过氧化氢酶在植物生长发育和胁迫响应中的功能研究进展

过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)作为过氧化氢(hydrogen peroxide, H₂O₂)的清除酶在植物生长发育和胁迫响应中扮演着十分重要的角色。CAT的功能受到严格调控,其在正常条件下维持适当浓度的H₂O₂作为信号分子以保证植物的生长发育;在胁迫下保持H₂O₂稳态以增强植物耐逆性。本文对近年来CAT在植物生长发育和胁迫响应中的功能研究进展予以综述,特别是翻译后修饰和亚细胞定位对CAT功能的调控,并对植物CAT的调控机理研究进行了展望。     

OxyR介导的细菌氧化胁迫应答调控机制研究进展

OxyR属于LysR型转录因子家族的氧化胁迫调控蛋白,是细菌抵抗氧化胁迫压力的重要调控因子。OxyR能够通过调控过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶等抗氧化基因的表达清除H₂O₂、参与铁代谢控制胞内过氧化物的产生以及修复生物大分子氧化损伤,从而抵抗氧化胁迫。OxyR的基因表达调控功能依赖于其还原态和氧化态之间的转变,改变调控蛋白对下游基因调控区的亲和能力。氧化态OxyR识别启动子区的结合序列,激活或抑制过氧化氢酶等基因的表达。还原态和氧化态的转换依赖于在氧化状态下分子间二硫键的形成。本文综述了近年来细菌OxyR调控基因表达的最新研究进展,有助于深入理解OxyR在细菌抵抗氧化胁迫的作用方式,为相关致病菌的防治奠定分子基础。     

L-阿拉伯糖对尿酸的调节作用

转录因子是一类在生物生命活动过程中起到调控作用的重要因子,参与了各种信号转导和调控过程,可以直接或间接结合在顺式作用元件上,实现调控目标基因转录效率的抑制或增强,从而使植物在应对逆境胁迫下做出反应。 WRKY转录因子在大多数植物体内都有分布,是一类进化非常保守的转录因子家族,参与植物生长发育以及响应逆境胁迫的生理过程。众多研究表明,WRKY转录因子在植物中能够应答各种生物胁迫,如细菌、病毒和真菌等;多种非生物胁迫,包括高温、冷害、高光和高盐等;以及在各种植物激素,包括茉莉酸( JA)、水杨酸( SA)、脱落酸( ABA)和赤霉素( GA)等,在其信号传递途径中都起着重要作用。 WRKY转录因子家族蛋白至少含有一段60个氨基酸左右的高度保守序列,被称为WRKY结构域,其中WRKYGQK多肽序列是最为保守的,因此而得名。该转录因子的WRKY结构域能与目标基因启动子中的顺式作用元件W￣box( TTGAC序列)特异结合,从而调节目标基因的表达,其调控基因表达主要受病原菌、虫咬、机械损伤、外界胁迫压力和信号分子的诱导。该文介绍了植物WRKY转录因子在植物应对冷害、干旱、高盐等非生物胁迫与病菌、虫害等生物胁迫反应中的重要调控功能,并总结了WRKY转录因子在调控这些逆境胁迫反应过程中的主要生理机制。     

WRKY转录因子在植物抗逆生理中的研究进展

转录因子是一类在生物生命活动过程中起到调控作用的重要因子,参与了各种信号转导和调控过程,可以直接或间接结合在顺式作用元件上,实现调控目标基因转录效率的抑制或增强,从而使植物在应对逆境胁迫下做出反应。WRKY转录因子在大多数植物体内都有分布,是一类进化非常保守的转录因子家族,参与植物生长发育以及响应逆境胁迫的生理过程。众多研究表明,WRKY转录因子在植物中能够应答各种生物胁迫,如细菌、病毒和真菌等;多种非生物胁迫,包括高温、冷害、高光和高盐等;以及在各种植物激素,包括茉莉酸(JA)、水杨酸(SA)、脱落酸(ABA)和赤霉素(GA)等,在其信号传递途径中都起着重要作用。WRKY转录因子家族蛋白至少含有一段60个氨基酸左右的高度保守序列,被称为WRKY结构域,其中WRKYGQK多肽序列是最为保守的,因此而得名。该转录因子的WRKY结构域能与目标基因启动子中的顺式作用元件Wbox(TTGAC序列)特异结合,从而调节目标基因的表达,其调控基因表达主要受病原菌、虫咬、机械损伤、外界胁迫压力和信号分子的诱导。该文介绍了植物WRKY转录因子在植物应对冷害、干旱、高盐等非生物胁迫与病菌、虫害等生物胁迫反应中的重要调控功能,并总结了WRKY转录因子在调控这些逆境胁迫反应过程中的主要生理机制。     

