CT与常规X线诊断髋关节创伤的对比分析

目的比较CT与X线平片对髋关节创伤的诊断效能。方法就76例髋关节创伤病例进行X线平片和CT检查,比较两种检查方法对髋臼骨折、股骨头及股骨颈骨折、关节腔内游离碎骨、髋关节脱位及关节周围软组织损伤的诊断效能。结果CT在髋臼骨折的分型诊断、发现股骨头隐匿性骨折和关节腔内游离碎骨等方面优于X线平片,CT还能显示髋关节积液、积血及关节周围软组织肿胀等形态变化。结论CT是全面评估髋关节创伤的必要检查手段,其总体诊断效能优于X线平片。     

X线平片与CT扫描在诊断骨盆骨折中检出率比较

目的比较X线平片与螺旋CT扫描在诊断骨盆骨折中的检出率。方法 38例具有骨盆部外伤史患者均经X线平片与螺旋CT两种影像技术检查。对两种技术诊断骨盆骨折的检出率采用SPSS14.0统计软件和χ2检验进行了比较,P值小于0.05可认为是显著性差异。结果在38例有骨盆部外伤史患者中,螺旋CT扫描正确诊断了骨盆部61处骨折,其中包括髂骨16处,髋臼21处,骶尾骨9处,耻骨上下支8处以及坐骨7处,其检出率为100%,与作为参考标准的螺旋CT扫描比较,X线平片漏诊细小骨折19处,其检出率为68.9%,且显著低于螺旋CT扫描的检出率(P<0.05)。结论螺旋CT扫描对骨盆部骨折的诊断敏感性显著高于X线平片,因而对临床治疗方案的选择具有重要指导意义。     

CT在髋关节脱位中的诊断价值

目的探讨CT在髋关节脱位中的诊断价值.方法分析并比较17例经X线平片及CT检查的髋关节脱位病例.结果X线平片显示髋关节脱位15例、骨折10例、软组织肿胀9例、复位后关节间隙增宽6例及关节内碎骨片3例.CT显示脱位及骨折17例、软组织肿胀15例、复位后关节间隙增宽11例及关节内碎骨片10例.结论CT对显示髋关节脱位的方向和程度、髋臼骨折、复位前后关节内骨碎片及软组织改变均有明显优势,我们认为可以将CT检查作为髋关节脱位,尤其是复位后的一种常规检查.     

强直性脊柱炎髋关节改变的X线、CT和MRI对比研究

目的 探讨强直性脊柱炎(AS)髋关节受累的影像表现,比较X线平片、CT和MRI显示AS髋关节受累的敏感度.方法 对55例AS患者行骨盆X线平片和MR检查,其中29例行髋关节CT检查.MR平扫均包括冠状面T1WI、T2WI、STIR、附加水激励的三维稳态快速梯度回波序列(3D-BTFE-WATS),其中24例同时行脂肪抑制T1WI增强检查.分析患者的影像资料,应用x2检验对X线平片、CT和MRI显示AS髋关节受累改变的敏感度进行分析.结果 55例AS患者110侧髋关节中,X线平片和MRI显示异常分别为13侧和85侧;X线平片改变包括关节面下骨侵蚀破坏13侧、关节间隙变窄4侧、韧带骨赘5侧;MRI显示关节面下骨侵蚀破坏31侧、关节间隙变窄4侧、关节少量积液80侧、骨髓水肿32侧、脂肪沉积28侧、韧带附着点炎21侧,24例行MR增强检查患者中19例见双侧滑膜异常强化.CT检查29例共58侧髋关节,CT在显示X线平片和MRI所显示的骨破坏同时,发现X线平片未能显示的10侧骨破坏和MRI未显示的1侧骨破坏.X线平片、CT、MRI显示异常分别为10.3％ (6/58)、27.6％ (16/58)和77.6％ (45/58),MRI显示髋关节受累的敏感度优于X线平片和CT(x2值分别为53.22和29.08,P值均＜0.05).MRI除显示X线平片和CT所能显示的慢性骨结构改变外,还发现X线平片和CT未能显示的急性炎症改变.结论 MRI能显示X线平片和CT不能显示的AS髋关节受累的急性炎症改变,滑膜炎所致的少量积液和滑膜异常强化是髋关节受累最常见的MRI表现.     

脊柱骨折的X线和CT扫描影像对照分析

目的比较和评价常规X线片和CT扫描二种影像学方法在脊柱骨折诊断中的作用.方法对110例X线平片和CT扫描确诊为脊柱骨折的病例进行对照分析.结果110例中椎体骨折共133个,X线侧位片PVBL线67例呈光滑,43例有不同程度异常.CT扫描诊断稳定性骨折53例,不稳定性骨折57例,椎管无狭窄11例,狭窄19例.结论脊柱外伤性骨折影像诊断应注重常规X线平片和CT扫描检查的互补作用.X线片仍是首选检查方法,有利于多个椎体连续或跳跃性同时骨折的检出,发现有椎体骨折均应做CT扫描,以判断骨折的稳定性与并发症情况,有利于临床及时正确处理.     

