Collective religiosity and the gender gap in attitudes towards economic redistribution in 86 countries, 1990–2008

What is the relationship between gender and the demand for redistribution? Because, on average, women face more economic deprivation than men, in many countries women favor redistribution more than men. However, this is not the case in a number of other countries, where women do not support redistribution more than men. To explain this cross-national paradox, we stress the role of collective religiosity. In many religions, theological principles both militate against public policies designed to redistribute income, and also promote traditionally gendered patterns of work and family involvement. Hence, we hypothesize that, in those countries where religion remains influential either through closer church-state ties or an intensely religious population, men and women should differ less in their attitudes towards redistribution. Drawing upon the World Values Survey, we estimate three-level regression models that test our religiosity-based approach and two alternative explanations in 86 countries and 175 country-years. The results are consistent with our hypothesis. Moreover, in further support of our theoretical approach, societal religiosity undermines pro-redistribution preferences more among women than men. Our findings suggest that collective religiosity matters more to the gender gap in redistributive attitudes than traditional political and labor force factors.     

国家兴衰与贫富的相关理论评述——兼论中国的经济地位

世界经济发展史就是一部＂丰裕中的贫困史＂,富裕与贫穷国家同在。与此同时,世界经济霸权不断更迭,是什么决定了世界的＂赢家＂和＂输家＂？学者们从不同的角度进行了探讨：基于资源基础的国民财富论观、基于企业和产业的竞争力强弱观、基于文化和历史视角的国家贫富观、基于生命周期理论的国家盛衰观、基于利益集团的兴衰观。这些观点对于走在＂复兴＂之路上的中国经济发展具有重要的借鉴意义,也值得我们深思中国在世界经济格局中的地位。     

Changing perceived importance of religion in mainland China, 1990–2012: An age-period- cohort analysis

The comprehensive social reform and relaxation of religious regulation in mainland China have encouraged scholars to propose a revival thesis of religion, predicting a rising prevalence of religious adherence in the Reform Era. This study extends the revival thesis by focusing attention on people's subjective religiosity, and investigates age, period, and cohort effects on the transition in perceived importance of religion from 1990 to 2012. Capitalizing on the repeated cross-sectional data of the China sample in the World Values Survey, this study shows that (1) The senior population, relative to the younger counterpart, attaches greater importance to religion. (2) The net period effect suggests that Chinese citizens' perceived importance of religion follows an upward trend by the early 2000s, but no significant growth is detected henceforward. (3) The cohorts who experienced the anti-religion Mao's Era in their adolescent life course stage have an evidently lower probability of viewing religion to be important, in relation to the cohorts of the Reform Era. Theoretical implications of the empirical age-period-cohort patterns for the religious economies theory and change of Chinese religious landscape are discussed.     

论儒学现代转型的两条基本路向

概括而言,儒家思想的现代转型表现出了两条基本的路径:第一,突显儒家思想的超越性意义;第二,强调儒家思想切入并导引当代社会人生的现实性功能。前者在强调儒家思想的宗教性上得到了集中体现。这又可区分为在外在形式上力图将儒学改造成为某种制度化的宗教和注重从内在精神上阐发儒家义理的宗教性特质两个方面。后者在现代新儒家力图涵摄科学理性精神以"内圣开出新外王"的理论努力中表现得最为鲜明。儒学的现代转化之所以呈现出上述两条基本的路向,既是由于儒家价值系统确实具有"超越"与"内在"两个向度的基本功能,也代表了儒家立足于自身的思想传统面对现代中国之时代问题的挑激而做出的回应。     

Trends in the relative occupational status of African Americans and European immigrants in Northern cities, 1880–1970

In his classic book, A Piece of the Pie, Stanley Lieberson described divergent trends in occupational standing for African Americans and European immigrants after 1920, as the Great Migration from the South swelled the size of the black population in northern cities. In this paper I build upon Lieberson’s work using longitudinal data drawn from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series for the census years 1880–1970. This more versatile data source allows me to examine separate occupational trends for northern-born blacks and southern-born migrants and to control for relevant socio-demographic characteristics. The findings confirm Lieberson’s general conclusion that blacks lost ground, occupationally, to immigrants after 1920. However, they show further that: (1) northern- and southern-born blacks experienced different trends in relative occupational standing after 1920, (2) that these different trends were due largely to compositional differences between the two groups of northern blacks, especially educational differences, and (3) that blacks were generally less successful than immigrants at translating additional educational attainment into improved occupational status, with southern migrants experiencing the weakest occupational returns to education. It is concluded that compositional differences and a racially-defined occupational queue were the most important factors shaping group differences and trends in occupational standing between 1920 and 1970. Timing of arrival in the northern industrial economy and a response by whites to the “racial threat” from a growing black population were less important.     

