基于谱系信号的宝天曼省级保护植物物种维持机制研究

亲缘关系相近的物种在形态特征等方面具有更多的相似性,谱系信号分析对生态位保守、物种共存机制方面的研究具有重要意义。本文选用可计算双变量性状的D值法和EM-mantel方法,计算宝天曼保护区内省级重点保护被子植物不同生活型的谱系信号。结果显示:乔木型具有强烈的谱系信号,灌木和草本型两种方法的计算结果具有一定的差异;分析表明:乔木型的主要致危机制是生境过滤,而灌木和草本型的主要致危机制为人为干扰;最后,对保护区植物保护工作提出建议。     

广西红锥天然林原生境自然因子调查分析

通过调查统计广西15个红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)天然林县市的气候和土壤因子,结果表明广西红锥天然林分布的地区属南亚热带季风气候区,以红锥天然林为主的森林是我国南亚热带季雨林化常绿阔叶林的代表类型;红锥天然林分布以赤红壤、红壤林地出现较多,土壤酸碱度为微酸性(pH 4.36~6.23)。根据对广西红锥天然林原生境生长发育的主要气象因子的分析结果,初步确定广西红锥的现实生态位宽度。     

基于DIVA-GIS的广东适生樱花预测分析

目前广东省内栽培的樱花种类品种较为单一,为筛选出适生于广东省的樱花种类,将基于19个气候因子和233个地理分布记录,利用DIVA-GIS软件结合BIOCLIM生态位模型,对大叶早樱Cerasus subhirtella、高盆樱桃C.cerasoides、山樱花C.serrulata、尾叶樱桃C.dielsiana、迎春樱桃C.discoidea和钟花樱桃C.campanulata共6种原产于我国的野生樱花在当前和未来气候下的适生区进行预测,结果显示:在粤北地区引种除高盆樱桃外的5种樱花种类会有较好表现,也可尝试在广东其他地区引种大叶早樱、山樱花、钟花樱桃等种类,且主成分分析表明年均温是6个种共同的主导气候限制因子。     

Incorporating anthropogenic variables into ecological niche modeling to predict areas of invasion of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Popillia japonica</Emphasis>

Niche conservatism providing support for using ecological niche modeling in biological invasions has been widely noticed; nonetheless, the impacts of human disturbance on niche changes and model predictions are not fully recognized. In this study, climate niche changes during the invasion of Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) were studied under the framework of niche unfilling, stability, and expansion situations. The beetle might undergo niche expansion because of the small native range (Japan) relative to the broad invade range (North America). Relative roles of climatic and anthropogenic factors and their interactions in determining the spread of P. japonica were investigated. Results suggest that the climate niche was conserved during P. japonica invasion, climate niche unfilling rather than niche expansion was observed, suggesting there are suitable climate space remain unoccupied. Inclusion of anthropogenic factors into climate niche model has improved niche model prediction values in areas of high human activity. During P. japonica invasion, anthropogenic factors influenced the climate niche expression and altered the effect of climate suitability. In areas of poor or unsuitable climate, the human activities facilitated the establishment of P. japonica and functioned synergistically, whereas in highly suitable areas, including anthropogenic variables decreased climate suitability. These findings are pivotal to our understanding of climate niche conservatism and niche model transferability when predicting areas of invasion of P. japonica and can be applied elsewhere for predicting other pest’s invasion potential.     

常德市太浮山森林公园野生樱花林

常德市太浮山森林公园野生樱花林面积350hm2,约10万株,有尾叶樱(Cerasus dielsiana)、微毛樱(C.clarofolia)、崖樱(C.scopulorum)、山樱花(C.serrulata)、麦李(C.glandulosa)共5种,花期从2月上旬至3月下旬延续2个月,是目前国内发现的面积最大、种类最多、花期最长的野生樱花林。建议管理部门在重视旅游配套设施建设的同时,将打造国内外最大的野生樱花观赏园列为该公园的建设重点。       

美国山核桃及其在我国的适应性研究

美国山核桃是山区综合开发和农家税贫致富的优良经济树种。文章对美国山核桃坚果和木材的主要经济性状、生物学特性、地理生态学要求及原产地品种资源和我国引种驯化概况进行简介，并根据原产地美国的现实气候生态条件和我国的前期引种效果，将我国划分为4个美国山核桃引种栽培区，即适宜区、次适宜区、边缘区和不适宜区。     

