不同辐照强度下阻燃聚氨酯泡沫的燃烧行为

利用锥形量热-傅里叶变换红外光谱联用仪对阻燃硬质聚氨酯泡沫材料(FRPU)在不同辐照强度下的火灾危险性进行了系统研究。研究结果表明,阻燃剂的加入能明显降低FRPU的热释放速率和总热释放量,但大大增大了FRPU的生烟速率、总生烟量和燃烧烟气中CO、HCN和HCl等有毒气体的生成量;随着辐照强度的增大,FRPU的热释放速率峰值、总热释放量、总生烟量和燃烧烟气中的CO、HCN和HCl浓度的最大值分别由131 kW/m2、8.0MJ/m2、3.8m2/m2、192.7μL/L、42.7μL/L和77.4μL/L增大到260kW/m2、39.7MJ/m2、13.8m2/m2、734.5μL/L、157.7μL/L和210.5μL/L。     

乙基纤维素/C60复合膜制备及气体分离性能研究

为制备C60含量不同的乙基纤维素(EC)/C60复合膜,采用UV-可见光谱、AFM和XRD等手段对紫外光辐照前后复合膜结构进行表征,并考察其对气体分离及渗透性能的影响.结果表明,复合膜经紫外光辐照后,C60在膜表面的分布由独立的簇状结构转变为连续平缓的丘陵状结构,膜表面更加致密光滑;复合膜分子链间距未发生明显变化,但对N2、CO2、H2的渗透性能和H2/N2、CO2/N2分离性能产生明显影响.当C60添加量达到1.6%时,未经紫外光辐照的复合膜对CO2及H2的透气系数较纯EC膜分别提高了30%和40%,分别达到61.29Barrer和78.88Barrer,对H2/N2,CO2/N2理想分离系数增至纯EC膜的1.47和1.38倍,分别达到9.979和12.84;经紫外光辐照后,高C60含量的EC/C60复合膜能够保持纯EC膜对CO2和H2的透过水平,而对H2/N2和CO2/N2的分离性能增至纯EC膜的2.30和2.43倍,分别达到17.49和25.60.     

Ti-Mo吸气材料的性能特征研究

为了研究Ti-Mo吸气材料的性能特征,采用粉末冶金工艺制备了Ti-Mo7.5%(质量比)吸气材料。研究了该材料的结构特征,在不同激活温度、不同工作温度下的吸氢性能特征,对比了该材料对H2,N2,CO的吸收性能。结果表明,当激活温度从500℃提高到750℃时,多孔结构材料的室温吸气性能逐渐提高,但继续提高激活温度到800℃,性能基本维持恒定;工作温度越高,吸气性能越好,但作为一个特殊的性能特征,该材料的工作温度最好不要超过300℃;该材料具有优良的吸收H2,N2,CO性能,室温条件下对H2的吸收性能优于对N2和CO的吸收性能。     

γ辐照剂量和预压量对硅泡沫材料性能的影响

硅橡胶泡沫材料的减震吸能特性与其使用环境和使用状态密切相关,而目前有关辐照环境条件对材料性能的影响研究却很少。鉴此,本研究通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察和力学性能测试,研究了预压量和辐照剂量对硅橡胶泡沫材料性能的影响,并通过辐照前后材料应力-应变曲线中应力平台段宽度和平台应力大小的分析比较,进一步研究了辐照对材料减震吸能特性的影响及其作用机制。研究结果表明:辐照剂量为100kGy、预压量低于30%时硅橡胶泡沫材料性能和应力-应变曲线中应力平台段宽度的变化并不明显。而随着辐照剂量的增加,应力平台段的宽度逐渐减小,材料减震性能下降。从材料的宏观性能和微观结构来看,低辐照剂量下硅橡胶泡沫材料辐照损伤中交联效应占据优势,交联密度的增加使得材料硬度和强度的提高以及断裂伸长率的降低。而辐照剂量超过500kGy后,泡沫材料辐照损伤中降解效应占据优势,进而导致材料硬度和强度的降低以及断裂伸长率的提高。该研究为辐照前后材料性能评估提供了理论依据和手段。     

用CONE研究阻燃PET的阻燃和烟释放

利用锥型量热令（CONE）在50kW/m^2的热辐照条件下，研究了纯PET和阻燃PET的阻燃和烟释放。通过对获得的质量损失速率（MLR），最大热释放速率（pk-HRR)、总热释放（THR）、有效平均燃烧热（av0EHC)、平均烟比率（av-SR)、平均比消光面积（av-SEA)及CO、CO2释放量的分析表明，阻燃PET的pk-HRR、THR和av-EHC等比纯PET有明显的降低，表现了良好的阻燃和抑烟作用。     