植物中一氧化氮的生理作用

No是一种易扩散的生物活性分子,是生物体内重要的信号分子。植物细胞通过NO合酶,硝酸还原酶,或非生化反应途径产生NO。NO参与植物生长发育调控和对生物和非生物胁迫的应答反应。主要通过讨论No的产生,对植物生长发育的影响及在抗逆反应中的信号调节来阐述No在植物中的作用。     

水杨酸诱导植物抗病性的新进展

水杨酸是一种重要的能激活一系列植物抗病防卫反应的内源信号分子.首先介绍了水杨酸在植物抗病性中的作用,并从水杨酸与过氧化氢及其代谢酶类相互作用的角度初步探讨了水杨酸诱导植物抗病性的分子机理,最后概述了目前这一领域中需要进一步研究的若干问题.     

过量表达NtRopl基因增加了植物对盐胁迫的敏感和过氧化氢的含量

Rop／Rbo类的小G蛋白是一类重要的信号分子,它在植物的生长发育过程中起着重要的调控作用．根据已知的序列信息,我们从烟草中克隆得到了编码NtRopl基因的基因组序列,并研究了该基因在不同胁迫处理下的表达情况及转基因植物在盐胁迫下的反应,该基因的基因组中含有7个外显子和6个内含子,半定量RT-PCR表明,该基因的表达受到NaCl,甲基紫精（MV）和1．氨基环丙烷－1－羧酸（ACC）的诱导,而脱落酸（ABA）抑制该基因的表达,与野生型拟南芥相比,转基因拟南芥增加了对盐胁迫的敏感性,具体表现为,在盐胁迫下,转基因植株根的长度明显比对照短,并且相对电导率也明显比对照高,通过对过氧化氢含量的测定发现,转基因拟南芥的过氧化氢的含量比对照高,这表明NtRopl基因可能是通过增加植物体内过氧化氢含量从而导致植物对盐胁迫的敏感性。     

植物中逆境反应相关的WRKY转录因子研究进展

WRKY转录因子是植物体内一类比较大的转录因子家族,它在植物的生长发育以及抗逆境反应中起着非常重要的作用。本文综述了WRKY转录因子在植物应对冻害、干旱、盐害等非生物胁迫与病原菌、虫害等生物胁迫反应中的重要调控功能,并概括了WRKY转录因子在调控这些逆境反应中的机制。     

光敏色素对植物抗逆反应的调控研究进展

光敏色素是红光和远红光受体,不但在植物光形态建成中扮演着重要的角色,还参与调控植物抗逆信号通路。阐述了光敏色素及其互作的转录因子通过诱导植物激素信号途径调控植物对病原菌、害虫等生物胁迫的反应及作用机制,以及光敏色素调控植物对临近植物的竞争胁迫、干旱、低温、高温等非生物胁迫反应的作用机制研究进展,并讨论与展望了光敏色素研究领域所面临的挑战与发展方向。     

MYB 转录因子在植物抗逆胁迫中的作用及其分子机理

摘要: 在植物抗逆反应体系中, 通过转录因子调控功能基因的表达, 是植物逆境应答反应的关键环节。作为植物体内最大的转录因子家族之一, MYB(v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog)类转录因子在植物抗逆胁迫过程中起着重要的作用。文章论述了MYB转录因子的结构特征、功能特性及其分子机理, 并结合研究进展着重讨论了它们在植物抗逆胁迫中的作用。     

Comparative proteomics analysis reveals an intimate protein network provoked by hydrogen peroxide stress in rice seedling leaves