检疫性害虫中对长小蠹在中国的适生区

【目的】中对长小蠹是一种已在我国海南建立种群的外来有害生物,预测其在中国的潜在入侵分布区,可为阻断其传播和早期监测提供参考。【方法】基于我国动植物检验检疫信息资源平台,对中对长小蠹在我国入境口岸的截获记录进行检索和统计。根据中对长小蠹现有分布记录,选取2组(5个环境变量和9个环境变量)相关性的气候变量,将中对长小蠹的本土生态空间与中国的生态空间进行对比,测试其在我国入侵过程中生态位保守性,然后基于2组环境变量在本土中美洲地区分别构建生态位模型,将其转移至我国和世界其他国家和地区来检测模型,并预测其在我国的适宜生态空间和潜在分布区。【结果】我国中对长小蠹的截获主要在长三角和珠三角地口岸,从木制品进口中截获。生态空间比对发现中对长小蠹在我国与其本土所占有的生态空间具有较大的重叠,其在我国的入侵过程中的生态位是保守的,然而与本土空间相比,我国所占有的生态空间存在较大的生态位空缺,表明中对长小蠹在我国的潜在入侵风险较大。在生态位模型预测中,与基于9个环境变量模型的预测相比较,基于5个环境变量的模型预测较为保守,基于2组变量的模型结果均显示中对长小蠹的适生区主要分布于中美洲、南美洲中部、非洲中部、澳洲北部和亚洲中部以及东南亚地区。中对长小蠹在我国的适生区主要在海南、台湾、广东等地,此外云南和广西南部等地的适生性亦较高。【结论】中对长小蠹在我国海南、台湾、广东等大部分地区存在入侵风险。本次预测结果与当前分布范围一致,这些潜在分布区多聚集在沿海地区,贸易活动频繁,有利于该害虫在入侵地建立种群并扩散;这些高风险地区应开展预警与监测,防止其从海南向大陆扩张或二次入侵。综合潜在分布分析和截获记录统计,我国广东珠江三角地区入侵风险最高,需要密切监控。     

塔河源荒漠河岸林灰胡杨与多枝柽柳种群空间格局与空间关联性

【目的】研究种群的空间格局及关联性,有利于阐明群落空间格局形成和物种共存机制,对植被的恢复、生物多样性保护等具有重要意义。【方法】为探究荒漠河岸林优势种群的空间分布及关联性,2017年在塔里木河干流源头荒漠河岸林内设置1 hm2典型样地,应用点格局分析法(Ripley的K函数、L函数)对灰胡杨、柽柳种群不同径级的空间格局及空间关联性进行分析。【结果】1)塔里木荒漠河岸林群落结构简单,物种多样性低,仅有9科11属11种,灰胡杨种群呈中间大两头小的纺锤型,柽柳呈倒金字塔型,两者均为衰退型种群。2)灰胡杨与柽柳种群有极强的尺度依赖性,空间格局以聚集分布为主,随生长发育进程与空间尺度增大,聚集强度减弱,逐渐趋于随机分布。3)灰胡杨不同发育阶段的空间负关联性随径级增大,种内竞争逐渐增强。研究尺度内灰胡杨幼树、小树、中树与柽柳幼苗,柽柳成株与灰胡杨幼苗空间上呈相互排斥,影响群落更新与发展。4)灰胡杨死树与其幼龄、大龄个体及柽柳成株在空间上呈相互排斥,而与柽柳幼苗互不干扰。高盐生境与激烈的种间、种内竞争不利于荒漠河岸物种生长发育、更新及群落稳定。【结论】荒漠河岸林灰胡杨与柽柳种群空间格局受个体径级与空间尺度影响表现为聚集分布,随生长发育进程与空间尺度增大而趋于随机分布。空间关联性为负关联,且个体差异越大负关联性越强。分析空间格局及关联性得知,物种竞争、环境筛选是荒漠河岸林群落空间格局形成的主要动力。     

Secondary forest floristic composition, structure, and spatial pattern in subtropical China