杨木胶合板阻燃性能研究

通过热释放速率(HRR)、总热释放量(THR)、有效燃烧热(EHC)、CO产率、CO2产率以及烟释放总量等指标,研究了杨木胶合板的阻燃性能。实验结果表明:磷酸氢镁和二氧化锆阻燃剂单独使用时,都能够在杨木胶合板燃烧过程中降低热释放速率、总热释放量、有效燃烧热、CO2产率以及烟释放总量,增大CO产生速率,但阻燃效果不理想;而磷酸氢镁与纳米二氧化锆复合阻燃剂,可以在杨木胶合板燃烧过程中产生协同效应,并且使用此复合阻燃剂的杨木胶合板在点燃190 s后即停止燃烧,其阻燃效果最佳。     

软PVC材料中的阻燃抑烟剂对材料燃烧性能的影响

本文研究了几种常用的阻燃抑烟剂对在软PVC材料燃烧时的热释放速度和CO释放量进行了研究，结果发现，氢氧化镁和硼酸锌虽然可以降低材料的热释放速率和发烟量，但是会大大增加烟中的毒性气体CO的量；三氧化二锑虽然会增加材料的发烟量，但是却可以大大降低烟中的毒性气体CO的量。     

多胺基CO_2吸附材料的制备

用纳米级SiO2负载胺化合物,制备CO2捕捉材料。测定了不同原料比例下该材料的吸水率,在饱和水蒸汽和干燥条件下对CO2的吸附量,以及它作为CO2气体吸附材料的重复使用和再生性能。研究结果表明,在饱和水蒸汽环境中,该吸附材料对CO2的吸附量远比干燥环境中的吸附量大的多,其中多胺基聚合物与SiO2比为20∶1时对CO2吸附量最大,可达到17mg/g。该吸附材料具有良好的重复使用及再生性能,经再生使用后,吸附量变化不大。     

苯基修饰微孔SiO2膜的氢气分离和水煤气变换反应性能

通过正硅酸乙酯与苯基三乙氧基硅烷共水解缩聚反应制备苯基修饰SiO2膜,研究膜材料的氢气渗透和分离性能,并将其作为膜反应器的关键材料应用于水煤气变换反应.结果表明,氢气在苯基修饰SiO2膜中的渗透率随着温度的升高而增大,遵循活化扩散机理,300℃下H2渗透率达到4.67×10-7 mol/(m2·s·Pa),理想分离系数H2/CO、H2/CO2和H2/SF6分别达到10.54、10.50、21.16.在300℃,反应物H2O/CO摩尔比为2∶1的条件下进行水煤气变换反应,膜反应器的CO的转化率比传统固定床反应的CO的转化率高约12％,其原因是苯基修饰的SiO2膜对H2具有一定的选择性.     

60 Coγ射线辐照对硅泡沫材料压缩性能的影响

为了给60 Coγ辐照条件下硅泡沫垫层的构型设计和工艺优化提供依据,本工作通过材料辐照实验、力学实验和扫描电子显微镜观察等方法,研究了60 Coγ射线辐照对硅泡沫材料压缩性能的影响,探索了辐照条件下硅泡沫材料的损伤机理,并在此基础上建立了辐照环境条件下多孔硅泡沫材料压缩性能的预测模型,给出了材料压缩模量和断裂应变随辐照剂量的变化规律.结果表明:γ辐照对材料压缩性能的影响较为明显,在预压缩量较低的情况下,辐照后硅泡沫材料力学性能呈先升后降的趋势;当预压缩量超过50％时,辐照后硅泡沫材料力学性能呈先陡后缓的下降趋势.预压缩量为30％、辐照剂量为300 kGy时,硅泡沫材料的拉伸强度和剪切强度分别增加了69％和84％;而辐照剂量增大到1000 kGy时,其值分别下降了47％和50％.结合材料宏观性能和细观结构的分析认为,γ辐照引起的交联反应和降解反应是造成硅泡沫材料力学性能改变的主要原因.     

