孟鲁司特对支气管哮喘大鼠 Th17细胞分化的影响及意义

目的：探讨孟鲁司特抑制哮喘气道重塑的作用及其机制。方法将30只健康SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组（对照组）、哮喘组和治疗组,每组10只。哮喘组和治疗组用卵蛋白致敏和激发建立哮喘模型。治疗组在每次激发前给予孟鲁司特灌胃。灌胃8周后收集支气管肺泡灌洗液（ BALF ）计数中性粒细胞总数并行分类;流式细胞术检测血液中单个核细胞中辅助性T细胞17（Th17）细胞比例;ELISA法检测血清IL-17水平;HE染色观察肺组织病理学改变及气道形态学参数。结果模型组BALF中性粒细胞（ PMN）总数显著高于对照组,治疗组显著低于模型组（P均＜0．01）;哮喘组Th17细胞比例显著高于对照组,治疗组则明显低于哮喘组（P均＜0．01）;哮喘组血清IL-17水平明显高于对照组,治疗组明显低于哮喘组（P均＜0．01）;模型组支气管、血管周围大量炎性细胞浸润,平滑肌细胞层增厚等改变;治疗组上述改变明显减轻;平滑肌厚度、BALF中中性粒细胞总数、TH17比例及IL-17水平呈显著正相关（ P均＜0．01）。结论孟鲁司特可减轻哮喘大鼠的气道炎症及抑制气道重塑;其机制可能为抑制Th17细胞分化。     

雷公藤甲素对哮喘小鼠信号转导和转录激活因子6及eotaxin表达的影响

目的研究雷公藤甲素对哮喘小鼠信号转导和转录激活因子6(STAT6)、嗜酸粒细胞趋化因子(eotaxin)表达的影响,探讨其治疗哮喘的机制。方法建立小鼠卵蛋白哮喘模型,随机分为7组,分别为对照组、地塞米松治疗组及不同剂量雷公藤甲素治疗组,测定支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中白细胞总数及嗜酸粒细胞(Eos)计数;逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)及免疫组织化学法分别检测肺组织中STAT6、eotaxin mRNA及气道上皮STAT6、eotaxin蛋白表达水平。结果哮喘组STAT6、eotaxin mRNA及蛋白表达明显高于正常对照组(P<0.01),雷公藤甲素治疗组及地塞米松组明显低于哮喘组(P<0.01)。气道上皮STAT6的蛋白表达与BALF中白细胞数、Eos计数及气道上皮eotaxin蛋白表达呈正相关(r分别为0.528,0.612,0.682,P<0.01)。气道上皮eotaxin蛋白表达与白细胞总数、Eos计数呈正相关(r分别为0.79,0.88,P<0.01)。结论雷公藤甲素抑制哮喘气道炎症的机制可能与其抑制STAT6及eotaxin的表达活性有关。     

外源性间充质干细胞减轻支气管哮喘小鼠气道炎症的研究

目的 观察鸡卵清蛋白诱导小鼠支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)模型中外源性间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSC)在哮喘小鼠肺组织气道炎症中的作用.方法 45只雌性SPF级C57BL/6小鼠,体质量18～22 g.随机分为对照组(P:P:P)、哮喘组(O:P:O)和MSC治疗组(O:M:O).哮喘组与MSC治疗组第1天和第8天致敏,第15天、第16天和第17天使用OVA气道内滴入激发哮喘.MSC治疗组于哮喘造模第14天移植外源性MSC.对照组小鼠予PBS处理.三组小鼠于末次激发结束后24 h(第18天)处死,取支气管肺泡灌洗液上清,ELISA检测IL-5、IL-9及β-氨基己糖苷酶;支气管肺泡灌洗液细胞计数总细胞数、嗜酸粒细胞数;取肺组织行病理切片苏木精-伊红染色观察肺部气道炎症情况.结果 ①MSC下调了哮喘小鼠气道局部炎症;②MSC减轻了哮喘小鼠肺组织中的炎细胞浸润;③MSC减轻了哮喘小鼠气道中的肥大细胞脱颗粒现象;④MSC抑制了哮喘小鼠过度的Th2变态反应.结论 外源性MSC通过抑制Th2变态反应,减轻哮喘肺组织的气道炎症.     

