中国冻土地下水研究现状与进展综述

冻土地下水系统不仅在寒区水文循环中扮演着重要的角色,同时也在寒区水文过程和地表过程及其科学研究中起到了集蓄、融冻和泄流等至关重要的作用。近几十年随着全球气候变暖及人类活动（寒区工程量）的增加,冻土退化趋势显著,这一过程改变了寒区的水文地质条件,导致地下水动态特征发生显著变化,从而引起一系列的生态环境变化。近些年,诸多学者通过构建水热耦合模型来研究冻土地下水的运动机理、分布状况和季节动态,促进了寒区地下水理论知识的发展,推动了寒区水文地质知识体系的进步。本文主要针对目前我国多年冻土区地下水的研究现状进行了分析、整理、归纳,为进一步研究气候变化下地下水系统的发展与演变,以及对生态环境的影响提供参考依据。     

Permafrost and groundwater on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and in northeast China

The areal extent of permafrost in China has been reduced by about 18.6 % during the last 30 years. Due to the combined influences of climate warming and human activities, permafrost has been degrading extensively, with marked spatiotemporal variability. Distribution and thermal regimes of permafrost and seasonal freeze-thaw processes are closely related to groundwater dynamics. Permafrost degradation and changes in frost action have extensively affected cold-regions hydrogeology. Progress on some research programs on groundwater and permafrost in two regions of China are summarized. On the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and in mountainous northwest China, permafrost is particularly sensitive to climate change, and the permafrost hydrogeologic environment is vulnerable due to the arid climate, lower soil-moisture content, and sparse vegetative coverage, although anthropogenic activities have limited impact. In northeast China, permafrost is thermally more stable due to the moist climate and more organic soils, but the presence or preservation of permafrost is largely dependent on favorable surface coverage. Extensive and increasing human activities in some regions have considerably accelerated the degradation of permafrost, further complicating groundwater dynamics. In summary, permafrost degradation has markedly changed the cold-regions hydrogeology in China, and has led to a series of hydrological, ecological, and environmental problems of wide concern.     

青藏高原多年冻土区地下水及其变化

青藏高原的高海拔多年冻土的分布格局及其动态变化、季节冻结融化作用与地下水的补给、径流和排泄关系密切,对各种尺度的水文地质环境具有控制或重要影响。作为一个隔水层或弱透水层,冻土层在地下水形成、演化、运移和水动力过程方面具有抑制作用,从而对地下水的分布、动态和水循环产生重要影响。而且,冻土可通过其中的水分迁移、冰分凝和地下冰结构重组等方式,形成和改变地下冰储量及地下水动静储量,调节水文地质循环。气候变暖显著和人类活动日益增加,冻土退化显著,已经普遍影响到了高原冻土生态水文地质环境,并引发了一系列水文（地质）、生态和环境问题,亟待系统、长期和细致的观测、试验和模型研究。     

冻结层上水的分布及工程影响研究现状与展望

作为一种多年冻土区的特殊水文地质现象,冻结层上水（或多年冻土层上水）的分布受局地因素的控制,且随活动层的季节性冻融而变化,影响地表水和地下水循环以及多年冻土环境中的水热平衡。多年冻土将冻结层上水限制在一个狭窄的空间内,在暖季冻结层上水侧向和竖向的渗流传热将加剧多年冻土的退化,也会对上覆工程构筑物的稳定运营造成极大威胁。目前关于冻结层上水的研究主要集中在分布特征、变化规律、流量计算、渗流模拟、水热耦合等方面。研究发现：在全球升温背景下,多年冻土退化速率加剧,随着冻土厚度变薄和融区出现,冻结层上水的流量及其与地下水的交换量均发生变化,除了影响局地水文特征外,还与工程病害密切相关,如坡脚积水、路基沉降以及路面裂缝等。以区域分布特征为出发点,对冻结层上水的研究现状进行了归纳和总结,并对其工程影响有关的渗流传热理论研究成果进行了梳理,对今后需要进行深入研究的方向进行了展望。这有助于全面理解冻结层上水在冻土区水文过程中的功能,为相关研究提供了进一步的理论参考。     

云南广南岩溶区水文地质环境地质调查进展

通过开展云南广南1∶5万旧莫幅、董堡幅、马街幅、那洒街幅水文地质环境地质调查工作,查明了区域水文地质条件,进行了地下水系统划分与水资源评价,根据水资源分布及构造条件,查明了工作区主要富水区,并以流域为单元,进行了地下水分区区划;实施了"探采结合井"及地下河开发,服务于地方抗旱成效显著,并总结了应急抗旱找水打井模式;查明了干旱与石漠化是工作区主要环境地质问题。工作的开展为西南岩溶区地下水资源合理开发利用及地质环境综合治理提供了依据。     

Analysis of groundwater flow through low-latitude alpine permafrost by model simulation: a case study in the headwater area of Yellow River on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

