不同饵料对稀有鳇鲫仔稚鱼生长、消化道及消化酶的影响

为了筛选稀有逗鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)仔稚鱼期合适的饵料, 将初孵仔鱼随机分为3个组: 活饵组、饲料组、转食组, 每组3个平行, 均从3 dah(day after hatching)开始投喂相应饵料, 在10、15、20、25、30、35 dah时统计生长指标和存活率, 并进行35 dah仔稚鱼消化道组织学及消化酶活性研究。结果显示: (1)35 dah时, 活饵组存活率最高; (2)从15 dah开始, 活饵组表现出最好的生长性能, 并维持这种趋势; (3)活饵组的消化道各部肌层厚度、黏液细胞数目均最高, 提示该组仔稚鱼消化道发育状态较好, 并具有较优的消化吸收能力; (4)转食组胰蛋白酶活性显著高于活饵组和饲料组。研究结果提示: 相对于饲料和转食, 一直投喂活饵更有利于稀有逗鲫仔稚鱼的生长和发育。建议在标准化养殖过程中, 对仔稚鱼期的稀有逗鲫采取活饵投喂的方式。     

稀有鮈鲫生命早期的己烯雌酚暴露对生长发育与繁殖的影响

研究了己烯雌酚(DES)对稀有鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)生命早期暴露的影响。经10μg/L和100μg/L己烯雌酚暴露26d后,稀有鲫死亡率升高,生长发育迟缓,鱼体内卵黄蛋白原(VTG)的诱导明显。经过一段时间清水养殖后,暴露组中雌鱼比例增加,雌雄鱼生长较对照组有显著变化。雌鱼性腺发育及产卵量与对照组相比虽无显著差异,但暴露组成鱼所繁育后代与对照组相比受精率、孵化率显著下降,死亡率、畸形率明显上升。这些结果说明己烯雌酚生命早期暴露影响稀有鲫的生长发育及生殖,稀有鲫生命早期暴露实验可以用于评价水生态系统中内分泌干扰物的生态影响。     

饥饿对银鲫血液组分和卵巢发育的影响

对银鲫 (Carassiusauratusgibelio)进行投喂、饥饿 (1～ 4周 )、饥饿投喂 (饥饿 2周再投喂 2周 )处理后 ,测定其血液组分和卵巢发育的指标。结果表明 :饥饿处理后银鲫血液中血糖、甘油三酯的含量显著降低 ;红细胞数量、血红蛋白含量和胆固醇含量先显著降低 ,随后回升到投喂组水平 ;在饥饿过程中白细胞的数量、红细胞的长短径、红细胞沉降率和总蛋白均无明显变化。饥饿投喂处理的银鲫血液中红细胞数量、甘油三酯和胆固醇含量与投喂组无差异 ,但血糖含量仍显著低于投喂组 ,而白细胞数和血红蛋白含量显著高于投喂组。饥饿 4周延缓了银鲫卵巢发育 ,其性腺成熟系数和卵径均显著低于投喂组 ;饥饿投喂组的性腺成熟系数和卵径仍显著低于投喂组。分析说明饥饿阻碍了银鲫的卵巢发育 ,而饥饿对银鲫血液组分的影响在再投喂后得到恢复。     