银杏内酯A通过p38MAPK通路减轻中性粒细胞性哮喘小鼠气道炎症

目的探索银杏内酯A(Ginkgolide A,GA)对中性粒细胞为主的哮喘小鼠气道炎症的影响及可能的机制。方法28只雌性BALB/c小鼠随机分为对照组、哮喘组、GA干预组、地塞米松(dexamethasone,DEX)干预组,每组7只。哮喘组于第0、14、21天给予20ug卵清蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)+75ul氟氏制剂(complete Freund’s adjuvant,CFA)腹腔注射致敏,第22-24天连续3天5%OVA雾化激发,对照组给予PBS致敏与激发。GA干预组及DEX干预组分别在每次激发前1小时给予80mg/kg GA及1mg/kg DEX腹腔注射。末次激发24小时后,对各组小鼠进行肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)中细胞总数及细胞分类计数,检测BALF中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)水平、肺组织中p-ERK、p-p38、p-p85的蛋白水平,并对各组小鼠肺组织病理学特征进行评价。结果与对照组比较,哮喘组小鼠BALF中细胞总数及中性粒细胞计数均明显增加、SOD水平明显下降,气道粘液分泌及周围炎症细胞聚集明显加重,肺组织中p-p38蛋白表达水平明显升高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。经银杏内酯A干预后,哮喘小鼠BALF中细胞总数及中性粒细胞计数明显减少、气道粘液分泌及气道周围炎症细胞聚集明显减轻,BALF中SOD水平明显升高,同时肺组织中p-p38的表达水平明显下降,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。经地塞米松干预组,上述指标变化不明显(P>0.05)。结论银杏内酯A可减轻中性粒细胞为主的哮喘小鼠气道周围炎症及氧化应激过程,其作用机制与p38丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase,p38MAPK)通路有关,可作为中性粒细胞为主的哮喘的有效治疗药物。     

哮喘小鼠HMGB1表达和中性粒细胞计数、IL-17水平的相关性研究

目的探讨哮喘小鼠肺组织中HMGB1表达和中性粒细胞计数、IL-17水平相关性的研究。方法采用OVA致敏和激发模式建立Th2优势哮喘小鼠模型;采用LPS联合OVA致敏和OVA激发模式建立Th17优势哮喘小鼠模型;将HMGB1拮抗剂rHMGB1-Abox经鼻滴人至Th17优势哮喘小鼠,建立HMGB1阻断的哮喘小鼠模型。实验设立正常对照组、Th2优势哮喘组、Th17优势哮喘组以及HMGB1阻断组,每组小鼠各10只,共40只。应用免疫组织化学SP法检测肺组织HMGB1的表达,收集肺泡灌洗液进行中性粒细胞计数,ELISA法检测肺组织匀浆中IL-17含量。采用SPSS13．0软件分析HMGB1表达和中性粒细胞数目、IL-17表达的相关性。结果Th17优势哮喘组小鼠HMGB1表达增强,并定位于气道上皮中。Th17优势哮喘组小鼠HMGB1表达、中性粒细胞计数和IL-17水平的表达与对照组、Th2优势哮喘组相比,均显著升高（P均〈0．01）;HMGB1阻断组小鼠HMGB1表达、中性粒细胞计数和IL-17水平与Th17优势哮喘组相比,均明显降低（P均〈0．05）。HMGB1表达与中性粒细胞计数呈正相关（r=0．82,P〈0．05）,HMGB1表达与IL-17水平呈正相关（r=0．74,P〈0．05）。结论Th17优势哮喘小鼠气道上皮HMGB1表达增强,并和中性粒细胞计数、IL-17水平呈正相关,HMGB1可能在调节哮喘Th17极化中发挥重要作用。     

外源性间充质干细胞减轻支气管哮喘小鼠气道炎症的研究

目的观察鸡卵清蛋白诱导小鼠支气管哮喘（简称哮喘）模型中外源性间充质干细胞（mesenehymal stem cells,MSC）在哮喘小鼠肺组织气道炎症中的作用。方法45只雌性SPF级C57BL／6小鼠,体质量18-22g。随机分为对照组（P：P：P）、哮喘组（O：P：O）和MSC治疗组（O：M：O）。哮喘组与MSC治疗组第1天和第8天致敏,第15天、第16天和第17天使用OVA气道内滴入激发哮喘。MSC治疗组于哮喘造模第14天移植外源性MSC。对照组小鼠予PBS处理。三组小鼠于末次激发结束后24h（第18天）处死,取支气管肺泡灌洗液上清,ELISA检测IL-5、IL-9及β-氨基己糖苷酶;支气管肺泡灌洗液细胞计数总细胞数、嗜酸粒细胞数;取肺组织行病理切片苏木精-伊红染色观察肺部气道炎症情况。结果①MSC下调了哮喘小鼠气道局部炎症;②MSC减轻了哮喘小鼠肺组织中的炎细胞浸润;③MSC减轻了哮喘小鼠气道中的肥大细胞脱颗粒现象;④MSC抑制了哮喘小鼠过度的Th2变态反应。结论外源性MSC通过抑制Th2变态反应,减轻哮喘肺组织的气道炎症。     