胸腰椎爆裂型骨折的CT诊断及其与X线平片对比分析

目的 比较CT扫描与X线平片对胸腰椎爆裂型骨折的诊断价值。方法 回顾性对照分析78例胸腰椎骨折的X线平片与CT表现。结果 78例96节胸腰椎爆裂型骨折中,单椎体骨折者64例,多椎体骨折者14例。以CT扫描为诊断标准,近30％X线平片将爆裂型骨折误诊为单纯压缩型骨折。结论 X线平片虽是脊柱损伤的基本检查手段,但部分病例X线平片较难区分单纯压缩型骨折和爆裂型骨折。CT检查能明确爆裂型骨折类型、判断脊柱失稳及椎管受累程度,对X线平片观察发现有压缩型骨折者应作常规CT扫描。     

MSCT及图像后处理技术在肩胛骨复杂骨折诊疗中的应用

目的 :探讨MSCT及其后处理技术在肩胛骨复杂骨折诊疗中的临床应用价值。方法 :收集我院门(急)诊肩胛骨复杂骨折患者42例,均行常规X线检查、MSCT及后处理。通过Ada-Miller分型划分骨折损伤类型。比较分析X线平片与MSCT技术对肩胛骨复杂骨折的诊断差异。结果:42例均经手术治疗,确定骨折情况,MSCT扫描误诊率4.76%,低于X线平片的23.53%。结论:MSCT及其后处理技术对肩胛骨复杂骨折的诊疗有辅助作用,值得临床推广。     

髋臼骨折的CT与X线平片诊断比较

目的:比较CT与X线平片对髋臼诊断的价值。材料和方法:18例髋臼骨折病人,全部接受CT扫描确诊,其中,14例是先经X线平片诊断为骨折的,4例X线检查未发现骨折线。分析比较CT与X线平片的表现。结果:经CT扫描发现的5例后壁骨折,X线漏诊2例;1例股骨头前缘皮质凹陷骨折、7例髋臼腔内游离碎片和10例髋关节周围软组织肿胀,X线均未能发现。结论:CT可准确显示骨折线的数目和走行方向,显示骨折类型和关节面损伤程度,以及关节腔内有无骨折碎片等情况,为临床治疗提供比X线平片更可靠的信息。     

骨盆创伤螺旋CT三维图像诊断的探讨

目的：评价3D螺旋CT在骨盆创伤中的应用价值。方法：对24例骨盆创伤患者X线平片与3D螺旋CT的图像(MPVR、SSD)进行回顾分析。结果：3D CT发现X线上漏诊的2例耻骨骨折。1例髂骨翼骨折．排除2例X线可疑的骶尾骨骨折并脱位，同时立体地明确了骨折的移位方向与程度。结论：对骨折创伤3D CT是有效的和重要的检查手段。     

膝关节组成结构细微损伤的影像学研究

目的 探讨X线平片、CT和超低场MR在膝关节细微损伤诊断中的临床价值。方法 回顾性分析16例经临床证实的膝关节细微损伤患者的X线平片，CT和MRI资料。结果 16例，左侧6例，右侧10例;X线检出5处髁间突骨折，1处可疑胫骨平台骨折;CT检出12处微骨折，4处髁间突骨折;MR检出25处骨挫伤，9处微骨折。结论 在外伤后膝关节细微损伤的检查中，超低场MR是一种较佳的检查方法;X线平片是最基本的检查方法，明确诊断应结合MR检查。CT可以作为评价膝关节细微损伤的一种补充方法，但不应作为常规检查。     

Physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck

The aim was to give a systematic presentation of physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck with a special emphasis on clinical relevance. In a sometimes subacute setting one should recognize specific calcifications which often lead to important diagnoses such as fungal sinusitis or sclerosing labyrinthitis. In a more chronic situation intraocular calcifications in small children are pathognomonic for retinoblastoma. Juxtatumoral sclerosis of the laryngeal cartilage in laryngopharyngeal carcinoma is usually caused by tumor infiltration of the cartilage resulting in a higher tumor stage and, this way, has a major impact on the therapeutical strategy. Calcified lymph nodes are mainly unspecific but can be the result of tuberculosis or metastases of thyroid cancer. Cross-sectional imaging methods, most of all computed tomography, are ideally suited to reveal head and neck calcifications and ossifications, especially those which are clinically relevant.     