饲料蛋白质水平与投喂频率对大黄鱼生长、体组成及蛋白质代谢的影响

以初始体重为(13.640.18)g的大黄鱼( Pseudosciaena crocea R.) 幼鱼为实验对象, 采用32双因子实验, 研究饲料蛋白质水平(40%、45%、50%)和投喂频率(2次/d、1次/d)及其交互作用对其生长、体组成和蛋白质代谢的影响。养殖实验在海水浮式网箱中进行, 养殖周期为8周。结果表明: 饲料蛋白质水平和投喂频率对大黄鱼幼鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料转化率(FCR)均影响显著(P0.05)。在40%和45%蛋白质组, 1次/d投喂的大黄鱼幼鱼的WGR和SGR均显著低于2次/d投喂组, 而FCR则相反。在2次/d投喂时, 45%蛋白质组的大黄鱼幼鱼SGR显著高于40%蛋白质组, 但与50%蛋白质组差异不显著(P0.05)。而在1次/d投喂时, 50%蛋白质组的大黄鱼幼鱼SGR显著高于40%和45%蛋白质组。在两种投喂频率下, 随着饲料蛋白质水平提高, 鱼体水分含量均有升高趋势, 蛋白质含量显著升高而脂肪含量显著下降(P0.05)。饲料的蛋白质水平和投喂频率分别对大黄鱼幼鱼的肝脏指数(HSI)、内脏指数(VSI)和血清中的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)及谷草转氨酶(AST)均影响不显著(P0.05)。投喂频率对肝脏的ALT和AST的影响不显著(P0.05)。在同一投喂频率下, 肝脏ALT和AST均随着饲料蛋白质水平的增加而显著提高(P0.05)。饲料中的蛋白质水平和投喂频率对大黄鱼幼鱼的生长和FCR的影响存在显著的交互作用(P0.05), 而对血清和肝脏中的ALT和AST、HSI、VSI、肥满度(CF)以及体组成的影响均无交互作用。       

人工饲料对稀有Ju鲫繁殖影响的研究

静水缸中稀有Ju鲫240天养殖试验显示,A型人工饲料的每对亲鱼产卵次数汉源种群和彭州种群分别为15.25和13.75次,相近于水蚯蚓为饲料的12次和14.5次;A型人工饲料产卵间隔天数分别为15.98天和17.46天,相近于水蚯蚓为饲料的20.86天和16.56天。循环水缸中稀有Ju鲫105天养殖试验显示,A型人工饲料的每对亲鱼产卵次数为12次,低于水蝗蚓为饲料的21.5次;产卵间隔天数为8.75天,长于水蚯蚓为饲料的4.88天。因此,用人工饲料可以实现静水缸和循环水缸中稀有Ju鲫的繁殖。静水缸5种饲料个体每次产卵量有显著差异（P＜0.05）,而鱼卵孵化率没有显著差异（P＞0.05）。A和B型饲料产卵量与水蚯蚓接近。循环水缸4种饲料个体每次卵量和鱼孵化率均有显著差异（P＜0.05）。     

不同开口饵料对川陕哲罗鲑仔鱼生长和存活的影响

分别采用水丝蚓Limnodrilus sp.、丰年虫Artemia salina、鲫鱼Carassius auratus卵和2种不同配方的人工饲料饲养川陕哲罗鲑Hucho bleekeri开口仔鱼(20日龄),研究不同开口饵料对川陕哲罗鲑仔鱼生长和存活的影响。结果表明:在仔鱼开口后的0~10 d内,丰年虫投喂的川陕哲罗鲑仔鱼生长速度显著高于其他试验组,15~20 d丰年虫组仔鱼出现负增长(-0.38%),而10 d以后2个饲料组的生长速度迅速提升。在整个试验期内,水丝蚓组和鲫鱼卵组的生长较为平稳,特定生长率均介于丰年虫组和2个饲料组之间。试验结束时,丰年虫组的存活率最高,为(91.11±5.09)%,水丝蚓组的存活率最低,为(43.33±6.67)%。基于本试验的结果和川陕哲罗鲑的摄食特性,推荐最适的开口投喂方案为:0~10 d投喂丰年虫,10 d后逐步添加人工饲料进行转食。     