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a dual role in plants as the toxic by-product of normal cell metabolism and as a regulatory molecule in stress perception and signal transduction. However, a clear inventory as to how this dual function is regulated in plants is far from complete. In particular, how plants maintain survival under oxidative stress via adjustments of the intercellular metabolic network and antioxidative system is largely unknown. To investigate the responses of rice seedlings to H2O2 stress, changes in protein expression were analyzed using a comparative proteomics approach. Treatments with different concentrations of H2O2 for 6 h on 12-day-old rice seedlings resulted in several stressful phenotypes such as rolling leaves, decreased photosynthetic and photorespiratory rates, and elevated H2O2 accumulation. Analysis of approximately 2000 protein spots on each two-dimensional electrophoresis gel revealed 144 differentially expressed proteins. Of them, 65 protein spots were up-regulated, and 79 were down-regulated under at least one of the H2O2 treatment concentrations. Furthermore 129 differentially expressed protein spots were identified by mass spectrometry to match 89 diverse protein species. These identified proteins are involved in different cellular responses and metabolic processes with obvious functional tendencies toward cell defense, redox homeostasis, signal transduction, protein synthesis and degradation, photosynthesis and photorespiration, and carbohydrate/energy metabolism, indicating a good correlation between oxidative stress-responsive proteins and leaf physiological changes. The abundance changes of these proteins, together with their putative functions and participation in physiological reactions, produce an oxidative stress-responsive network at the protein level in H2O2-treated rice seedling leaves. Such a protein network allows us to further understand the possible management strategy of cellular activities occurring in the H2O2-treated rice seedling leaves and provides new insights into oxidative stress responses in plants.     

NO可能作为H2O2的下游信号介导ABA诱导的蚕豆气孔关闭

ABA、H2O2和硝普钠(SNP)均能诱导蚕豆气孔关闭.NO的清除剂c-PTIO可以减轻由ABA或H2O2所诱导的蚕豆气孔关闭的程度,而过氧化氢酶(CAT)则不能减轻NO诱导的气孔关闭程度.激光共聚焦显微检测结果显示,10μmo1/L的ABA处理后,胞内H2O2的产生速率明显高于NO的产生速率;CAT几乎可完全抑制ABA所诱导的DAF的荧光增加;外源H2O2能显著诱导胞内DAF的荧光增加;c-PTIO对ABA诱导的DCF荧光略有促进作用,但外源SNP不能诱导胞内DCF荧光增加.这些结果表明,在ABA诱导气孔关闭过程中,H2O2可能在NO的上游起作用并受NO的负反馈调节.     

Catalase is a sink for H2O2 and is indispensable for stress defence in C3 plants.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been implicated in many stress conditions. Control of H2O2 levels is complex and dissection of mechanisms generating and relieving H2O2 stress is difficult, particularly in intact plants. We have used transgenic tobacco with approximately 10% wild-type catalase activity to study the role of catalase and effects of H2O2 stress in plants. Catalase-deficient plants showed no visible disorders at low light, but in elevated light rapidly developed white necrotic lesions on the leaves. Lesion formation required photorespiratory activity since damage was prevented under elevated CO2. Accumulation of H2O2 was not detected during leaf necrosis. Alternative H2O2-scavenging mechanisms may have compensated for reduced catalase activity, as shown by increased ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione peroxidase levels. Leaf necrosis correlated with accumulation of oxidized glutathione and a 4-fold decrease in ascorbate, indicating that catalase is critical for maintaining the redox balance during oxidative stress. Such control may not be limited to peroxisomal H2O2 production. Catalase functions as a cellular sink for H2O2, as evidenced by complementation of catalase deficiency by exogenous catalase, and comparison of catalase-deficient and control leaf discs in removing external H2O2. Stress analysis revealed increased susceptibility of catalase-deficient plants to paraquat, salt and ozone, but not to chilling.     

