旋叶分离器分区域疏水性能研究

旋叶分离器是蒸汽发生器中气水分离器组件的关键部件之一,保障蒸汽发生器为汽轮机提供高干度的蒸汽。气液混合物进入分离器后,液体逐渐分离,并通过入口回流、下降通道、切向口等区域疏水。为研究各区域疏水性能,建立了可视化旋叶分离器冷态试验回路,采用常温常压空气-水作为工质,针对直径140 mm、旋叶倾角30°的分离器开展分离性能试验。测试获得了空气表观速度在5～13 m/s区间内入口回流、下降通道、切向口对分离水比例变化的影响规律。研究发现,低气相表观速度时入口回流和下降通道承担主要的分离水比例,中等气相表观速度(7～9 m/s)时下降通道承担主要分离水比例,高气相表观速度时切向口起重要的分离水作用。     

疏水孔对旋叶分离器分离效率影响研究

为提高旋叶分离器中气-液混合物的分离效率，针对内筒具有正三角形排布疏水孔的旋叶分离器开展空气-水性能试验和计算流体动力学（CFD）数值模拟研究，分析每一排疏水孔分离水比例变化规律和疏水孔布置高度对分离性能的影响。研究结果表明，当空气表观速度较低（≤14.4 m/s）时，每一排疏水孔分离水比例随着内筒高度的升高呈先下降后增加的趋势；当空气表观速度较大（>14.4 m/s）时，每一排疏水孔分离水比例随内筒高度升高呈单调下降的趋势。研究对比了第1排疏水孔布置距离旋叶分别是0.8倍、1.0倍、1.2倍内筒直径3种位置时分离性能的变化, 结果表明当空气表观速度较低（< 12.9 m/s）时，疏水孔位于1.2倍内筒直径位置时旋叶分离效率最高；空气表观速度较高（≥12.9 m/s）时，疏水孔位于0.8倍内筒直径位置时旋叶分离效率最高。      

旋叶汽-水分离器空气-水冷态试验研究

采用可视化的实验方法研究旋叶汽-水分离器的空气-水分离过程和分离性能。试验表明:旋转通道上方形成均匀稳定且厚度适中的液膜有利于气-液两相的分离。水流量较小时,液滴形态的水比例较高,难以分离;而水流量较大时形成液膜较厚,中心空气流通截面变小导致空气夹带水加剧。分离效率的定量测量结果与可视化结果一致。分离效率主要受到水流量的影响,随着水流量的增大逐渐上升,当水流量增大到0.3m3/h后增加趋势逐渐减缓进而呈下降的趋势。     

球床通道内气液两相竖直向上流动流型实验研究

对球形颗粒填充通道内的空气-水竖直向上两相流动流型进行了可视化实验研究。实验段填充球直径分别为3、5和8mm,气相表观流速为0.005~1.172m/s;液相表观流速为0.004~0.093m/s。实验观察得到4种典型流型：泡状流、串状流、液柱脉冲流和乳沫脉冲流,并绘制出流型图,其中脉冲流占据较大区域。通过与常规通道流型图对比发现：由于填充颗粒的影响,球床通道泡状流区域较常规通道显著减小。对比3种球床通道流型图得到：随着颗粒直径的增加,串状流区域增大;在低液相流速下,对于8mm直径颗粒,串状流可直接过渡到乳沫脉冲流。     

双钩波形板汽水分离器疏水钩优化研究

为提高双钩波形板汽水分离器的分离性能，采用计算流体力学方法建立波形板内的两相流动模型，并对不同结构疏水钩的波形板汽水分离器进行研究。通过数值计算得到了波形板内的速度云图和液滴运动轨迹，并分析了不同进口速度下疏水钩结构对压降和分离效率的影响。结果表明：大部分液滴在前两级通道被分离，进口速度为0.922 m/s时其质量份额可超过50%；疏水钩通过影响流场的局部流速和湍流强度进而影响压降和分离效率，疏水钩对液滴的直接拦截作用有利于提高分离效率。综合考虑分离效率和压力损失获得了综合性能良好的双钩波形板汽水分离器结构型式。     