长江岸线宜昌江段五种不同类型水样对稀有鲫胚胎的毒性

为了检测和评估长江岸线宜昌江段五种不同类型水样的生物毒性, 研究于2019年3月在宜昌江段采集五种典型水样, 采用稀有鲫胚胎进行了暴露试验。经检测发现3#水样(工业生产污水)、4#水样(生活污水)常规污染物(氨氮、化学需氧量、高锰酸盐指数)等指数超标。胚胎毒性试验结果显示3#和4#水样的生物毒性最大, 其畸形率和死亡率等指标均显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。2#水样(长江白洋港江段水样)对稀有鲫胚胎发育无显著影响; 其中3#和4#两组水样处理的胚胎出现诸如脊椎弯曲、心率下降、死亡率上升、孵化率下降和发育迟缓等发育异常现象; 同时, 4#水样处理的胚胎还出现大量心包水肿现象。研究表明氨氮含量等常规水质指标超标会对稀有鲫胚胎产生较大毒性效应。研究可为长江岸线宜昌江段水体的综合评价及后续治理提供依据。     

投喂频率对红鳍东方鲀生长和行为的影响

以红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)幼鱼为实验对象,研究在日投喂量相同的条件下,不同投喂频率[3次/d(F3)、4次/d(F4)和5次/d(F5)]对幼鱼生长和行为的影响。结果表明:(1) F4组幼鱼的生长性能显著高于F3和F5组(P<0.05);(2)在实验结束时,不同处理组幼鱼的游泳速度差异显著,从大到小依次为F4>F3>F5(P<0.05),F4组幼鱼的角速度显著高于F3和F5组(P<0.05), F4组幼鱼的加速度和活跃度显著低于F3和F5组(P<0.05), F3组幼鱼的对象间距离显著高于F4和F5组(P<0.05);(3) GLMMs的结果表明, F4组幼鱼的游速受到实验时间与投喂频率交互效应的影响显著(P<0.05),各处理组之间的比较结果显示,实验时间和投喂频率的交互效应对F5组幼鱼的加速度有正向效果,但其显著降低了F5组幼鱼的对象间距离。综上所述,不同投喂频率对幼鱼的生长性能和行为表现具有显著影响。实验推测4次/d的投喂频率可能改变了幼鱼的能量分配,更多的能量被用于生长和游泳,使得幼鱼的生长性能有所提高,并...     

维生素E对黄鳝繁殖性能的影响

试验采用单因子梯度设计。在试验中,维生素E设6个梯度,分别为Ⅰ0mg／kg、Ⅱ50mg／kg、Ⅲ125mg／kg、Ⅳ200mg／kg、Ⅴ275mg／kg、Ⅵ350mg／kg,前后进行175d饲养试验,以雌鳝性腺系数、产卵力、孵化率以及各组织中SOD活性、MDA含量等指标作为判据,研究了VE对雌鳝繁殖性能的影响。结果表明,随饲料中VE含量的增加,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组雌鳝性腺系数、产卵力和孵化率显著提高(p0．05),Ⅴ、Ⅵ组则提高不显著(p0．05),卵中VE的含量反映了饲料中VE的含量。雌鳝卵巢中SOD活性,Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ组比Ⅰ和Ⅲ组显著低(p0．05),相应地,MDA含量Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ组显著低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组(p0．05)Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组雌鱔,虽然其卵巢中SOD活性较高,但因饲料中抗氧化性的VE缺乏或不足,引发卵子脂质过氧化,MDA含量显著升高(p0．05),导致卵质低下,从而影响了卵子孵化。综上所述,雌鳝饲料中添加维生素E,能有效地改善雌鳝的繁殖性能,其最适添加量为200mg／kg。       

