one-third of the input) are cycled back into the ocean through the forearc. This assumption is however questioned by the present lack of evidence for major venting systems of the submarine forearc. The largest part of the water that is carried into the subduction zone in the crust and hydrated mantle (accounting for two-thirds of the input) appears to be transported beyond the volcanic arc.     

造山带橄榄岩记录的大陆俯冲带多期壳幔相互作用

俯冲带是地壳与地幔之间物质交换的主要场所.前人对大洋俯冲带壳幔相互作用进行了大量研究,但是对俯冲带壳幔相互作用的物理化学过程和机理仍缺乏明确认识.在大陆俯冲带出露有造山带橄榄岩,它们来自俯冲板片之上的地幔楔,是解决这个问题的理想样品.通过对大别-苏鲁和柴北缘造山带橄榄岩进行系统的岩石学和地球化学研究,发现地幔楔橄榄岩由于俯冲地壳的交代作用而含有新生锆石和残留锆石,它们能为地壳交代作用时间、交代介质来源、性质和组成提供制约.地幔楔橄榄岩在大陆碰撞过程的不同阶段受到了俯冲大陆地壳衍生的多期不同性质流体的交代作用.地幔楔橄榄岩还受到了陆壳俯冲之前古俯冲洋壳衍生流体的交代作用.深俯冲陆壳衍生熔体与橄榄岩反应形成的石榴辉石岩具有高的水含量,能提供高水含量的地幔源区.      

辽西元古宙旧庙基性杂岩的地球化学特征及物源区讨论

辽西旧庙基性杂岩主要由二辉辉石岩、辉长苏长岩和角闪辉长岩组成。它们是由同源岩浆演化分离结晶作用为主形成的拉斑玄武系列。痕量元素、ＲＥＥ及Ｓｒ同位素的特征表明岩浆起源于富集型地幔源区。低的Ｎｉ、较高的Ｈ２Ｏ，说明初始岩浆起源于富含Ｈ２Ｏ的富集型地幔源区，在相对较低的温度下熔融形成。ｗ（Ｒｂ）／ｗ（Ｂａ）、ｗ（Ｒｂ）／ｗ（Ｓｒ）值变化较大，表明岩浆形成演化与下地壳物质曾发生强烈的混合     

近30年来降水量变化和人类活动对北京潮白河冲洪积扇地下水动态的影响

对北京潮白河冲洪积扇分布区30年来降水量、地表径流量、地下水水位和地下水储存量进行了时间序列分析。结果表明: 过去30年中,区域地下水动态发生了明显变化,特点是1998年以来,地下水位和地下水储存量迅速下降与减少。1998年以来,年降水量为以往多年平均值的76％左右。在储存量变化的影响因素中,降水量减少导致的补给量减少约占24％,人类活动,如工农业地下水开采、应急水源地地下水开采和地表水体入渗减少等因素约占76％。由于未来气候变化的不确定性,在南水北调的水进京后仍可能出现连续枯水年,因此,以丰水年降水进行水源涵养存在较大风险。对于已经处于严重超采状况的潮白河冲洪积扇来说,为了满足未来供水的需要,应急水源地从现在起应减少开采量或停采以逐步恢复地下水储存量。     

大别山超高压变质岩形成深度的同位素限制

大别山超高压变质岩形成深度是各国地质学家十分关心的问题。它不仅影响对碰撞造山带形成机制和演化过程的认识,而且影响对地球深部状况及地球动力学的研究。该文对大别山超高压变质岩已有同位素资料进行了分析与讨论。大别山榴辉岩的ε_Nd为-6.2~-17,ε_Sr为18~42,且显示明显的Nd同位素的不平衡现象。大别山榴辉岩的氧同位素组成研究表明,这些榴辉岩的原岩在超高压变质前,不同程度地与贫18O的大气降水(或海水)发生过氧同位素交换,且在超高压变质过程中依然保留了这些痕迹。除一个样品外,大别-苏鲁地区的榴辉岩的3He/4He比值都落在0.79×10-7~9.35×10-7范围内,显示陆壳岩石来源He的重要贡献。所有Sr-Nd、O和He同位素研究均表明:超高压变质岩保存着表壳岩石原岩的同位素特征,而未显示变质时受到地幔物质的明显影响。对于超高压变质岩的上述同位素特征,有人认为是由于大别山造山带俯冲和折返的速度太快造成的。由于造山带俯冲和折返的速度太快,表壳岩石原岩变质时来不及与地幔物质发生交换,故没有留下地幔物质参与的痕迹。该研究认为这种解释有些勉强,因为大别造山带俯冲和折返时间至少需要15Ma.在如此长的时间内,在100多公里地幔深处高于700℃的高温下发生超高压变质作用,表壳岩石原岩不可能不与地幔物质发生同位素交换。相反,如果认为大别山超高压变质岩就在地壳内形成,则大别山超高压变质岩同位素的所有特征就很好解释了。