城乡环境梯度下植物群落的区系成分分析

分别以白云山、帽峰山、莲塘风水林作为广州市区、城郊和郊区常绿阔叶林群落代表,分析其植物区系组成和多样性特征。结果显示,广州帽峰山常绿阔叶林群落种类最丰富,维管束植物有87科155属212种,优势科为茜草科、大戟科、樟科、禾亚科、芸香科、紫金牛科、壳斗科;白云山维管束植物有72科121属168种,优势科为茜草科、樟科、桑科、禾亚科、大戟科、冬青科;而莲塘风水林森林群落有55科88属102种,优势科为茜草科、樟科、大戟科。从属的地理分布区类型来看,三个群落皆以泛热带分布属的比例最高,其次为旧世界热带分布属和热带亚洲分布属,群落缺乏典型的热带成分,但具有南亚热带植物区系的基本特征。其中白云山的东亚分布类型有3属;帽峰山的东亚分布类型有4属,中国特有分布类型有1属;而莲塘风水林则没有东亚分布和中国特有分布类型。     

车八岭国家级自然保护区油脂植物资源

油脂植物广泛存在于植物界,它们的果实、种子、花粉、孢子、茎、叶、根等器官都含有油脂,尤其以种子含油量最丰富.油脂植物是构成车八岭国家级自然保护区生物多样性重要组成部分,初步调查,车八岭国家级自然保护区共有油脂植物55科96属144种.车八岭保护区内野生油脂种类繁多,资源丰富,能适应多种需求,具有无法估计的生态和经济价值.目前对野生油脂植物开发利用较少,经营比较粗放,许多资源尚未得到利用,建议进一步开展油脂植物研究,查清油脂植物的分布特点、主要油脂植物的特点以及可开发利用性、资源蕴藏量,以便制定科学利用计划,引导当地群众合理利用区内的油脂植物资源,可增加农民收入,促进农村经济发展,减轻对林木资源的依赖.     

福建牛姆林自然保护区野生油脂植物资源及其开发利用

对牛姆林自然保护区野生油脂植物资源进行调查。结果表明,牛姆林共有野生油脂植物45科72属102种。文中简述牛姆林野生油脂植物中能源植物、食用油植物、工业用油植物等主要类型,并提出利用对策。     

民族植物学与壶瓶山油脂植物资源的保护及利用

应用民族植物学的方法对壶瓶山油脂植物进行了较为全面的研究,发现壶瓶山油脂植物种类丰富(281种,隶属于70科184属).油脂植物不仅是植物油脂的主要来源,还与人们的生活息息相关.根据植物的文化象征、药用功效和食用特点可以从壶瓶山油脂植物中选择性地开发具有民族特色的野菜,保健食品、民族药物.利用当地民族文化为旅游业的发展提供参考.     

湖北省23种植物油脂分析

本文报道了湖北省15个科中23种植物油脂的含油量、碘值、皂化值,以及用气相色谱法,对它们常见脂肪酸组成的定量分析结果。我们自承担“全国植物油脂研究”课题以来,对湖北省野生油脂植物资源进行了广泛的调查,收集了有关植物的果实和种子,进行了109种植物油脂的含油量、碘值、皂化值和常见脂肪酸的测定。后又到神农架等地对15个科23种植物油脂作了进一步的调查研究和分析。其中13种植物油脂数据在国内外尚未见报道。     

广州市帽峰山森林公园动植物多样性资源监测概况

珠江三角洲地区是我国城市化水平最为发达的三大城市群之一。为了更好地掌握该区域的生物多样性资源和生态环境质量等基本特征, 建立起广东珠江三角洲森林生态系统国家定位观测研究站, 研究区域涉及广州(主站点为帽峰山)、佛山、中山、肇庆等地, 也是中国森林生态系统研究网络的重要成员(CFERN; http: //www.cfern.org/index.asp)。该文较为全面地梳理了近15 年来以广州市帽峰山森林公园为研究对象的各类公开发表文献, 主要是生物基本要素(植物多样性、群落和景观多样性、鸟类多样性等); 生物多样性资源监测结果可为相关研究和管理工作提供参考。     