蒸汽流速对旋叶式汽水分离器分离性能影响的数值模拟

基于两流体模型和雷诺应力湍流模型,在不同的入口流速条件下,对旋叶式汽水分离器的分离过程进行了数值模拟,分析了蒸汽流速对不同直径液滴分离过程以及壁面附近液膜或高液滴浓度弥散层的影响规律。研究表明,蒸汽流速对分离性能的影响与液滴直径有关,当液滴直径处于某一区域时,蒸汽流速对分离性能的影响较明显,蒸汽流速越大,分离性能越好;当蒸汽流速较低时,在分离筒壁面出现液相流体累积。     

旋叶汽水分离器试验和数值模拟研究

针对旋叶汽水分离器的缩比模型展开空气-水冷态试验性能分析和数值模拟研究。试验表明：分离效率主要受水流量的影响,随水流量的增大呈逐渐上升的趋势,当水流量增大到0.3 m³/h后增加趋势逐渐减缓进而出现下降的趋势。压降对空气流量变化敏感,随空气流量的增大显著上升。进一步建立旋叶分离器CFD数值分析模型,采用欧拉两流体模型,气相为连续相,液相为离散相,并使用雷诺应力RSM方法求解湍流应力。计算分析了液滴粒径对分离特性的影响,结果表明,液滴粒径分布对分离效率有显著影响,微小粒径液滴的存在显著降低了气液分离效率。     

空气-水在垂直非圆截面通道内流型研究

采用可视化方法研究了水力直径分别为15mm和10mm的两种正方形截面、14.43mm的三角形截面以及14mm的圆形截面通道内空气-水垂直上升流动,表观气速0.04～80m/s,表观水速0.001～6m/s.观察到了泡状流、弹状流、块状流、环状流和弥散泡状流等常见流型.此外,在表观气速很大而表观水速很小时,在非圆截面通道内发现了爬动流,证实了非圆截面直通道内存在"二次流"现象,且对气-液两相流动的相分布有较大影响,证明截面形状对两相流流型及其转变具有重要影响.由实验得到了流型转变界限,并首次获得了包括爬动流的两相流流型图.比较本文的实验结果及与前人的研究结果对比发现,水力直径的大小对两相流流型的转变具有一定影响.     

旋叶式分离器叶片区液滴动力学行为研究

对旋叶式汽水分离器叶片区域液滴受力进行合理简化,得到旋叶式分离器叶片区域液滴动力学方程。利用数值模拟对比不同液滴直径、空气入口流速和叶片升角时,液滴通过叶片区、液滴撞击叶片和液滴撞击筒壁份额的变化。当液滴尺寸增大、空气入口流速增大或叶片升角减小时,液滴撞击叶片份额呈现增加的趋势,叶片升角对结果的影响不大。液滴曳力与惯性力的比值在时间上的积累越大,液滴越不容易撞击到叶片上。     

含内热源有序饱和多孔介质通道内蒸汽-水两相流型可视化实验研究

采用均一球体形成多孔介质通道，通过高速摄像系统获得了多孔介质通道内两相流动影像数据，识别出多孔介质通道内蒸汽-水两相流动流型存在形式，并研究了部分参数对流型转变的影响规律。结果表明，多孔介质通道内的汽-液两相流型有泡状流、泡状-弹状混合流、弹状流、弹状-环状混合流以及环状流5种；随着入口过冷度的增加，泡状流向过渡流转变以及过渡流向环状流转变时所对应的汽相表观速度呈现出逐渐增大的趋势；随着压力的升高，泡状流向过渡流转变以及过渡流向环状流转变时所对应的汽相表观速度呈现出逐渐减小的趋势。      