Does counterterrorist legislation hurt human rights practices? A longitudinal cross-national analysis

In the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, many countries have passed new counterterrorist legislation. One of the common assumptions about such legislation is that it comes with a price: a compromise to practices of human rights. Previous research, looking at a wide range of case studies, suggested that this is indeed the case and that counterterrorist legislation often leads to subsequent repression. However, no large-scale cross-national study has yet assessed this relationship. Relying on a newly assembled database on nation-level counterterrorist legislation for the years 1981–2009, we conduct a cross-national time series analysis of legislation and repression. Our analyses find little evidence for a significant relationships between national counterterrorist legislation and various measures of core human rights in most countries. However, while legislation does not affect repression of physical integrity rights in countries with low and high levels of repression, it is associated with greater state repression in countries with intermediate scores of repression.     

马克思、恩格斯的宗教世俗化理论——兼评伯格的“非世俗化”理论

马克思的宗教世俗化理论是最彻底的宗教世俗化理论,它用当今世界本身的世俗化来说明宗教的世俗化,认为现代社会科学技术的发展使传统宗教教义的可信性丧失;现代社会功能—结构的巨大变迁使宗教边缘化;商品货币关系的发展使"天国需要"变成了"尘世需要",对宗教的信仰发展为"对实践理性的信仰",商品货币拜物教成为人们"日常生活中的宗教";现代社会人的"角色专门化"和需要的多样化,使宗教信仰成为私人的事情。但是,宗教世俗化并非宗教的消解,它是现代宗教回应现代社会的存在方式。当代世界"宗教复兴"的种种表现,并不能否定当代社会是一个日益世俗化的社会,不能否认宗教世俗化的历史发展趋势。     

屈原与儒墨道法诸家人格观之比较

从文化领域去确立人格定义，即：人格就是一个人最基本品质、品格的总和。屈原与儒、墨、道、法诸家之人格观分内外两层，内层主要为人格典范与人格理想，在这一层，屈原与诸家及诸家之间并没有太多的不同。而在外层，各家均有差别，特别是在内核外化形式、与现实的关系及人格操守的坚持性上，各家差别甚大。屈原则与墨家较为接近。从人格观之全面性、完整性、统一性上观察，屈原之人格观当为中华民族之最高标范。今天，中华民族正在复兴，在我们寻求和重塑民族之魂和文化精神时，屈原伟大人格和人格观标范的树立，将具有无可估量的精神价值和文化意义。     

媒介融合、规制融合的国际经验与中国策略

媒介融合彻底颠覆了传统传媒、电信等产业的产业格局与市场结构。传统的纵向分业规制遭遇根本性挑战。美国、欧盟及日本等发达国家和地区走在这场变革的最前沿，其传媒、电信规制正在经历历史性转型，疾步迈向融合。美国、欧盟、日本在规制融合方面的经验，值得我国借鉴。推进我国规制融合的基本思路是：分阶段、按步骤调整规制框架；对内容与传输实施分离规制；对内容实施分类规制；组建融合性的规制机构；培育市场机制，促进市场竞争。     

Religion and intimate partner violence in Chile: Macro- and micro-level influences

The Catholic Church has had a strong influence on the Chilean legal and social landscape in ways that have adversely affected victims of intimate partner violence; e.g., it succeeded until just five years ago in blocking efforts to legalize divorce. At the same time, quantitative studies based on survey data from the United States and other countries show a generally favorable influence of religion on health and many other domains of life, including intimate partner violence. The present study explores the puzzle posed by these seemingly opposing macro- and micro-level forces. Results based on data from the 2005 Survey of Student Well-Being, a questionnaire on gender-based violence administered to students at a large public university in Chile, show that moderate or low levels of religiosity are associated with reduced vulnerability to violence, but high levels are not. This non-linearity sheds light on the puzzle, because at the macro level the religious views shaping Chile’s legal and social environment have been extreme.     

推进中国与南亚、东南亚国家友好合作关系的新思路

中华民族与南亚、东南亚各国人民的友好交往,不仅促进了当地经济、文化的发展,而且建立了唇齿相依的民族情感,为今后的共同发展和共同繁荣奠定了基础。因此,要维系和提升这种共同发展、共同繁荣,就必须以新的战略视角把握宗教因素的影响;构建好中国-东盟自由贸易区及推动东亚经济的区域整合;科学定位南亚各国关系,推动中印关系向良性互动方向发展;进而提升中华民族自身的整体活力,实现中华民族的伟大复兴。     

国际关系影响下的战后东南亚文化发展

国际关系是影响当代东南亚文化发展的一个重要因素。把1945～2005年的东南亚文化放在国际关系的背景下进行探讨,可以得出这样的结论:影响冷战时期东南亚文化发展的主要国际关系因素是冷战格局和意识形态对抗、民族解放运动和独立的赢得、亚洲国家传统友谊的恢复和新关系的发展以及新独立国家对原宗主国及其留下的文化遗产的关系。在这些因素影响下,东南亚出现了越南式、菲律宾式、泰国式、缅甸式、新加坡式以及印尼式等不同的发展模式。冷战后东南亚文化在新的国际关系下发展的主要趋势,是东南亚各国在努力发展民族文化的同时,提出了并在积极推进东盟区域文化的一体化,但东南亚区域文化尚在形成中;在更开放的环境下,东南亚文化更多地受到更多的外来影响,但由于国情的不同,东南亚各国受外来影响的方向和内容也有所不同,这些都将使东南亚文化在一体化有所发展的情况下仍然存在着多样化和复杂化的情景。这两种趋势并存反过来也将影响东南亚的国际关系和政治发展。     