Th17细胞及其细胞因子白细胞介素-17在粉尘螨致敏哮喘小鼠中的变化

目的探讨Th17细胞及其细胞因子白细胞介素-17(IL-17)在粉尘螨致敏哮喘小鼠中的变化及其意义。方法 20只BALB/c小鼠随机均分为哮喘组和健康对照组。哮喘组小鼠于第0、7和14天每鼠腹腔注射200μl致敏液[含粉尘螨粗浸液提取物50μg,Al(OH)32 mg]致敏。末次免疫后1周采用粉尘螨粗浸液提取物连续进行滴鼻激发,每天1次,每次50μg,激发7次,健康对照组给予等体积的PBS[含Al(OH)32 mg]处理。末次激发后24 h内处死小鼠,取血清和肺泡灌洗液,无菌取脾脏。ELISA检测血清中Ig G1、Ig E和肺泡灌洗液中IL-17的含量;流式细胞仪检测脾脏中Th17细胞百分率。结果哮喘组小鼠血清中Ig G1和Ig E水平分别为(0.10±0.01)pg/ml和(1.15±0.10)pg/ml,高于健康对照组的(0.06±0.01)pg/ml和(0.04±0.01)pg/ml(P0.05);哮喘组小鼠肺泡灌洗液IL-17水平(85.13±2.36)pg/ml高于健康对照组(48.27±4.14)pg/ml(P0.01);哮喘组小鼠脾脏Th17细胞百分率(5.19±0.68)%高于健康对照组(0.95±0.19)%(P0.01),且脾脏Th17细胞百分率与肺泡灌洗液中IL-17水平呈正相关(r=0.851,P0.01)。结论粉尘螨致敏哮喘小鼠较健康小鼠肺泡灌洗液IL-17水平和脾脏Th17细胞数量均升高。     

高良姜素对哮喘小鼠气道炎症及肿瘤坏死因子-α表达的影响

目的探讨高良姜素对哮喘小鼠气道炎症及肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α表达的影响。方法 40只小鼠随机分为正常对照组、哮喘组、地塞米松组、高良姜素组。卵白蛋白致敏并激发建立小鼠哮喘模型,计数支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中嗜酸性粒细胞,观察支气管肺组织病理的改变,酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测血清TNF-α的水平,Western印迹法检测肺组织TNF-α蛋白的表达。结果高良姜素组BALF中嗜酸粒细胞计数及肺内炎症细胞评分明显低于哮喘组(P<0.01);哮喘组血清TNF-α含量、肺组织TNF-α蛋白表达均显著高于正常对照组,高良姜素组上述指标均低于哮喘组(P<0.01)。结论高良姜素可降低哮喘小鼠TNF-α的表达,减轻哮喘小鼠气道炎症。     

不同糖皮质激素治疗对肥胖哮喘小鼠全身和气道的影响

目的对比布地奈德雾化治疗和地塞米松口服治疗对肥胖哮喘小鼠的疗效和炎症改变。方法将75只C57/6J小鼠随机分为5组,正常组(A组)、哮喘组(B组)、肥胖哮喘组(C组)、布地奈德雾化治疗组(D组)、地塞米松口服治疗组(E组),建立饮食诱导的慢性肥胖哮喘模型。末次激发后24 h,取肺泡灌洗液(BALF)进行细胞计数及分类,ELLISA法测定血清中IL-17浓度,肺组织病理切片观察各组小鼠炎症评分,测定气管壁总面积(WAt)、气道平滑肌面积(WAm)和管腔基底膜周长(Pbm)。结果除A组外,其余四组小鼠均出现不同程度的哮喘发作,实验结束前B组无小鼠死亡,C组有2只小鼠死亡,D组有1只小鼠死亡,而E组有5只小鼠死亡。C组BALF中白细胞总数,中性粒细胞数、嗜酸性粒细胞数、血清IL-17浓度以及病理切片炎症评分、气管壁总厚度(WAt/Pbm)、气道平滑肌厚度(WAm/Pbm)明显高于A、B两组。两治疗组的BALF中白细胞总数、嗜酸性粒细胞数,以及病理切片炎症评分均较C组下降,但气管壁总厚度(WAt/Pbm)、气道平滑肌厚度(WAm/Pbm)改善不明显(P0.05)。E组血清IL-17浓度较C组下降(P0.05),但D组和C组无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论雾化布地奈德能够改善肥胖哮喘小鼠的气道炎症,但不能改善气道重建和全身炎症。地塞米松口服治疗虽有助于改善肥胖哮喘的全身炎症反应,但气道重建无益,且带来更高的病死率。     

IL-17＋ T淋巴细胞在哮喘发病中的参与及表达

目的用卵白蛋白（OVA）建立小鼠哮喘模型,观察IL-17＋ T淋巴细胞在哮喘发病过程中的参与情况。方法 30只BALB/c雌性SPF级小鼠随机分为正常对照组（n=15）和哮喘模型组（n=15）;分离小鼠肺支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）,对BALF中细胞总数和分类计数;分离外周血的淋巴细胞,用流式细胞术检测胞内细胞因子IL-17的表达,从而测定小鼠中IL-17＋ T淋巴细胞的含量。结果哮喘模型组BALF中细胞总数和中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、淋巴细胞百分率均高于对照组（P〈0.01）。病理观察可见哮喘模型组小鼠的气道炎症以中性粒细胞及嗜酸性粒细胞浸润为主,而对照组无此变化。哮喘模型组外周血中IL-17＋ T淋巴细胞含量较正常对照组升高（P〈0.01）。结论 IL-17＋ T淋巴细胞参与了哮喘发病过程,在哮喘急性发作的气道炎症中扮有重要作用。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.