研磨溶液对改性石墨矿表面性质及微观结构的影响

使用行星式球磨机对石墨矿粉(G)进行湿法球磨改性,以硅烷偶联剂Si-69为改性剂,考察了球磨溶液对石墨矿粉微观结构和表面性质的影响,然后将改性石墨矿粉填充到丁苯橡胶中,考察了改性石墨/丁苯胶复合材料的力学性能及微观结构.结果表明,球磨溶液不同,改性石墨矿粉的微观结构和表面性质有所不同.以异丙醇为球磨溶液的改性石墨矿粉(...     

石墨/TiO2复合光催化剂的制备和性能

以石墨和纯的TiO₂为原料,采用球磨工艺制备了石墨/TiO₂复合光催化剂。使用XRD、SEM、TEM、XPS和DRS等手段对其性能进行了表征。以甲基橙为模拟污染物,研究了石墨掺入量、球磨时间对复合光催化剂光催化活性的影响。结果表明,石墨/TiO₂复合光催化剂具有锐钛矿结构,球磨后TiO₂(101)面的衍射峰宽化并右移,TiO₂成为200 nm左右的不规则球状颗粒,在其表面均匀分布着石墨。TiO₂晶粒的Ti-O键的结合能变高,且表面有缺陷产生,使其在可见光区具有显著的吸收。石墨掺入量为5%、球磨时间为12 h的石墨/TiO₂样品对甲基橙具有优异的光催化降解效果,在70 min的降解时间内甲基橙的降解去除率可达95.08%。石墨/TiO₂复合光催化剂的光催化反应速率常数k为0.043035 min^-1,是纯TiO₂的2.64倍。     

Effect of starting composition on formation of MoSi2–SiC nanocomposite powder via ball milling

MoSi₂?CSiC nanocomposite powders were successfully synthesized by ball milling Mo, Si and graphite elemental powders. Effects of milling time and annealing temperature were also investigated. The composite formation and phase transformation were monitored by X-ray diffraction. The microstructure of milled powders was studied by SEM, TEM and XRD peak profile analysis. Formation of this composite was completed after 10 and 20?h of milling for 25%SiC and 50%SiC, respectively. High temperature polymorph (HTP) of MoSi₂ was obtained at the end of milling (20?h). On the other hand, annealing led to transformation of HTP to low temperature polymorph (LTP) of MoSi₂. Mo₅Si₃ was formed during annealing as a product of a reaction between MoSi₂ and excess graphite. Mean grain size <50?nm was obtained for 20?h milled sample on the basis of peak profile analysis and TEM images.     

Structure and high temperature frictional behavior of a coal pitch-derived carbonaceous mesophase (CM) treated by high-energy ball milling

A coal tar pitch-derived carbonaceous mesophase (CM) was treated in a high-energy ball mill apparatus. The structures for the raw and the as-milled CMs were characterized by X-ray diffraction and laser-Raman spectroscopic techniques, and the frictional behaviors for the CMs were investigated by using a SRV high temperature friction and wear tester. The results have shown that, high-energy ball milling leads to a drop in the crystallinity of the CMs and a decrease in the size of graphite planar micro-crystals, implying a higher structural amorphism caused by the high-energy ball milling. In addition, the CMs display a high temperature lubrication effect. High-energy ball milling is supposed to be beneficial to the graphitization of the CMs induced by friction mechanical action, and, therefore, facilitate the high temperature lubrication effect to some extent.     

Microstructure and Coercivity in Ball Milled 2-17 Type Sm(CobalFe0.1Cu0.1Zr0.033)6.93 High Temperature Permanent Magnetic Alloy

The research for novel hard magnetic materials for high temperature advanced power applications is still an active area of research. The microstructure and magnetic properties in high temperature hard magnetic alloy have been studied against various milling times in high energy ball milling. The average particle size varies from 1 ??m to 50 ??m for ball milling times of 30?C180 minutes while keeping the constant weight of balls to powder ratio. The Samarium loss increases in the form of its oxide (Sm₂O₃) and results in an additional phase in microstructure. Due to this additional phase at grain boundaries and triple points, and Sm loss results in the formation of a kink in the second quadrant of demagnetizing curve. This kink shifts from second quadrant of demagnetizing curve to first quadrant with the increase of amount of Sm loss and additional phase in microstructure. The thermomagnetic analysis, X-ray diffraction, microstructure, and chemical composition analysis have identified the additional phase probably the 5:19R (Sm,Zr)(CoFeCu) phase. The best shape of the demagnetizing curve has been obtained after 60 min of ball milling time with good loop squareness and improved magnetic properties at room and high temperature.     