Plant catalases: peroxisomal redox guardians

While genomics and post-genomics studies have revealed that plant cell redox state is controlled by a complex genetic network, available data mean that catalase must continue to be counted among the most important of antioxidative enzymes. Plants species analyzed to date contain three catalase genes, and comparison of expression patterns and information from studies on mutants suggests that the encoded proteins have relatively specific roles in determining accumulation of H(2)O(2) produced through various metabolic pathways. This review provides an update on the different catalases and discusses their established or likely physiological functions. Particular attention is paid to regulation of catalase expression and activity, intracellular trafficking of the protein from cytosol to peroxisome, and the integration of catalase function into the peroxisomal antioxidative network. We discuss how plants deficient in catalase are not only key tools to identify catalase functions, but are also generating new insight into H(2)O(2) signalling in plants and the potential importance of peroxisomal and other intracellular processes in this signalling.     

Hydrogen peroxide homeostasis and signaling in plant cells

There is no life without oxygen. It plays a critical role in the existence and development of life. The research on how life senses oxidative signals has become a basic topic in the field of life science. Environmental stress conditions such as light, dro…     

高温胁迫及其信号转导

高温是影响当前农业生产重要的不得环境因素之一。本文综述了４种信号分子脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）,Ｃa^2 ,水杨酸（ＳＡ）,茉莉酸（ＪＡ）对高温胁迫的响应以及它们的相互关系,高温胁迫能够诱导ＡＢＡ,Ｃa^2 ,ＳＡ的含量升高,并且通过外施ＡＢＡ,Ｃa^2 ,ＳＡ,ＪＡ都能提高植物的抗热性。作为胞内第二信使,外源Ｃa^2 Ｃ能够提高植物超氧化物歧化mei（ＳＯＤ）,过氧化氢mei（ＣＡＴ）以及抗杯血酸氧化mei（ＡＰＸ）的活性,且能     

The antioxidant systems in Toxoplasma gondii and the role of cytosolic catalase in defence against oxidative injury

Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and peroxiredoxins form an antioxidant network protecting cells against reactive oxygen species (ROS). Catalase is a potent H2O2-detoxifying enzyme, which is unexpectedly absent in some members of the Kinetoplastida and Apicomplexa, but present in Toxoplasma gondii. In T. gondii, catalase appears to be cytosolic. In addition, T. gondii also possesses genes coding for other types of peroxidases, including glutathione/thioredoxin-like peroxidases and peroxiredoxins. This study presents a detailed analysis of the role of catalase in the parasite and reports the existence of antioxidant enzymes localized in the cytosol and the mitochondrion of T. gondii. The catalase gene was disrupted and, in addition, T. gondii cell lines overexpressing either catalase or a cytosolic 1-cys peroxiredoxin, TgPrx2, under the control of a strong promoter were created. Analysis of these mutants confirmed that the catalase activity is cytosolic and is encoded by a unique gene in T. gondii. Furthermore, the catalase confers protection against H2O2 exposure and contributes to virulence in mice. The overexpression of Prx2 also increases protection against H2O2 treatment, suggesting that catalase and other peroxidases function as a defence mechanism against endogenously produced reactive oxygen intermediates and the oxidative stress imposed by the host.     

JNK1 activity lowers the cellular production of H2O2 and modulates the growth arrest response to scavenging of H2O2 by catalase

Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) can interact with intracellular signaling pathways to regulate cell behavior. The c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) signal, involved in diverse aspects of cellular functioning, is implicated as a cell sensor of redox stress. The growth-inhibitory effect of both high-level H(2)O(2) and H(2)O(2)-scavenging catalase treatments is accompanied by increased JNK1 activity. To investigate the role of this response in growth regulation, the JNK1 signal was increased by the introduction of ectopic HA-JNK1. HA-JNK1 expression correlated with increases in basal c-Jun phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. Transient expression of HA-JNK1 potentiated cell growth arrest by catalase; however, with stable expression a degree of resistance to this response was observed. Resistance was accompanied by a lowered endogenous production of H(2)O(2). Transient HA-JNK1 expression also reduced H(2)O(2) generation, and this effect was reversed by the JNK inhibitor SP600125. These results indicate that the JNK1 stress response contributes to growth inhibition by catalase treatment via inhibition of cellular H(2)O(2) production. Stable amplification of the JNK1 pathway leads to cellular adaptation to its signal, resulting in a diminished reliance upon H(2)O(2) for efficient growth.