基于RELAP5的LOCA喷放阶段下降段内CCFL特性研究

反应堆失水事故（LOCA）后下降段通道内形成的两相逆流状态极有可能引发汽-液逆向流动限制（CCFL）,不利于应急冷却水顺利进入堆芯,极大影响了核反应堆系统的安全性能。本研究基于RELAP5程序采用Wallis溢流关系式对UPFT实验装置进行建模并计算LOCA喷放阶段的下降段注水行为;通过对比下腔室蓄水量、下降段内压力及破口处蒸汽流量瞬态变化以验证模型的有效性,并对下降段通道内汽相速度场、液相体积分数分布特性进行分析。结果表明,由于下降段通道结构的三维特征引起的流动不均匀性影响了汽-液CCFL特性,随着蒸汽流量增大,在破口环路与下降段连接区域的压力梯度与向上流速度梯度越大,较少节点的划分方法很难真实反映下降段通道局部区域内汽-液溢流关系;在靠近破口的环路内注入的冷却水更难到达下腔室,而在远离破口环路的冷却水容易进入到下腔室;过热的蒸汽在流动过程中被冷却水冷却发生凝结现象,导致出口蒸汽流量小于进口蒸汽流量,且随着进口蒸汽流量的增大,凝结效应则随之减小。本研究所建立的模型与方法能够适用于LOCA喷放阶段下降段通道内的汽-液CCFL预测。      

反应堆压力容器下降段水-蒸汽CCFL实验与模型研究

为探究反应堆压力容器下降段在喷放末期冷段安注过程中的水-蒸汽逆流特性,建立下降段逆向流动限制(CCFL)模型,开展了基于压力容器模化本体的下降段CCFL实验研究以及建模分析。通过实验研究获得了不同入口安注水流量、安注水过冷度、堆芯蒸汽流量等条件下的下降段环腔内的安注特性数据,并基于实验数据进行了CCFL建模分析。结果表明,开始发生CCFL的蒸汽无量纲流速与入口安注水无量纲流速呈现正相关,基于无量纲流速建立的模型斜率与入口安注水无量纲流速呈现高度指数关联。本文建立了适用于从不发生CCFL至不完全CCFL,再到完全CCFL的下降段水-蒸汽气液逆流全过程预测模型。     

Steam separator modeling for various nuclear reactor transients

Experiments were performed using air and water on three types of centrifugal separators plus gravity and secondary separators. Experiments were also done in the MIT blowdown rig, with and without a centrifugal separator, using steam and water. Appreciable carry-over from the steam generator occurs when the drain lines from the three stages of separation (centrifugal, gravity, and secondary) are unable to carry-off the liquid flow due to the high downcomer water level. Failure scenarios of the separator for conditions ranging from quasi-steady state to fast transients are presented. Separators, in general, in fast (blowdown) transients were found to increase the carry-over slightly. A module showing the general separator model structure is provided and recommendations are made for modeling the separator.     

Experimental Study on Gas Carry-Under in Liquid Down Flow from a Two-Phase Mixture

The gas carry-under characteristics in liquid down flow from a two-phase mixture flow have been studied for various flow parameters, based on experiments with a small scale air- water system simulating the concept of a natural circulation BWR with no separators. For high void fraction in the riser, as the liquid superficial velocity jf increased to 0.17 m/s, the void fraction in the lower part of the downcomer αd increased sharply due to the descent of comparatively large bubbles (diameter: about 4–6mm). In the region of jf> 0.17m/s, on increasing jf, the void fraction αd increased until it reached a maximum value at jf.3. For liquid descending velocities higher than 0.3 m/s, αd became almost constant and the level of the mixture above the riser had little effect on the void fraction ad due to the phase separation of the large bubbles formed by bubble coalescence in the upper part of the downcomer. The void fraction αd increased as the void fraction αr increased until bubble coalescence occurred in the upper part of the downcomer, and αd became constant and independent of αr after the occurrence of bubble coalescence. Under the conditions of high void fractions in the riser, 0.4<αr<0.64 (upper limit of the tests), and high liquid descending velocities in the down-comer, 0.3 m/s<jf.<0.4 m/s (upper limit of the tests), the void fraction αd was represented by a dimensionless number (G = η⁴ g/σ³ pf) and by the upper limit of void fractions in bubbly flow, αd=0.3.     