不同投喂频率下复合非粮蛋白源替代鱼粉饲料对大口黑鲈生长性能和健康的影响

为探究投喂频率对不同水平的复合非粮蛋白源替代饲料鱼粉对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)生长性能、血浆生化、肠道形态和抗氧化的影响,设计了棉籽浓缩蛋白、乙醇梭菌蛋白、黄粉虫粉和小球藻4种非粮蛋白源混合(8:5:3:4)后替代0、30%、60%和90%的鱼粉的四种等氮等脂饲料(D1、D2、D3和D4),设置3个投喂频率(1、2和4次/d)。每个处理组3个重复,每个重复50尾体重为(14.23±0.07) g的大口黑鲈幼鱼,进行为期8周的室外养殖实验。结果显示,在不同投喂频率条件下,摄食D4饲料组大口黑鲈的特定生长率(SGR)和蛋白质沉积率(PRE)显著低于D1—D3组,饲料系数(FCR)显著升高(P<0.05)。在各饲料组中,投喂1次/d组的特定生长率显著低于2和4次/d投喂组(P<0.05)。在不同投喂频率条件下,摄食D4饲料组大口黑鲈血浆胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量显著低于D1组,谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性显著高于D1组(P<0.05)。在各饲料组中,投喂1次/d大口黑鲈血浆葡萄糖(Glu)含量,碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和谷草转...     

不同开口饵料对西伯利亚鲟仔鱼生长、存活和体成分的影响

分别采用水丝蚓（Limnodrilus sp.）、卤虫无节幼体（Artemia nauplii）、枝角类（Moina sp.）和人工饲料饲养西伯利亚鲟仔鱼30 d,研究不同开口饵料对西伯利亚鲟仔鱼生长、存活率和体成分的影响.结果表明：卤虫无节幼体为西伯利亚鲟最适开口饵料,仔鱼的存活率最高（96.67%）; 投喂水丝蚓组生长速度最快;而人工饲料组生长速度明显低于其他组,且成活率最低.不同开口饵料组间仔鱼体成分差异显著,人工饲料组水分含量最高,且粗蛋白和粗灰分含量最低.采用卤虫无节幼体为西伯利亚鲟仔鱼开口饵料,然后采用水丝蚓进行强化培育,能获得较好的生长速度和存活率.     

Trypsin activity and physiological aspects in larval rearing of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) using live prey and compound diets

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of a compound diet as a live prey substitute for feeding European sea bass larvae ( Dicentrarchus labrax L.). The effect of a commercial diet (Nippai ML feed) and live prey ( Artemia nauplii) on tryptic enzyme activity, protein content, growth (standard length) and survival rates of sea bass larvae were tested during a 27-day rearing experiment. Sea bass larvae were divided into two groups. The live food group (control group) was fed exclusively on newly hatched Artemia nauplii (Inve AF grade), the test group was fed exclusively with the compound diet from day 15 onwards. As trypsin has been demonstrated to be a useful indicator for evaluating digestibility of food and the nutritional condition of fish larvae, individual tryptic enzyme activity was determined in both feeding groups. Larvae older than 14 days after hatching and fed on live food showed a significantly higher tryptic enzyme activity than larvae fed the compound diet. A similar relationship between tryptic activity and standard length in both test groups was detected only in small larvae (standard length < 7 mm). The usefulness of proteolytic enzyme activity measurements in larval fish research, as well as its use in aquaculture nutrition research, was confirmed. Protein content, increase in length and survival rates of the sea bass larvae were additionally determined in order to evaluate an influence on the diet. The protein content of larvae fed the Artemia nauplii was higher and the growth of larvae fed the compound diet was reduced. Larval mortality was not affected by the diet given.     

Response of bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis and Asian catfish Clarias macrocephalus larvae to free-living nematode Panagrellus redivivus as alternative feed

The use of Panagrellus redivivus as live feed for bighead carp and Asian catfish larvae was tested. In experiment 1, carp larvae were given Artemia nauplii (control) or Panagrellus twice daily for 21 days. A third treatment consisted of unfed larvae. The same three treatments were used in experiment 2 plus another with a commercial entomopathogenic nematode (EPN). Bighead carp larvae given Panagrellus in experiment 1 had much lower growth and survival than those fed Artemia nauplii. This could be due to low nematode density (5–30 mL^?1 water) during feeding. The unfed larvae had 100% mortality by days 11–13. In experiment 2, growth and survival of carp larvae given Artemia nauplii (5–10 mL^?1) and Panagrellus (50 mL^?1) did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). All unfed larvae had died by day 13, while larvae fed EPN were all dead by day 8. Two experiments on Asian catfish were likewise conducted. In experiment 1, the catfish larvae were fed Tubifex (ad libitum), Panagrellus (50–100 mL^?1 per feeding) orArtemia (5 nauplii mL^?1 per feeding) three times daily for 14 days. In experiment 2, larvae were fed Artemia alone (10 nauplii mL^?1 per feeding), Panagrellus alone (100 mL^?1 per feeding), or their combination with a 38% protein dry diet twice daily. For both experiments, catfish larvae fed Panagrellus had significantly lower growth and survival than those fed Tubifex or Artemia. The combination of Panagrellus and dry diet created little improvement in the growth and survival of catfish larvae.     

