基于应变模态的钢结构构件焊缝损伤定位方法的研究

本文探讨了用应变模态对钢结构焊缝损伤进行识别与定位的方法。应变模态对结构局部损作斩反应敏感，是对结构进行微小损伤诊断的较理想的损伤识别指标。文中以一简支工字型梁为研究对象，分别采用基于应变模态差的三种定位准则和神经网络方法，对其进行了单处和两处焊缝损伤定位的研究。结果表明，基于应变模态差的定位准则对于这两种情况的损伤都具有较高的定位识别率，但不能区别出单处和两处损伤；而采用神经网络方法不仅可以区别出单处和两处损伤，而且训练好的网络对受噪声污染的测试样本也具有较好的识别效果。     

基于BP神经网络的网格结构损伤识别与试验研究

针对网格结构中杆件数量众多,但节点数总是远远小于杆件数的特点,损伤识别中采用了基于BP神经网络技术和面向节点的损伤初步定位方法的网格结构损伤识别的三步法。对双层柱面网壳结构模型在不同杆件去掉时的四种损伤情况下的振动特性进行了实测,并以实测低阶模态的频率变化率和少数测点的振型分量作为神经网络输入参数,对模型的各种损伤情况进行了识别。结果表明,所用的方法可以精简神经网络的结构,并提高其模式识别的能力。该方法可用于对大型复杂结构的损伤识别。     

高耸塔架结构节点损伤基于神经网络的两步诊断法

本文针对高耸钢塔架结构的损伤特点，建立了具有节点损伤的有限元模型，提出了一种分层神经网络两步诊断法：第一步，由基于区域残余力理论的第一层神经网络进行结构损伤区域的初诊；第二步，由基于应变模态理论的第二层神经网络进行损伤区域内的具体损伤节点位置和程度的诊断。对一平面塔架结构的数值仿真分析表明：本文提出的损伤诊断方法的结果是令人满意的。     

多层及高层框架结构地震损伤诊断的神经网络方法

本文提出了强震后多层及高层框架结构地震损伤诊断的神经网络方法。文中在提出有结点损伤的梁柱有限元刚度矩阵的基础上，建立了有结点损伤框架结构的有限元模型。通过完好结构和有损伤结构的有限元分析，获取二者应变模态差值作为损伤标识量，并输入径向基（RBF）神经网络进行训练，得到了框架结构结点损伤诊断的神经网络系统。数值仿真分析结果表明，此神经网络可以对多层及高层框架结构结点各种程度的损伤做出成功诊断。     

基于小波分析和神经网络的框架结构损伤诊断方法

本文提出了基于“能量—损伤”原理，综合利用小波包分析和神经网络的框架结构损伤诊断方法。在结构损伤诊断中，时域信号经小波分析后其缺损特征会更加明显，把分布在不同频带的结点能量作为神经网络的训练样本能够很好地反映结构缺损特征。以美国土木工程师学会提出的基准结构为例，阐述了结构损伤的发生、位置和程度诊断过程，取得了令人满意的结果。     

苏通大桥结构健康状态评估技术研究与应用（1）：拉索损伤识别

采用改进的RBF神经网络建立了苏通大桥拉索损伤识别方法。2个不同阶固有频率之比是仅与损伤位置有关的结构振动参数,据此定义了用于损伤定位的损伤特征指标,并用其来训练神经网络;提出了基于R＋^2准则与Jackknife校验的改进RBF算法,以有效地控制RBF网络的过拟合现象。算例结果表明,所提出的方法可以较好地对苏通大桥斜拉索进行损伤识别。     

基于遗传算法优化神经网络权值的大坝结构损伤识别

针对传统 BP 神经网络存在着容易陷入局部极小点、训练时间太长等缺点,本文采用基于浮点编码的遗传算法,对 BP 神经网络的初值空间进行了遗传优化。用基于浮点编码的遗传算法来优化 BP 神经网络的权值,可得到最佳初始权值矩阵,并按误差前向反馈算法,沿负梯度搜索进行网络学习。文中以混凝土重力坝结构作为算例,用结构的模态频率变化作为网络的输入向量,结构的损伤位置作为输出向量,对网络进行了训练。仿真结果表明：遗传 BP 神经网络的收敛和诊断能力优于传统 BP 神经网络,可有效地运用到大坝结构的健康诊断与损伤识别中。     

基于卷积神经网络的钢箱梁裂缝检测算法研究

地震作用和车辆动载的日常冲击常常会引起钢箱梁的表面裂缝损伤。在日常检修和震后开展安全检查时,由于裂缝在整张图像中的占比较低且受到笔迹、锈迹和焊缝等因素的严重干扰,很难从现场采集到的图像中高效并精确地检测出裂缝。为此,本文基于卷积神经网络提出了一种结合裂缝定位和裂缝分割的级联裂缝检测模型。首先,采用分类模型在原始图像中定位出裂缝所在位置,然后采用U-Net模型实现对裂缝的像素级检测。结果表明：本文方法可以实现对大部分裂缝的精确检测,F1分数达到0.67,高于仅采用分割模型的0.55;此外,相比仅采用分割模型的检测方法,本文方法的检测效率提高了近70%,可达到9.25 s每张。     

