我国农业生态经济系统耦合协调发展研究

[目的]探索我国农业生态系统与农业经济系统的协调发展规律,为中国农业生态与农业经济健康有序协同发展的政策制定提供智力支持。[方法]通过构建农业生态系统与农业经济系统综合评价指标体系,运用熵值法确定各指标权重,基于2004—2017年全国统计数据,借助耦合协调度模型,计算出农业生态系统和农业经济系统的发展得分,再分析农业生态系统与经济系统发展的耦合协调关系。[结果]2004—2017年中国农业生态与经济发展综合水平整体均呈现上升趋势,农业生态系统得分始终高于农业经济发展得分;两系统的耦合度处于较高水平,耦合协调度逐年上升,协调程度从中度协调过渡到极度协调。[结论]加快创新驱动发展,发展“产品品质高、经济效益高、生态环境友好”的高质量农业,优化财政支农机构、重点支持具有生态正向外部性的项目。加强环境规制力度,以绿色发展路径实现农业生态与经济的协同。     

基于资源利用视角的广西农业用地绩效评估及障碍分析

[目的]农业用地作为农村经济发展和农民生活的载体,开展农业用地利用绩效评估,有利于有关政策的制定,也为农业用地管理体系的构建提供理论依据。[方法]文章运用标准差-TOPSIS模型和障碍度模型对广西农业用地利用绩效进行整体评估,根据绩效评估结果为广西农业用地利用提出合理的建议。[结果] 2008—2017年广西农业用地利用绩效水平呈上升趋势,从2008年较差水平(0.299 6)达到2017年良好水平(0.630 5)。从3项绩效的障碍因子来看,土地产出和生态环保对农业用地利用绩效评价的影响最大。2008—2017年生态环保绩效指数从0.367 9上升到0.612 4,已达到良好级别,障碍度也从52.46逐渐减小为31.68;土地利用绩效指数从0.216 4增加到0.605 7,目前仍在趋于优化,其障碍度也从26.99下降到15.67;土地产出绩效指数从0.299 6较差水平上升到0.630 5,绩效达到良好阶段,而障碍度从60.12下降到25.47。[结论] 2008年以来,生态环境治理效果突出,农业用地生态环境有明显改善,农业用地利用率明显提高,土地产出增长明显,经济正在快速发展。然而在国内经济转型的关键时期,广西也应该以促进经济转型为主,适当放缓或降低经济增长速度,提高科技创新、技术进步和劳动者素质。     

基于容量耦合理论的乡村生产生活生态协调发展水平及影响因子分析——以青海省为例

[目的]新时代中国特色社会主义生态文明建设的目标就是实现生产发展、生活富裕和生态良好的现代化国家,乡村生产生活生态是否实现融合协调发展关系我国乡村振兴战略的成败,也关系到我国乡村的可持续发展,科学地评价青海省乡村生产生活生态协调发展水平,为青海省乡村生态文明建设、乡村全面振兴提供学理支撑。[方法]文章以生产发展、生活富裕和生态良好3个系统为导向,构建31项具体指标的乡村生产生活生态发展评价指标体系,运用容量耦合理论对2008—2017年青海省生产生活生态协调发展水平进行测评,并通过障碍度模型找出制约发展的主要障碍因子。[结果](1)青海省乡村生产生活生态协调度从2008年的0.006到2017年的0.871,协调程度从失调阶段到中级协调阶段,总体呈现向好态势。2008年生产、生活、生态系统两两之间的协调程度均为失调阶段,2017年均为中级协调阶段,近年来其协调度均发展相对较好,但生产发展与生态良好两个系统之间的协调度年均增长0.033,涨幅相对较慢。(2)2008—2011年青海省乡村生产生活生态发展障碍因子主要集中在生活富裕系统,2011年之后障碍因子主要集中在生态良好系统。劳均农业增加值是生产发展系统发展的重点,农牧民人均可支配收入、自来水受益的村比重、每千人拥有村卫生人员数和农牧民人均文化教育支出额是生活富裕系统发展的重点,化肥施用强度、围栏草场面积、年内人工草地增加面积、旅游人次和草场危害防治率是生态良好系统发展的重点。[结论]青海省乡村生产生活生态协调发展水平总体向好,各系统发展存在着不平衡性,要进一步提升青海省乡村生产生活生态发展的协调水平,就要创新农业经营模式、激发微观主体活力、强化制度供给。     