武功山地区油脂植物资源调查研究

为进一步了解武功山地区油脂植物情况,通过野外调查、标本采集鉴定并结合文献的方法,对该区的油脂植物进行统计分析。结果表明武功山地区共有野生油脂植物88科213属383种;形成以樟科、豆科、蔷薇科等为主的优势科类群,以胡椒属、卫矛属、花椒属等为主的优势属类群;生活习性以木本为主。区系地理成分复杂多样,科以热带成分为主,属以温带成分为主,种的地理成分以中国特有分布最多;在分布格局上,垂直方向海拔在400～499 m范围内最多,水平方向以安福县分布油脂植物种类最多。武功山地区含油率超过30%的油脂植物高达116种,体现出该区的油脂植物具有较大的应用开发潜力。     

广西植物油脂的研究——Ⅱ 一百一十种植物种子的油脂成分

<正> 关于广西植物油脂的研究,在《广西植物》1980年第二期已报导了50种植物种子的油脂成份。本文继续报导棣属于50科110余种油脂植物的种子含油量、油的折光率、比重、皂化值、碘值,以及其脂肪酸组成、含量及利用价值。其中有60种在国内外未见报导,其它种虽有报导也缺乏脂肪酸分析资料,从而填补了空白。此工作不仅为广西地区合理利用油脂资源,满足生产需要,而且对进一步深入研究油脂中脂肪酸在植物类群中的分布规律,以及脂肪酸的组成与环境的关系提供了基本数据。     

四川几种野生食用油脂植物

四川地处亚热带季风气候区域,地形复杂,气候多样,水热条件充沛,蕴藏着丰富的油脂植物资源。据分析,含油量在20％以上的油脂植物就有150余种,多数未开发利用,现就其中几种具有开发价值、可供食用的油脂植物叙述于后。     

中国樟科非粮生物柴油能源植物资源的初步评价与筛选

通过调查我国现有樟科油脂植物资源,本研究对74份(9属47种)樟科油脂植物样品的含油率、脂肪酸甲酯组成、碘值及其油酸甲酯的理化性质进行了分析,并根据非粮生物柴油能源植物的评价标准,初步筛选出了19份(5属18种)具有开发利用价值的樟科非粮生物柴油能源植物,为樟科油脂植物资源的评价与筛选、深度开发与综合利用等提供参考依据。     

湘西南龙底自然保护区油料植物组成与资源价值分析

分析了龙底自然保护区油料植物组成与资源特点。结果表明：（1）油料植物107科281属477种,其中精油植物131种,樟科（7属27种）、芸香科（6属21种）、唇形科（11属17种）等11个科为优势科,以木本植物为主,占73.38%。（2）以种子种皮为主要含油部位的植物占71.47%,植物含油量＞20.0%的有211种,＞50.0%的43种;油脂脂肪酸含量＞70.0%的有7科11种,亚油酸含量＞70.0%的有12科20种。（3）在精油植物中,57种植物含精油量＞1.0%,13种＞4.0%。龙底自然保护区内油料植物资源丰富,特别是富油植物资源种类较多,是油料植物富集之地,具开发利用潜力。     

The effect of mineral oil on stylet activities and potato virus Y transmission by aphids

Mineral oil sprayed onto potato virus Y (PVY) infected tobacco plants reduced acquisition of this potyvirus by Myzus persicae (Sulz.). Although the pre-penetration activities of aphids were longer on oil treated leaves, the inhibitory effect of the oil could not be attributed to differences in the duration of stylet penetration. Aphids were therefore made part of a DC circuit in order to investigate their stylet activities during penetration of PVY infected source plants and healthy test plants. Both acquisition and inoculation of the virus were reduced by the presence of oil on the plant surface, but these reductions could not be related to electrically recorded differences in plant penetration behaviour. In particular, stylet punctures of plant cell membranes were not reduced by mineral oil. Non-behavioural reasons are suggested to explain the mode of action of the oil.     