曲率模态小波法用于网壳结构损伤的识别和定位

工程结构损伤的识别与定位研究以往主要针对梁、框架等结构形式,根据大跨度空间结构杆件和节点繁多等特点,提出用曲率模态和小波混合方法对空间结构的损伤进行识别和定位.以跨度100 m的Schwedler网壳结构损伤前、后的曲率模态作为标识量,分别通过离散和连续小波变换,判断网壳结构有无损伤和损伤位置,统计了小波系数差与结构损伤的图形关系,计算了各种损伤工况下该方法判断损伤的准确程度.结果发现基于曲率模态和小波方法的大跨度网壳结构损伤定位精度很高,充分证明该方法对此类结构损伤定位具有有效性和实用性.     

基于一维卷积神经网络的结构损伤识别

传统结构损伤识别需对采集数据进行分析,提取相应特征进行损伤诊断。特征提取过程需消耗大量的计算成本,无法满足结构健康监测在线损伤识别的需求。为提高损伤识别的计算效率和自动化程度,提出基于一维卷积神经网络的结构损伤识别方法,其特点是可以直接从原始振动信号中自主学习损伤特征,并准确快速地识别结构的损伤位置和损伤程度。采用简支梁数值模型和IABMAS BHM Benchmark数值模型验证所提方法的有效性。数值结果表明:所建立的一维卷积神经网络模型能够准确识别结构的损伤位置和损伤程度,具备一定的抗噪性能,整体模型收敛快,对单条样本测试延迟低。设计了钢框架结构损伤识别试验,采用所提方法对框架结构的损伤情况进行了识别。分析结果表明:所提方法可准确识别结构损伤程度及损伤类别,测试集准确率为100%,验证了方法在实际结构损伤识别的应用可行性。     

七层钢筋混凝土异型柱支撑框架结构模型振动台试验研究

七层钢筋混凝土异型柱支撑框架结构体系的模型，缩尺比为１：３，在振动台上进行了模拟地震动试验，结果表明：该体系的抗震性能较好，可使斜杆在预估地震强度的作用下先开裂并继续工作，从而减轻主体结构的地震破坏。并指出，该体系应进一步实现抗裂抗倒双重设防准则与其设计方法，研究发挥支撑的消能减震作用。这种抗震结构体系，已在天津市的轻质节能建筑中采用。     

地震现场房屋裂缝宽度快速检测

为快速对地震现场损坏房屋裂缝宽度进行测量,本文提出运用图像处理技术与单个人工正方形标志的方法对裂缝宽度进行测量。基于数字图像处理技术,并利用MATLAB软件的图像处理功能,对拍摄的真实房屋裂缝图像进行灰度化、二值化、图像去噪、目标区域分割标记和像素标定等处理,计算得到图像中裂缝宽度的最大值。通过与实测数据对比,利用本方法获得房屋裂缝检测数据的识别精度为98.11%。结果表明,本文提出的方法可以有效检测房屋裂缝宽度,且获取图像的分辨率越高,裂缝宽度识别的误差越小。本方法可为地震灾害现场调查中的房屋破坏等级评价工作提供依据。     

Dynamic simulation of beam-like structure with a crack subjected to a random moving mass oscillator

In this paper,dynamic simulation of a beam-like structure with a transverse open crack subjected to a random moving mass oscillator is investigated.The simultaneous effect of a crack and a random oscillator has not been addressed up to now.The crack in the beam at different locations and with different depths is considered as one group of damage,each as an individual imperfection.In addition,bearing immobility is considered as another type of problem in the beam.Mass, stiffness,damping and velocity of th...     

X射线岩石CT的历史与现状

采用X射线CT技术无损探测岩石内部结构和裂纹演化过程 ,起源于 2 0世纪 80年代后期 ,由最初对CT图像的认识逐步深化为对岩石裂纹演化规律的分析和应用研究。基于室内岩石试件扫描断面的CT图像 ,目前在岩石变形破坏过程的实时监测、加荷条件多样化、裂纹演化规律性、裂纹宽度的定量测量、岩石裂纹三维图像重建、损伤演化与损伤变量分析、CT成果应用研究等方面取得了一系列进展。岩石CT面临的主要问题是如何获得各种试验条件下精确的CT图像及其成果的应用研究。岩石CT的生命力在于自身理论、技术发展和在相关领域的应用程度     

Characterisation of Tensile Damage in Rock Samples Induced by Different Stress Paths

Cracks, induced by different stress states, are studied systematically on thin slices of crinoidal limestone samples. Samples damaged by tension are compared to samples in which first damage is induced by compressive stresses, followed by tensile stresses. To quantify the effect of the compressive stresses, samples only damaged by compression are also studied. The tensile stresses cause the occurrence of an intergranular crack. When the sample is first damaged by compressive stresses, former induced damage influences the growth of this crack. It results in an intergranular crack with a zigzag profile. The average orientation of the intergranular crack is, however, the same as in the samples damaged by tension only.     