秦山核电厂蒸汽发生器用一、二次分离器在空气-水试验台上的选型试验

本文详细介绍了秦山核电厂蒸汽发生器用旋叶式分离器和二次分离器选型试验的全过程。     

Development of ATR Type Steam Separator Performance Analysis Code and Its Validation, (I)

The purpose of the study is to develop a method for predicting steam carryunder which is one of the important characteristics of a steam separator. Bubbles returning to the liquid surface and trapped by the re-circulating flow are calculated by tracking the behavior of bubbles moving in liquid bulk where velocity and temperature distributions have been calculated beforehand in conjunction with the Monte-Carlo method. Regarding the statistics of bubbles, a survey of references and visual tests have been conducted. To validate this method, several tests to measure bubble behavior under air/water conditions at atmospheric pressure and high temperature and pressure ranging 3~7 MPa have been conducted with a full-scale steam separator.

As a result, the developed method predicted with good precision the carryunder ratio obtained by the full-scale tests under the condition that carried-under void fraction was less than 20%, but underestimated carryunder ratio in the ATR “Fugen” reactor in which steam drum water level was shallow and average void fraction in water bulk was high. This method has a characteristic that carryunder ratio is underestimated in the case that void fraction is more than 20%.     

II. Steady state thermal measurements on the secondary side of a PWR steam generator (BUGEY-4 nuclear power plant)

Steady state thermal measurements, water and shell temperature, are made in the downcomer of the steam generator of the PWR BUGEY-4. The measurements show that the flow is of a swirling type with the degree of swirl being a function of the load (power). The angular temperature distribution of water and shell exhibits a minimum that rotates from the hot leg to the cold leg with increasing load. The results also admit the conclusion that the feedwater and recirculation water are well mixed in the cylindrical section of the downcomer. Measurements and computations of fluid and shell temperatures are in good agreement for the steam generator in a state of natural circulation. For the state of forced circulation, the agreement is poor when it is assumed that the flow in the downcomer is turbulent and the steam generator outer shell is well insulated. The agreement is excellent for turbulent flow but with air leakage, or infiltration, between the steam generator outer shell and its insulation. If the hypothesis of air infiltration is ruled out, agreement between measurements and computations is much improved when the flow in the downcomer is taken as a turbulent core flow with an attendant laminar boundary layer. The existence of a laminar boundary layer would require the flat plate transition Reynolds number be enhanced by a factor of 100. This enhancement could result from the combined effects of swirl and density gradient in the downcomer.     

Development of Simplified Wave-type Vane in BWR Steam Dryer and Assessment of Vane Droplet Removal Characteristics

Air-water experiments were performed for the BWR steam dryer in order to elucidate droplet removal characteristics of the vane. Based on the results, a simplified vane was developed and its droplet removal characteristics were confirmed by air-water experiments using a whole dryer model.

Phase-Doppler anemometer was used to measure droplet diameter distributions. In the experiments of the current vane with four-wave stages and 120° bend angle, almost all of the droplets were found to be trapped in the first and second vane stages. For the air velocity of 3.1 m/s, 90% of the inlet droplets were trapped there and 4% were trapped in the third and fourth stages, resulting in 6% being carried over. Sauter mean diameters at the exit were 6 and 5μm while at the inlet they were 71 and 64μm for the respective air velocities of 1 and 3 m/s. Based on the Weber number evaluation, the possible mechanism for the fine droplet generation was considered to be the breakup of droplets due to impingement on the liquid film formed in the vane surface.

From the above results, the simplified vane with two-wave stages was developed. In order to remove fine droplets, the bend angle of the vane was reduced to 90°, in which a larger inertia force is exerted on finer droplets generated by breakup. Experiments for the whole dryer model showed that the developed vane could achieve the same droplet removal characteristics as the current vane without increasing the pressure drop of the dryer. A design having ten dryer bank rows and 1.2 m height, which is 0.8 m shorter than the current dryer, is possible for the dryer using the new simplified vane.