Secondary evergreen broadleaved forests are precious remnants for biodiversity conservation and templates for sustainable management of natural forests in subtropical China. Floristic composition, size structure, and spatial pattern of dominant tree species have been investigated for a subtropical secondary evergreen broadleaved forest in the Huitong Yingzuijie National Forest Reserve, Hunan, China. The location of all trees greater than 4 cm in diameter at breast height (DBH) were mapped within a 0.96-ha plot in which species, DBH, and total tree height were recorded. Ripley’s K(t) function was used to analyze spatial patterns and associations. The secondary forest consisted of 74 tree species and 1,596 stems per hectare. A reverse-J shaped DBH classes distribution was observed for all stems and trees of later seral species whereas trees of earlier successional species were distributed irregularly. Significant aggregated spatial patterns were observed for all trees within the forest and for conspecific trees of each dominant species. This result, and a repulsive spatial pattern for interspecific trees of Choerospondias axillaries and Cyclobalanopsis glauca against other dominant tree species, support segregation hypothesis. Contributions of seed dispersal, topographic heterogeneity, and competition to spatial patterns of conspecific trees vary depending on tree species. Attractive spatial pattern among interspecific trees of Liquidambar fortunei, Liquidambar formosana, and Pinus massoniana reflects stochastic colonization of pioneer tree species and a facilitation relationship. Although deciduous species are long-lived and persist over long successional processes, they will eventually be replaced by late seral evergreen species within the secondary forest if no disturbance events occur.     

巴山榧树地理分布格局及潜在分布区

基于文献资料、标本资料和实地考察,收集巴山榧树县级分布点57个,在此基础上,使用生态位模型(GARP)预测巴山榧树在中国的潜在分布区,分析其地理分布及濒危原因。结果表明:汇流累积量、年均气温、雨日频率和水汽压对巴山榧树分布的影响较小,而太阳辐射、极端低温、极端高温和霜日频率对其分布影响显著;巴山榧树间断分布于海拔800～2700m的亚热带山区,散生于针阔叶混交林、灌丛及沟谷地带;预测我国中部地区为巴山榧树良好生长区;目前巴山榧树的实际分布远小于其适生区;巴山榧树虽然仍有不少种群,但各种群分布区域狭窄、种群密度小、人类破坏极为严重,应加强保护和繁育。     

山西太岳山天然油松林主要木本植物种群结构及空间分布格局研究

油松是暖温带落叶阔叶林区的代表性树种之一,是我国北方地区重要的造林绿化树种。研究了太岳山林区天然油松林主要木本植物种群的径级结构和空间分布格局。结果表明:油松种群由于缺乏幼苗幼树,径级结构呈倒金字塔型,属衰退型种群;辽东栎、青楷槭等5种阔叶树种种群的径级结构呈纺锤形,属进展种群。油松、辽东栎、杨树、山杏、山楂在整个尺度范围内呈集群分布;白桦与茶条槭在小尺度范围呈明显的集群分布,在中、大尺度变成随机分布;青楷槭在中尺度范围呈随机分布,但是小尺度和大尺度呈集群分布;五角枫在整个尺度上呈随机分布的趋势;赤杨在尺度变化过程中由集群分布变成均匀分布。上层阔叶树和下层阔叶树呈集群分布的趋势,但下层阔叶树随尺度的变化由集群分布变成随机分布。种群的空间分布格局是物种的生物学、生态学特性及其自然环境长期作用的结果,是种群的一种生存策略或适应机制。     

云杉属树种谱系地理学研究

云杉属谱系地理学主要是研究云杉属种群遗传结构的历史动态规律，以及气候振荡和地质变迁对种群分布范围、种群间基因渐渗及遗传分化的影响。文中综述了国内外云杉属谱系地理学的研究进展，结论如下:我国西南山区和青藏高原（QTP）地区云杉属树种谱系地理学研究，验证了上新世QTP上升和第四纪冰期气候振荡对该物种进化起到推动作用，该物种在这2个时期快速分化；在云杉属争议种的研究中，通过对云杉属复合种群的群体结构展开研究，揭示了种群间的基因渐渗常存在于有较低基因流的基因组，方向通常是由本土树种向入侵树种渗透；某些种群之间的基因渐渗可有助于在一些基因位点上增加这些种群和其他种群之间的分化，导致生殖隔离的产生；云杉属天然杂种多被发现在种群的对称分布区边缘、或者其重叠分布区，杂种经过异地扩张又形成了新种，验证了云杉属网状进化的历史，并证明了生境特征决定杂交优势种的分布边界。     