Growth response of African catfish,Clarias gariepinus (B.), larvae and fingerlings fed protease‐incorporated diets

African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (B.), is one of the promising freshwater fish species in African aquaculture but the expansion of its farming needs more production of its larvae. The use of live food organisms at first feeding for larvae is still obligatory. That increases the cost of larvae production. Hence, the incorporating of exogenous enzymes especially protease in artificial microdiets may provide affordable alternatives for enhancing the larvae performance. The present study was carried out to evaluate the growth and survival of larvae or fingerlings of African catfish fed artificial diets incorporated with different protease levels. Four artificial diets were formulated and enriched with protease enzyme at levels of 0.0, 750, 1,000, and 1,250 unit/kg diet; after that diets were made into crumbles (100–200 µm diameter). After absorption of the yolk sac, diets were offered to fish larvae (3.6 ± 0.2 mg) in triplicates as a starter feed up to apparent satiation every two hours for 30 days. In another treatment, fish larvae were fed on newly hatched Artemia nauplii (2,500 Artemia/L) as a starter food. In another experiment, African catfish fingerlings (10.1 ± 1.6 g) were fed on the same diets up to satiation twice a day for 2 months. It was noticed that the dietary protease improved larval growth and survival but not as Artemia nauplii did where fish larvae fed on Artemia nauplii showed highest growth and survival followed by those fed a diet enriched with 1,250 unit/kg diet of protease. The mortality of larvae fed protease‐enriched diets as well as the control diet was occurred mostly at the first week reaching its maximum at the third week. The poor growth was observed with fish larvae fed the control diet. Meanwhile, catfish fingerlings fed protease‐enriched diets showed higher growth over those fed the control diet. The larvae survival (11.0%–41.7%) was enhanced by increasing protease levels and it was lower than that of fingerlings (95.6%–100.0%). Furthermore, protein retention and digestibility were significantly improved with protease supplementation over the control diet especially at a level of 1,000 unit/kg diet. As compared with the previous studies, live food should be used in larvae rearing for the first week after that a starter diet enriched with protease at levels of 1,250 unit/kg diet should be used. In case of fish fingerlings, the dry diets should be enriched with 1,100 unit/kg diet to improve diet digestibility and subsequently enhance their growth.     

Growth and survival of river catfish Mystus nemurus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) larvae fed isocaloric diets with different protein levels during weaning

The growth of river catfish Mystus nemurus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) larvae fed four isocaloric diets (4200 kcal kg^?1) with different protein levels during weaning was determined. Diets containing 45, 50, 55, and 60% protein were formulated by linear programming using amino acid profiles based on that of 2‐day‐old river catfish larvae. Artificial diets were fed to the larvae beginning at day 5 after being initially fed Artemia nauplii for 4 days. The larvae thrived solely on artificial diets from day 8 to day 16. On the other hand, the control larvae were fed Artemia nauplii from day 1 to day 16. Results of the feeding trial showed that growth and survival of M. nemurus larvae given the diet containing 60% protein were high and comparable to those of the larvae given only live food (control). Larvae fed the 55% protein diet had significantly lower growth and survival than the larvae on the control and 60% diets but significantly higher growth and survival rates than did larvae fed with 45 and 50% protein diets. Carcass moisture and total lipids after 16 days of feeding did not differ significantly (P > 0.05), but body protein increased with increasing dietary protein. Body protein of the control larvae was similar to that of larvae given the 60% protein diet.     