含Zr多组元掺杂石墨材料的性能研究

以天然石墨为原料，通过热压工艺，制备了含Zr多组元掺杂石墨材料。研究了掺杂元素对材料性能的影响。实验结果表明：随着Zr含量增加，基体石墨的强度、导电和导热性成线性增加；但是过量的ZrO2会消耗基体炭原子，生成金属Zr蒸汽逸出基体，形成孔隙和缺陷，导致材料的性能下降，因此应控制ZrO2的加入量。另外，采用SEM、XRD等分析手段研究了材料微观结构，探讨了微观结构对其性能的影响。     

氢化燃烧合成镁基储氢合金的电化学性能的研究

研究了氢化燃烧合成Mg2NiH4产物的电化学性能，并探索了机械球磨处理对产物电化学性能的影响。电化学测试表明，HCS产物不经任何处理，最大放电容量仅为45.13mAh／g；产物球磨后最大放电容量和高倍率放电能力得到提高，如产物经球磨1h后，最大放电容量增至259．24mAh／g，产物添加3％（质量分数）的石墨球磨5h，最大放电容量增加了10倍以上，达到481．50mAh/g。     

Microstructure evolution and interface structure of Al-40 wt% Si composites produced by high-energy ball milling

High silicon content Al-Si composites with a composition of Al-40 wt% Si were fabricated via a highenergy ball milling method. The microstructure evolution of Al-40 wt% Si milled powders and sintered composites has been thoroughly studied by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energydispersive spectrometry and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The mechanism of ball milling Al-40 wt% Si powders has been disclosed in detail: fracture mechanism dominating in the early stages, followed by the agglomeration mechanism, finally reaching the balance between the fragments and the agglomerates. It has been found that the average particle sizes of mixed Al-Si powders can be refined to the nanoscale, and the crystallite sizes of Al and Si have been reduced to 10nm and 62nm upon milling for 2h–50h, respectively. The finally formed Al-Si interfaces after ball milling for 50h are wellcohesive. A dense and homogenous Al-40 wt% Si composite have been achieved by solid-state sintering at550?C. The results thus provide an effective support for producing bulk nanostructured Al-Si composites.     

The Effect of Silver Inclusion on Superconducting Properties of YBa2Cu3O y Prepared Using Planetary Ball Milling

The effect of Ag inclusion on the structure microstructure and the critical current density of the YBa₂Cu₃O_7?δ sample prepared using the planetary ball milling process has been investigated. YBa₂Cu₃O_7?δ ceramics have been synthesized in air by a solid state reaction method from an oxide precursor powder, which was prepared from the starting powders of Y₂O₃, Ba₂CO₃, and CuO via a one-step annealing process in air at 950 ^°C. After planetary ball milling for 4 h of the oxide precursor powders, it was mixed with an AgNO₃ solution, and then was dried and uniaxially pressed, and subsequently annealed at 950 ^°C in air. Phase analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD), granular structure examination by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microstructure investigation by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) were carried out. To understand the effects of the ball milling on the pinning behavior, magnetic field and temperature dependences on a critical current density have been studied. Analyses show that Ag-milled YBCO samples exhibit higher values of critical current density in applied magnetic field compared to Ag-unmilled one. The better pinning properties of the Ag-milled samples are believed to be due to the microstructure of more fine and uniform distribution of silver and Y-deficient nanosized generated by ball milling.     

Isotropic Mg<Subscript>3</Subscript>Sb<Subscript>2</Subscript> compound prepared by solid-state reaction and ball milling combined with spark plasma sintering

Mg₃Sb₂ compounds were synthesized via low-temperature solid-state reaction (SSR) and ball milling (BM), respectively, followed by spark plasma sintering (SPS) process. The effects of possible sintering pressure-induced orientation in the SPS process have been investigated in terms of the microstructure and thermoelectric transport properties. The results indicate that BM technique causes more severe Mg loss than pure SSR method, leading to distinct Sb phase existing in the product after SPS consolidation process. On the contrary, a single phase of Mg₃Sb₂ is easily obtained with the combination of SSR and SPS techniques. Besides, these BM–SPS and SSR–SPS samples exhibit the similar microstructure as well as the same electrical and thermal transport properties parallel or perpendicular to the direction of sintering pressure. The study suggests that SSR method embodies the advantages of both the composition control and the orientation elimination in Mg₃Sb₂ compound as compared to BM method with the specific parameters in the current work. This investigation is quite favorable for this material fabrication and the future application of thermoelectric modules and devices.