红锥天然分布区气候区区划

文章以1950—2000年世界各地气象站19个气温和降水量相关气候信息的平均值为基础,通过主成分分析和聚类分析方法,对红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)14个主要分布区内的22个气象样点进行气候区划.结果表明,纬度与气温的季节性呈显著性正相关(0.71),与最冷月最低温呈显著性负相关(-0.72);年最干月降水量与气温年较差呈显著性正相关(0.72),与最干季平均温呈显著性负相关(-0.71);19个因子可以综合为4个主成分,前4个主成分累计贡献率达80%,表明最冷季降水量、最暖季平均温、最暖季降水量和最暖月最高温具有较强的代表性;根据系统聚类将22个气象样点划分为四大气候区:南亚热带地区、中亚热带地区、西亚热带地区和热带北缘地区,这4个气候区在水、热两大气候因子上均有较大的差异.     

广东南山保护区常绿阔叶林主要树种空间分布格局和空间关联

为深入研究广东始兴南山保护区的地带性植被亚热带常绿阔叶林的物种格局特征,在保护区设置了1 hm~2的固定监测样地,对样地主要物种的空间分布格局及其关联性进行了研究。结果表明:面积为1 hm~2样地中共有94个乔木树种,3 359个植物个体,在群落占优势的这4个物种为罗浮栲Castanopsis fabri、栲Castanopsis fargesii、华南木姜子Litsea greenmaniana和罗浮柿Diospyros morrisiana。华南木姜子和罗浮柿的分布格局主要呈现聚集分布,但罗浮栲和栲的聚集程度较低,物种的分布格局受物种特性和生境异质性的影响。群落主要物种的关联性不明显,整体竞争不明显,群落会继续演替。     

中国农林业的结构与模式

文章概述了中国农林业发展的基本模式、结构及其建立应遵循的原则，并从物种结构、空间结构、时间结构和食物链结的４个方面对中国农林业的结构问题进行了分析。作者根据中国的气候特点和传统和种植习惯，将中国的农林业划分成５种系统类型，同时根据中国农林业的结构特点和气候带类型，分别给出了适宜热带、亚热带、暖温带等多种典型模式及配置。     

贵州喀斯特峰丛洼地植被演替过程中种的生态位分析

通过对Karst峰丛洼地植被处的数量特征（重要值、重迭值、生态位宽度、生物量）的研究和对其相应的小生境因子野外实测数据进行分析,结果表明：类似于极点的Karst种群分析与相应群落小生境现状调查分析,对于计测、分析Karst植被生态位特征是可行的,并且两者得出的结论是一致的,与演替原理相符。     

Spatial distribution pattern and dynamics of the primary population in a natural Populus euphratica forest in Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China

One 50 m × 50 m standard plot was sampled in a natural forest of Populus euphratica in Awati County, situated at the edge of the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. The field investigation was conducted with a contiguous grid quadrate method. By means of a test of variance/mean value ratio, aggregation intensity index and theoretical distribution models, the spatial distribution pattern and the dynamics of primary populations in P. euphratica forest were studied. The results showed that the spatial distribution pattern of two dominant arbor populations conformed to clumped distribution. The aggregation intensity of the P. euphratica population was higher than that of P. pruinosa population. The spatial distribution pattern of two companion plant populations in the shrub layer also conformed to clump type, though the aggregation intensity of Tamarix chinensis was higher. In the herb layer, the distribution patterns of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Asparagus persicus conformed respectively to a clumped pattern and a random pattern. The results of a Taylor power method test and Iwao’s regression model also verified that both P. euphratica and P. pruinosa populations belong to a clumped pattern. Although the distribution pattern of P. pruinosa population at different development stages all belonged to a clumped distribution pattern, the aggregation intensity dropped gradually along with age development. The distribution patterns of the P. euphratica population at different development stages changed from random type to clumped type, and further to random type. The differences in spatial distribution patterns of different populations at different development stages were related not only to ecological and biological characteristics of each species in the communities in the light of competitive exclusion principle among the populations, but were also closely related to the habitats in which the species lived in. __________ Translated from Journal of Southwest Forestry College, 2007, 27(2): 1–5 [译自: 西南林学院学报]     