Experiment study on RC frame retrofitted by the external structure

A new retrofitting method is proposed herein for reinforced concrete (RC) structures through attachment of an external structure. The external structure consists of a fiber concrete encased steel frame, connection slab and transverse beams. The external structure is connected to the existing structure through a connection slab and transverse beams. Pseudostatic experiments were carried out on one unretrofitted specimen and three retrofitted frame specimens. The characteristics, including failure mode, crack pattern, hysteresis loops behavior, relationship of strain and displacement of the concrete slab, are demonstrated. The results show that the load carrying capacity is obviously increased, and the extension length of the slab and the number of columns within the external frame are important influence factors on the working performance of the existing structure. In addition, the displacement difference between the existing structure and the outer structure was caused mainly by three factors: shear deformation of the slab, extraction of transverse beams, and drift of the conjunction part between the slab and the existing frame. Furthermore, the total deformation determined by the first two factors accounted for approximately 80% of the damage, therefore these factors should be carefully considered in engineering practice to enhance the effects of this new retrofitting method.     

Spatial organization of seismicity and fracture pattern in NE Italy and W Slovenia

The study focuses on the spatial organization of seismicity and the relation between fracture pattern and earthquakes in the Friuli (north-eastern Italy) and western Slovenia seismic regions. The structural setting is characterized by a complex structure resulting from the superposition of several tectonic phases that generated NW-SE trending Dinaric faults and about E-W trending Alpine faults. The upper crust is characterized by lithological and mechanical heterogeneities. The fractal analysis shows that, in general, the seismicity only partially fills a plane. Only in a few cases, the earthquakes distribute on planar structures. The orientation of planes that fit through the hypocentres shows a different disposition at the two depth intervals analysed. The shallower interval (0–10 km) is characterized by planes with highly variable orientations. The spatial seismicity is investigated in the context of a general damage model, represented by the crack density distribution. The results evidence that the seismicity appears mostly located along sharp transition areas from low crack density to higher crack density, i.e., from zones of low damage to zones of intermediate damage. These zones are characterized by high heterogeneity due to the superposition of different tectonic phases and by the maximum interference between Dinaric and Alpine domains. The orientation of the planes fitting the seismicity at 10–20-km depth appears less dispersed, coinciding with the trend of Dinaric sub-vertical faults in the northern and eastern parts of the study area, and with Alpine low-angle faults in the western and southern parts.     

Effects of Rock Damage on Seismic Waves Generated by Explosions

—?In studying the physical processes involved in the generation of seismic waves by explosions, it is important to understand what happens in the region of high stresses immediately surrounding the explosion. This paper examines one of the processes that takes place in this region, the growth of pre-existing cracks, which is described quantitatively as an increase in rock damage. An equivalent elastic method is used to approximate the stress field surrounding the explosion and a micro-mechanical model of damage is used to calculate the increase in damage. Simulations for a 1?kt explosion reveal that the region of increased damage can be quite large, up to ten times the cavity radius. The damage is initiated on a damage front that propagates outward behind the explosive stress wave with a velocity intermediate between that of P and S waves. Calculations suggest that the amount of increased damage is controlled primarily by the initial damage and the extent of the region of increased damage is controlled primarily by the initial crack radius. The motions that occur on individual cracks when damage increases are converted to seismic moment tensors which are then used to calculate secondary elastic waves which radiate into the far field. It is found that, while the contribution from an individual crack is small, the combined effect of many cracks in a large region of increased damage can generate secondary waves that are comparable in amplitude to the primary waves generated by the explosion. Provided that there is asymmetry in the damage pattern, this process is quite effective in generating S waves, thus providing a quantitative explanation of how S waves can be generated by an explosion. Two types of asymmetry are investigated, a shear pre-stress and a preferred orientation of cracks, and it is found that both produce similar effects.     

设有圈梁与构造柱的砌体结构预应力筋抗震加固试验研究

通过对设有圈梁与构造柱的砌体结构采用体外预应力筋加固和未加固模型进行双向拟动力试验,对墙体裂缝开展、结构耗能、结构损伤等指标进行对比分析,探讨体外预应力筋加固对砌体结构抗震能力的影响.试验结果表明:体外预应力筋产生的约束力对限制裂缝开展、防止圈梁与预制楼板的脱空效果明显砌体结构在体外预应力筋加固后的总滞回耗能大于未加固...     

工程结构地震破坏概率矩阵分析

本文提出了一种计算工程结构地震坡坏概率矩阵的方法，建立了地震地面运动模型和结构分析模型，对结构进行了随机地震反应分析，并获得了结构随机分应的统计量，进而采用双参数的结构破坏模型，给出了教育处结构地震破坏概率的表达式，利用此方法计算了一座按8度要求设计的钢筋混凝土框架型，给出了计算结构地震坡坏概率的表达式，利用此方法计算了一座按8度要求的钢筋混凝土框架结构的地震破坏概率矩阵，本文提出了方法可以在确定抗震设防标准和进行震害预测时采用。