Analysis of genetic relationships among Rosa damascena plants grown in Turkey by using AFLP and microsatellite markers

Rosa damascena Mill. is the most important rose species for rose oil production. The main rose oil producers in the world are Turkey and Bulgaria and they obtain the rose oil almost exclusively from R. damascena. In spite of coming from the same original populations, R. damascena plants grown in Turkey show some morphological differences. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the genetic relationships among R. damascena plants grown in Turkey by using microsatellite and AFLP markers. Twenty three AFLP and nine microsatellite primer pairs were used for this aim. No polymorphism could be detected among the plants, as the marker patterns obtained from different plants are identical. The conclusion from these data is that all R. damascena plants under study are derived from the same original genotype by vegetative propagation. Furthermore, the observed morphological differences originate from point mutations not detectable by molecular markers. Therefore, they are equivalent to sport mutations frequently observed in cut and garden rose varieties.     

Effect of different photoperiodic regimes on growth, flowering and essential oil in Mentha species

Three major cultivated Mentha spp. (M. arvensis, M. citrata and M. cardiaca) were grown under short-days, normal-days or long-days for 60 cycles. Subsequent to photoperiodic treatment, the plants were assessed for growth behaviour, essential oil content, oil composition and essential oil biosynthesis. The species grew better under long-day conditions. The long-day treatment resulted in flowering in M. citrata, which normally does not flower under our conditions. The oil concentration and biogenesis was maximal in short-day plants. The photoperiodic treatment also affected the oil composition. The observations are discussed in relation to physiology of the oil biogenesis.     

Efficient Transformation of Oil Palm Protoplasts by PEG-Mediated Transfection and DNA Microinjection

Background

Genetic engineering remains a major challenge in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) because particle bombardment and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation are laborious and/or inefficient in this species, often producing chimeric plants and escapes. Protoplasts are beneficial as a starting material for genetic engineering because they are totipotent, and chimeras are avoided by regenerating transgenic plants from single cells. Novel approaches for the transformation of oil palm protoplasts could therefore offer a new and efficient strategy for the development of transgenic oil palm plants.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We recently achieved the regeneration of healthy and fertile oil palms from protoplasts. Therefore, we focused on the development of a reliable PEG-mediated transformation protocol for oil palm protoplasts by establishing and validating optimal heat shock conditions, concentrations of DNA, PEG and magnesium chloride, and the transfection procedure. We also investigated the transformation of oil palm protoplasts by DNA microinjection and successfully regenerated transgenic microcalli expressing green fluorescent protein as a visible marker to determine the efficiency of transformation.

Conclusions/Significance

We have established the first successful protocols for the transformation of oil palm protoplasts by PEG-mediated transfection and DNA microinjection. These novel protocols allow the rapid and efficient generation of non-chimeric transgenic callus and represent a significant milestone in the use of protoplasts as a starting material for the development of genetically-engineered oil palm plants.     

Ölpflanzen in Europa

Oil plants in Middle Europe Renewable resources have an increasing impact on industry and technology. Oil plants supply vegetable oil, which is important for our nutrition but can also be used as an industrial resource. Plant oils have many non‐food uses. They are not only used as Biofuels, but can also be found in many technical products including industrial lubricants, hydraulic oils, washing agents, paints and varnishes, and much else. In Europe rapeseed, sunflower, and olive are the primary oil plants. Rapeseed oil is newly recommended for infant nutrition, as it contains a high concentration of α‐linolenic acid, which is an important building block in brain development.     

基因工程在能源植物改良中的应用

利用基因工程技术改良能源植物,对降低能源植物向生物燃料(生物乙醇、生物柴油)的转化成本、提高能源转化效率有着非常重要的意义。目前,基因工程技术已被广泛应用于提高植物总的生物产量、降低或改变植物木质素的含量与成分、在植物体中大量表达纤维素降解酶、提高油料植物的产油量以及改变植物油酯的组成成分等方面的研究。概述了利用基因工程技术在以上方面对能源植物进行改良已取得的进展,讨论了现存问题及未来的发展前景。     

含神经酸植物的研究

对自然界中植物果实的含油量、神经酸含量等进行了比较研究 .研究结果认为 ,在目前发现的 31种含有神经酸的植物中 ,蒜头果、盾叶木和遏蓝菜果实含油量高、且富含神经酸 ,是目前较为理想的开发神经酸产品的植物资源