Modeling spatiotemporal distribution of Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn. F in Bangladesh under climate change scenarios

ABSTRACT

Climate change affects plant phenology, spatial distribution, and even extinction of vulnerable species. Dipterocarpus turbinatus, locally known as garjan, is a valuable but vulnerable native tree species of Bangladesh whose spatial distribution under future climate change scenarios is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of present and future climatic scenarios on spatiotemporal distribution of D. turbinatus. We used maximum entropy species distribution modeling to perform the present and future habitat suitability of garjan under different climate scenarios. The representative concentration pathways (RCP) 2.6 and 8.5 were considered for bioclimatic variables from the Global Climate Model – Hadley Global Environment Model 2 Atmosphere-Ocean. The predictive accuracy of the model was more than 97% in both the training and test data. The prediction results suggest that compared to present areas (7624 km²) under moderate habitat class it will be 2755 km² and 1239 km², respectively, in 2050 and 2070 under RCP2.6 scenario and decreases more rapidly under RCP8.5 scenario. Besides, the prediction also indicates that the habitat of the species will shift toward the high altitudinal south-eastern corner of the country whereas local extinction might occur in the north-eastern part during 2070.     

我国河岸带生态学的研究进展

我国河岸带植被生态学的研究目前主要集中在河岸带植物的群落格局、生物多样性、珍稀濒危分布以及荒漠河岸带植被与环境关系等方面,河岸带土壤和污染生态学研究主要集中在土壤反硝化过程、污染物的分布格局和苯胺降解机理等方面。针对国内河岸带研究现状及存在问题,建议未来我国河岸带的研究从6个方面进行：1）河岸带及其背景区植被景观空间镶嵌格局分析。2）河岸带边界的判定方法及河岸带植被特征沿横向空间梯度的变化格局。3）对河岸带生境类型的划分,在斑块、河段和支流3个尺度上对河岸带物种多样性格局进行分析,并阐明其控制因素和机制。4）河岸带对高地面源营养物、沉淀物和污染物的拦截过滤过程研究,建立量化传输模型。5）对典型流域河岸带向溪流输入有机质输入过程及数量进行研究,并建立周转过程模型。6）对河岸带的研究成果进行系统整合,建立能够揭示河岸带空间格局、组成结构与功能过程概念模型和数量模型。     

Spatial pattern dynamics among co-dominant populations in early secondary forests in Southwest China

The canopy of subtropical natural forests usually consists of several co-dominant populations(CDPs),which play a crucial role in forest structure,formation of the forest environment,and ecological function.However,little attention has been given to changes in spatial patterns in CDPs during natural succession.Cyclobalanopsis glauca(Thunb.)Oerst.,Quercus variabilis Blume,and Pinus yunnanensis var.tenuifolia W.C.Cheng Y.W.Law are canopy species that form CDPs in zonal forests along the Nanpan River in southwest China.We used the g(r) function and its bivariate distribution model,g_(12)(r),which is based on distances between pairs of points,to explore the dynamics of the three CDP species with respect to distribution patterns and spatial correlations in two secondary forests(one 30-year-old forest [30-YF] and one 57-year-old forest [57-YF]).The following key results were obtained:(1) there was a clumped pattern in the 30-YF,but the intensity of aggregation varied among populations and life stages.The distribution pattern gradually shifted to become random with longer succes sion time(i.e.,30-YF vs.57-YF),expansion of the observation scale(r=0-20 m),and at later life stages.(2) Aside from the mid-sized C.glauca trees and large P.yunnanensis trees,the trees repulsed each other at certain scales(r=0-2,5-6,11-12,14-16 m) in the 30-YF.Almost all of the life stages in the CDPs were independently correlated.This independent correlation was exacerbated by a longer succession time.(3) An increase in life stages and longer succession also promoted independent changes in intraspecific correlations.(4) Intraspecific correlations were stronger than interspecific correlations.Our results showed that reducing exclusive competition is essential to coexistence in CDPs.Inter-and intra-specific repulsion may occur at the same time,but intraspecific repulsion was the main driving force behind the random distributions and independent correlations.