黄河流域农业用水绿色效率时空分异及驱动因素

[目的]探究黄河流域农业用水绿色效率水平及其演变特征，有助于推进黄河流域农业用水高质量发展。[方法]文章利用超效率EBM模型测算黄河流域9省区农业用水绿色效率，采用KDE及ArcGIS图示法探究效率的区异性及动态演进特征，借助地理探测器考察时空演进的内源性、外源性驱动因素。[结果]（1）从总体变化趋势看，2010—2019年黄河流域农业用水绿色效率平均值在0.95～1.10，呈“降—升—降—升”的“W”型波动上升特征，2011年和2015年为低点；（2）从流域动态演进看，全流域存在“优者更优”现象，中下游地区两极分化明显，农业用水绿色效率提升幅度从上游到中下游递增；（3）从省域异质性看，农业用水绿色效率呈现“北低南高”的空间分布格局，效率值由上游向中下游递增，高效率省份数量在增多；（4）外源性因素是黄河流域农业用水绿色效率的主要驱动力，滴灌面积占比、经济发展水平、每千公顷施用化肥折纯量是控制性因子。[结论]针对黄河流域农业用水绿色效率驱动因素采取差异化措施，实现农业用水效率高质量发展。     

云南省耕地生态安全时空格局及障碍因子分析

[目的]探索云南省耕地生态安全时空格局及障碍因子。[方法]以云南省为例,以多因素综合加权法评价其2000—2016年耕地生态安全度,并利用GIS分析功能,分析其2000年、2005年、2010年、2016年空间格局变化,在此基础上,运用障碍度模型探索其障碍因子。[结果](1)云南省耕地生态安全总值总体呈波动上升趋势,可分为3个阶段。第一阶段为2000—2007年,缓慢上升阶段;第二阶段为2008—2010年,缓慢下降阶段,第三阶段为2011—2016年,高速发展阶段。(2) 2000—2016年,云南省耕地生态安全水平空间差异格局显著。Ⅰ级风险区及Ⅱ级风险区数量逐渐减少,Ⅲ级临界安全区、Ⅳ级次安全区及Ⅴ级安全区数量明显增加。(3)通过障碍度模型得出云南省耕地生态安全的障碍因子主要集中在农户经济发展状况及农业生产需求两方面。[结论]云南省耕地生态安全在向良好态势方向发展,提高农户耕地保护意识及农户经济状况能确保耕地生态安全。     

呼伦贝尔地区耕地集约利用与生态安全协调发展研究

[目的]分析呼伦贝尔地区耕地集约利用与生态安全协调发展水平,分别建立耕地集约利用与耕地生态安全指标体系,从耕地投入强度、耕地利用程度、耕地产出水平、耕地可持续利用水平等4个方面及耕地生态资源利用、耕地生态环境压力、耕地生态安全响应等3个方面共确定18个指标进行深入研究。[方法]运用频度统计与理论分析相结合的方法进行评价指标的获取与筛选,运用变异系数法确定指标权重并借助协调发展度与相对发展度模型计算,分析协调发展水平。[结果]呼伦贝尔地区耕地集约利用与耕地生态安全发展水平均呈逐步上升趋势,整体来看前者发展状态要优于后者,两者协调发展水平呈"先升后降再升"趋势,2009年为变化转折点,原因是该时期耕地生态安全的严重滞后性。[结论]整体看来,呼伦贝尔地区耕地集约利用与生态安全协调发展水平呈稳步上升趋势,受到当地人口、经济、政策等因素的影响。     

基于熵权TOPSIS模型的农业绿色发展水平评价与障碍因素分析以江西省为例

目的 通过揭示特定区域的农业绿色发展水平及其影响因素,为提升江西省农业绿色发展水平提供理论依据。方法 文章以首批国家生态文明试验区的江西省为研究对象,从资源利用、环境影响、生态保育以及经济效益等4个维度,选取契合江西省农业发展的特色指标构建了农业绿色评价指标体系,运用熵权TOPSIS组合模型以及障碍度模型对江西省农业绿色发展状况进行了实证分析。结果 2008—2017年江西省农业绿色发展水平总体呈现上升的趋势,优化程度属于中水平及以上;各一级指标整体上也表现出上升的趋势;对江西省农业绿色发展起阻碍作用的为资源利用、环境影响与经济效应,而生态保育起到较大的支撑作用。结论 推动江西省农业绿色发展要转变传统农业发展理念,加快农业绿色发展创新,建立农业生态环境综合治理机制,强化农业生态环境保护与修复,实现农业经济与生态协调发展。     