Head and neck infection and inflammation

This article discusses the imaging manifestations of infectious and inflammatory conditions of the head and neck. Special attention is paid to the sites, routes of spread, and complications of neck infections. Because the clinical signs and symptoms and the complications of these conditions are often determined by the precise anatomic site involved, anatomic considerations are stressed. Familiarity with the fascial layers, spaces of the neck, and the contents of each space is helpful for this discussion. The fascial layers of the neck are important barriers to infection, and once infection is established, the fascial layers play a part in directing its spread.     

Staging and surgical management of pancreatic and biliary cancer and inflammation

Management of benign and malignant diseases of the pancreas, liver, and biliary tract has made remarkable progress in the last two decades. Advances in minimally invasive surgery, interventional radiology, and diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy have changed the treatment of common diseases such as cholelithiasis and more serious diseases such as pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Advances in biliary tract and pancreatic surgery have paralleled the advances in ultrasonographic imaging, CT, and MR imaging. This article outlines the surgeon's perspective on radiologic imaging and preoperative staging of benign and malignant biliary and pancreatic disease.     

The thyroid and parathyroid glands. CT and MR imaging and correlation with pathology and clinical findings

Thyroid imaging approach is based on the preliminary clinical evaluation. Lesions that are smaller than 2 cm should be assessed with US, which is capable of discriminating masses as small as 2 mm and distinguishing solid from cystic nodules. US-guided FNAB provides tissue for cytologic examination of thyroid nodules. CT and MR imaging are indicated for larger tumors (greater than 3 cm diameter) that extend outside the gland to adjoining structures, including the mediastinum, and retropharyngeal region. Metastatic lymph nodes in the neck and invasion of the aerodigestive tract are also in the realm of CT and MR imaging. Thyroid nodules are categorized on scintigraphy as hot or cold nodules. Hot nodules are rarely malignant, whereas cold nodules have an incidence of 10% to 20% of malignancy. Calcifications (amorphous, globular, nodular, and linear) occur in adenomas and carcinomas and have no differential diagnostic features except for psammomatous calcifications, which are a pathognomonic finding in papillary carcinomas and a small percentage of medullary carcinomas. Papillary carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor (80%) followed by follicular (20% to 25%); medullary (5%); undifferentiated; anaplastic carcinomas (< 5%); lymphoma (5%); and metastases. Lymph node metastases are common in papillary carcinoma, 50% at presentation, and less common in follicular carcinomas. The metastatic nodes in papillary carcinoma may enhance markedly (hypervascular); show increased signal intensity on T1-weighted images (increased thyroglobulin content or hemorrhage); and reveal punctate calcifications. Localized invasion of the larynx, trachea, and esophagus occurs predominantly in papillary and follicular carcinomas; the incidence is less than 5%. Ectopic thyroid tissue may be encountered in the tongue (foramen cecum); along the midline between posterior tongue and isthmus of thyroid gland; lateral neck; mediastinum; and oral cavity. Goiter and malignant tumors, notably papillary carcinoma, may develop in ectopic thyroid tissue. Carcinomas may also arise in thyroglossal duct cysts, which develop from duct remnants between the foramen cecum and thyroid isthmus. Infectious disease of the thyroid gland is not common and the CT and MR imaging findings are similar as described under neck infection. Other types of inflammatory disorders including Hashimoto's thyroiditis, granulomatous thyroiditis, and Riedel's struma display no specific imaging features. Imaging studies may, however, be indicated to confirm a suspected clinical diagnosis and assess compromise of the airway (Riedel's struma). HPT is a clinical diagnosis in which hypercalcemia is the most important finding. Parathyroid hyperplasia, adenoma, and carcinoma represent underlying lesions. To relieve the patient's symptoms surgical extirpation is indicated. The surgical success rate without imaging is 95%. The indications for imaging studies vary but it is generally agreed that reoperation after a previous failed surgical attempt and suspicion of an ectopic parathyroid adenoma should be investigated by imaging. These consist of US, nuclear medicine studies, CT and MR imaging. US and technetium sestamibi scanning have the highest accuracy rate for localizing an adenomatous gland at and near the thyroid gland. Ectopic adenomas, particularly if they are located in the mediastinum, are preferrably investigated with CT and MR imaging with gadolinium and fat suppression. Carcinomas and parathyroid cysts are optimally evaluated by CT and MR imaging. On MR imaging adenomas are low in signal intensity on T1-weighted images, high in signal intensity on T2-weighted images, and enhance post introduction of gadolinium.     

细胞自噬与肿瘤发生发展

自噬是真核生物中一种高度保守的胞内降解途径.其主要通过溶酶体或液泡进行饥饿状态下的营养动员,清除受损蛋白质、细胞器和胞内病原体.自噬主要包括巨自噬、分子伴侣介导自噬(CMA)和微自噬.自噬已被证实与多种人类疾病相关,其在肿瘤发生发展中具有重要意义.近年研究中,对于自噬和肿瘤关系有了进一步的认识,该文就自噬分子机制、调控...