Effects of temperature and diet on the growth rate of year 0 oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau

The effects of temperature and diet on the growth of captive year 0 specimens of Opansus tau were examined for two consecutive year classes. The 2001 year class was raised at about 23, 26, or 29 degrees C and provided with live brine shrimp, frozen butterfish and squid, or commercial food pellets (45% protein, 19% fat, and 3% fiber) three times per week. Maximal growth was achieved with the pellet diet, and fish raised at 29 degrees C attained the highest mean wet weight (84.0 g +/- 14.6 g SE) and fastest instantaneous relative growth rate (IRGR, 1.79% body weight/d). The 2002 year class was raised on the same pellet diet at 31.5 degrees C and fed 3, 5, or 7 times per week. Although more frequent feedings led to significantly greater mean wet weight in the first half of the year, by month 12 there was no significant difference between the three feeding frequencies. These fish weighed approximately 68 g and had an average IRGR of 1.74% body weight/d. The pellet diet during both years was correlated with high survival (> 75%).     

Rearing tench (Tinca tinca L.) larvae on live feed (Artemia) and on two transition schedules from live to dry diets

Two 60‐day experiments were carried out on tench (Tinca tinca L.) from day 5 post‐hatch. Density was 20 larvae L^?1 and temperature 24 ± 0.5°C. In experiment 1, Artemia nauplii were the sole food, testing nauplii amounts and feeding frequency. High survival rates (between 79.5% and 95.5%) were obtained. Growth was faster as nauplii amounts were greater; the highest growth rate (11.00), weight (265.5 mg) and Fulton’s coefficient (1.40) were obtained when fish were fed in excess once a day, without significant differences from the growth obtained by feeding in excess of eight times a day. In experiment 2, a dry diet for marine fish was tested as a replacement for Artemia nauplii, following two transition protocols, one faster than the other; high survival rates (between 77.7% and 87.1%) were again obtained. The slower transition allowed a growth rate of 10.14, length of 23.1 mm, weight of 158.3 mg and a Fulton’s coefficient of 1.28, without significant differences from the faster transition. At all stages, growth values were significantly higher from feeding nauplii in excess as the sole food, but the required nauplii quantity was six times higher than the amount supplied to the animals fed the dry diet.     

Growth, metabolic rate, and digestive enzyme activity in the white shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus early postlarvae fed different diets

Growth rate, soluble-protein content, oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion, and digestive-enzyme activity were studied in Litopenaeus setiferus early postlarvae under four feeding regimens that included combinations of freshly hatched Artemia nauplii, microparticulate commercial diet, and algae. Growth and of postlarvae fed a mixed diet were significantly higher. Artificial diet used alone caused the lowest growth, lowest soluble-protein content, higher ammonia excretion, lowest O:N ratio, and higher proteolytic and amylase activities. The artificial diet stimulated proteolytic activity and ammonia excretion of postlarvae, apparently in response to some deficiency in protein composition of the diet. Based on results in growth, soluble-protein content, enzymatic activity, and metabolic substrate, we determined that partial substitution of Artemia nauplii by artificial diet, with or without addition of algae when rearing early postlarval stages, will benefit the growth and nutritional state of L. setiferus postlarvae.     

鲥鱼仔幼鱼食性与生长的初步研究

本文主要描述鲥鱼仔幼鱼阶段有关摄食、消化器官的发育、不同大小仔幼鱼食物组成特点、摄食量及其昼夜摄食节律。此外,还就仔幼鲥鱼人工饲养条件与天然状况下的生长作了比较。结果表明,只要供饵正常,孵化环道内生活的仔幼鲥生长速度可以略快于鄱阳湖同期天然生长个体的速度,为今后人工培育仔幼鲥进行放流和增殖提供资料。