西藏高原县域尺度农业绿色发展水平综合评价——以白朗县为例

[目的]推进农业绿色发展是实现农业可持续发展的有效途径,为客观了解西藏高原农业绿色发展水平,探讨农业绿色发展的驱动因素,为高原农业绿色发展研究提供参考。[方法]文章以白朗县为典型县域案例,从农业生产、农业资源、农业环境、农业生态和农民生活五方面,选取17个指标系统构建评价体系,采用层次分析法确定评价指标的权重值,基于统计数据、遥感数据和调研数据评价2016—2020年白朗县农业绿色发展水平,并利用两阶段最小二乘法分析影响农业绿色发展水平的驱动因素。[结果]（1）2016—2020年白朗县农业绿色发展水平总体呈现上升趋势,由2016年的0.102 7提高到了2020年的0.233 9,增长约2.28倍。其中,农业生产、农业环境和农民生活水平逐年提升,但农业资源水平2018年后却持续下降。（2）多元回归模型分析驱动因素表明农林水事务性支出与农业绿色发展水平存在显著的负效应（P<0.001）,随着农林水事务性支出的降低,农业绿色发展水平会提高。[结论]白朗县农业绿色发展水平整体呈现良好的发展态势,农业生产和农民生活方面贡献较大,但农业资源方面仍是绿色发展的短板,因此今后白朗县农业绿色发...     

冰冻圈直接影响区综合发展水平研究以三江源区为例

目的 评价三江源区综合发展水平,明晰时空格局变化、剖析主控因子,可为三江源区绿色高质量发展提供决策参考。方法 文章从生态环境、经济和社会3个层面构建了三江源区综合发展水平评价指标体系,使用熵值法与综合指数评价模型相结合的方法,综合评价了2008—2017年三江源区综合发展水平;在此基础上,运用因子分析法揭示了影响三江源区综合发展水平的主控因子,并对主控因子与综合发展水平进行空间可视化分析,最后针对分析结果提出了发展对策与建议。结果 （1）2008—2017年整体上三江源区综合发展水平不断提高,增幅为42.55%,但发展实力依然偏弱,主要以低质量发展水平为主,面积占比总计达42.72%,总体呈现黄河源区综合发展水平高于长江源区和澜沧江源区,三江源区东部综合发展水平高于中、西部的分布格局。（2）在地区层面,称多、若尔盖、阿坝等县发展水平显著提高,而达日、甘德、玛沁等县发展缓慢,雪灾害频发是其发展缓慢的主要原因。（3）人均GDP、农村常住居民人均可支配收入、人均全社会消费品零售总额、交通运输能力、社会保障能力、信息通达指数、积雪持续日数、积雪深度是影响三江源区综合发展水平的主控因子。结论 三江源区在未来发展中,不仅要考虑区域内生态环境的保护,还要促进源区內经济、社会、生态保护等相关制度的完善,不断促进三江源区的绿色、可持续发展。     

长株潭县域土地生态安全与经济发展耦合协调分析

以长株潭23个县(市、区)为研究单元,构建了土地生态安全和经济发展系统的综合指标体系,并运用综合指数法对2008年、2011年、2014年、2017年长株潭县域土地生态安全和经济发展系统的综合得分进行测算,分析了2008—2017年长株潭23个县(市、区)土地生态安全与经济发展的演变趋势,并借助耦合协调模型对土地生态安全与经济发展的耦合协调关系进行时空演变分析。结果表明:(1)2008—2017年长株潭土地生态安全均值整体呈"波动上升"趋势,土地生态安全状态有所改善;(2)2008—2017年长株潭县域经济发展均值整体呈持续上升趋势,研究区域经济发展水平不断提升,同时长株潭县域经济发展水平绝对和相对差异逐渐缩小,区域经济发展趋向于平衡;(3)2008—2017年长株潭县域耦合度均值呈现出"波动上升"的变化趋势,整体处于高水平耦合阶段;(4)2008—2017年长株潭县域耦合协调度均值整体呈持续上升的趋势,耦合协调性逐渐增强,但研究期内尚未出现优质协调型城市且良好协调型城市也只存在于个别城市,耦合协调性有待提升;(5)2008—2017年长株潭县域耦合度空间格局类似,只有局部发生改变,整体呈现出由北向南递减的态势;(6)2008—2017年长株潭县域耦合协调度呈现出由东北高,西北、西南和东南低演变为北高南低的特性。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.