国学探略

进入21世纪，“国学热”在中国大陆此起彼伏。纵观历史，横观近邻。要实现真正意义上的“国学复兴”，我们还有许多工作要做。     

当代西方共和主义政治哲学发展评析

共和主义的复兴是当代西方政治哲学发展中的重大事件.当代西方共和主义的复兴不是简单地回归古典共和主义政治传统,而是对共和主义进行更加系统化与理论化的拓展与阐释.在规范政治理论中,当代西方共和主义政治哲学在公民身份、自由、民主与美德等维度上做出了既不同于自由主义又区别于社群主义的阐释,深化了在相关问题上的理论分析.共和主义政治哲学的兴起既体现了当代西方社会发展的基本要求,同时也是当代西方政治理论发展的必然结果,它在批判与挑战西方自由主义与社群主义思想范式的同时其本身也在反思与辩驳中不断发展与成熟.     

善恶因果律的现代重构

善恶因果律的核心就是如何实现德性与幸福之间的统一。在前现代社会中 ,善恶因果律作用的发挥是建立在灵魂不朽和上帝存在两个前提预设上的。然而 ,现代社会的世俗化 ,使得这两个前提不复存在。这就引发了现代社会背景下 ,假如上帝不存在 ,道德如何可能的问题。在现代社会中 ,善恶因果律的重构要从基本共识、制度安排和个人美德三方面入手。     

The expansion of religious affiliation: An explanation of the growth of church participation in the United States 1850–1930

This paper focuses on the period in U.S. history that experienced the most rapid rate of increase of church membership—the decades between 1850 and 1930—in order to explain synchronic and diachronic variation in those rates. Using pooled cross-sectional time series analysis, different predictions are derived and tested from theories of secularization/social control, comparative disadvantage, resource mobilization, and pluralism. The effects of spatial diffusion and the momentum of religious tradition also are estimated. Our conclusion is that religious monopoly—not diversity—fuels religious expansion. This finding is bolstered by the complementary result that ethnic homogeneity is also conducive to religious expansion. Together these results highlight the importance for mobilization of religious and ethnocultural dominance in a particular niche.     

Exposure to science,perspectives on science and religion,and religious commitment in young adulthood

Social scientists know very little about the consequences of exposure to scientific knowledge and holding different perspectives on science and religion for individuals' religious lives. Drawing on secularization and post-secular theories, we develop and test several hypotheses about the relationships among exposure to scientific knowledge, perspectives on religion and science, and religious commitment using panel data from the National Study of Youth and Religion. Our findings indicate that religious faith is strongest among young adults who: (1) accommodate scientific knowledge into their religious perspective, or (2) reject scientific knowledge that directly contradicts their religious beliefs about the origins of the world. Young adults are also more likely to have lower religious commitment when they view science and religion as independent institutions, lending support to secularization ideas about how social differentiation secularizes individuals. We further find that mere exposure to scientific knowledge, in terms of majoring in biology or acknowledging conflict between the teachings of religion and science, is usually not sufficient to undermine religious commitment.     

Friends’ religiosity and first sex

Researchers have established that individual religiosity influences sexual behavior and that religious support can increase consistency between personal religiosity and behavior. Researchers are less certain, however, of the effect that religious friendship networks have on sexual behavior. In addition, the effects of network characteristics such as density and one’s position in a social network have not been established. This paper uses a network subsample of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) to examine the effect of friends’ religiosity on the probability of first sex. We find that friends’ religiosity has an independent influence on adolescent sexual behavior that is similar in magnitude to personal religiosity. We also find evidence that friends’ religiosity has the strongest influence on the sexual behavior of adolescents who are embedded in dense social networks, in which teens’ friends are also friends with one another. These results support the hypothesis that group influences depend on the degree of embeddedness within the network and highlight the importance of studying religion as a property of groups as well as individuals.     

新自由主义思潮的国际影响及其在中国的渗透

新自由主义是在继承古典自由主义经济理论的基础上,以反对和抵制凯恩斯主义为主要特征的理论思潮、思想体系和政策主张。以美国为首的西方国家在全世界强力推行新自由主义的结果,是给所有实行新自由主义的国家带来了巨大的灾难;最终,美国自身也在新自由主义的实践中付出了沉重代价。目前,处于经济转轨时期的中国也正被新自由主义思潮传播和渗透着,我们必须理性地对待新自由主义对中国经济的干扰,坚决抵制其对中国的侵害。     

西方城市化发展历程及对我国城市化道路的启示

文章首先以美国城市化的历程为例,分析了西方发达国家城市化发展的阶段及其特征。同时,分析我国现阶段城市化发展的状况,认为我国的城市化正处于由初期向中期过渡的快速发展阶段。借鉴国外这个时期的特征,结合我国的具体城市化发展情况,提出大力发展中心城市边缘地区新城的建设,并且总结了新城建设的必要性和前瞻性。