Warming climate and thawing permafrost have profound impacts on groundwater flow regimes in cold regions because of the shrinkage or disappearance of the confining unit formed by the permafrost layers and improving hydraulic connections. Numerical simulations of coupled groundwater flow and heat transfer are often used to characterize the changing permafrost hydrogeology. In this study, a number of scenarios for different hydraulic gradients and lake-water depths have been used to simulate the concordant permafrost evolution and groundwater movement using a two-dimensional cylindrical coordinate model at time scales of decades to centuries in response to a warming climate. The model is applied to a representative headwater catchment in the south-central headwater area of the Yellow River on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. The results show that the presence and movement of groundwater and the deeper subpermafrost aquifer can substantially accelerate permafrost degradation, and the disappearance of residual permafrost at depth can result in the sudden establishment of deep groundwater flow paths. All hydrological impacts will become evident after the stabilization of the hydrothermal and flow fields at 100–200 years. The stable discharge rate of groundwater flow varies from 8.0 to 12.4 m³ s⁻¹, and the stable velocity of groundwater flow varies from 1.6 × 10⁻⁷ to 4.4 × 10⁻⁷ m s⁻¹ under different scenarios within the model domain. The modeling results also demonstrate that flow velocity and discharge rate in local groundwater flow systems can be enhanced by an increased hydraulic conductivity, leading to an accelerated degradation of isolated permafrost bodies.

     

Permafrost thaw in a nested groundwater-flow system

Groundwater flow in cold regions containing permafrost accelerates climate-warming-driven thaw and changes thaw patterns. Simulation analyses of groundwater flow and heat transport with freeze/thaw in typical cold-regions terrain with nested flow indicate that early thaw rate is particularly enhanced by flow, the time when adverse environmental impacts of climate-warming-induced permafrost loss may be severest. For the slowest climate-warming rate predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), once significant groundwater flow begins, thick permafrost layers can vanish in several hundred years, but survive over 1,000 years where flow is minimal. Large-scale thaw depends mostly on the balance of heat advection and conduction in the supra-permafrost zone. Surface-water bodies underlain by open taliks allow slow sub-permafrost flow, with lesser influence on regional thaw. Advection dominance over conduction depends on permeability and topography. Groundwater flow around permafrost and flow through permafrost impact thaw differently; the latter enhances early thaw rate. Air-temperature seasonality also increases early thaw. Hydrogeologic heterogeneity and topography strongly affect thaw rates/patterns. Permafrost controls the groundwater/surface-water-geomorphology system; hence, prediction and mitigation of impacts of thaw on ecology, chemical exports and infrastructure require improved hydrogeology/permafrost characterization and understanding.     

Study on Environmental and Hydrological Effects of Thermokarst Lakes in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Thermokarst lake is the most visible morphologic landscape developing during the process of permafrost degradation, and it is still an international hot topic in permafrost research. The climate warming, and the consequent degradation of the permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau aggravate thermokarst lake development. The permafrost is normally considered as an aquiclude, and the permafrost degradation, especially when the permafrost is completely thawed by a thermokarst lake, might influence regional ground water. Therefore, a research program focusing on environmental and hydrological effects of thermokarst lakes in permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was started and supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. The work proposed by the application includes: To analysis the spatial and temporal distribution rule of thermokarst lakes in the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor (QTEC) under the climate change and engineering activities, and to evaluate the ecological environment effects through remote sensing and field investigation; to reveal the main factors influencing a typical thermokarst lake and its hydrothermal condition, and to elucidate the conversion relationship between the thermokarst lake and the groundwater with hydrological and isotope tracer tests; to make an analysis of the influences of different lake stage and size on regional permafrost, hydrological conditions and ecological environment through numerical simulation and statistical modelling, considering the relationships between the thermokarst lake and the ground water level. The research results will help to accurately assess regional permafrost ecological environment evolution and trend prediction, and to reasonably understand the impact factors of the permafrost hydrological evolution and its response mechanism to the ecological environment in the river source regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In this paper, the research status analysis, the main research contents, research objectives and prospects were introduced so as to provide some references for related researchers and engineers.     

青林省含铁地下水的分布与处理措施

本文根据含铁地下水的形成条件将吉林省含铁地下水划分为四个区,并论述了各区的分布特征。综合国内目前各种地下水除铁技术,着重对各除铁系统的方法、基本原理和适用条件以及经济效益等进行了论述。从环境水文地质学的角度,提出了在含铁地下水区寻找低铁地下水的方法,并通过实例验证是可行的。     

Seawater intrusion and coastal aquifer management in China: a review

Seawater intrusion has been an important topic in hydrogeology in China in recent decades. The rapid growth of the population and economy in the coastal regions has been consuming a tremendous amount of groundwater resources and has increased the extent of seawater intrusion. The spatial discrepancy of water resource distribution has caused the studies of seawater intrusion into China to mainly be concentrated on the area around the Bohai Sea in the northern part of China. The total area of seawater-intruded land due to excessive groundwater utilization in the area was estimated to be approximately 2,457 km² in 2003. Great efforts have been made to mitigate the extent of seawater intrusion and to secure more freshwater resources, including building monitoring networks, subsurface barrier and groundwater reservoirs, and artificial infiltration facilities. Management projects over the years were evaluated to satisfy the objectives and to provide valuable experiences for future research and planning. It is expected that the coastal groundwater conditions of the northern region will improve through the development of a national water resource plan, such as the ongoing south-to-north water diversion project.     

Technical Challenges and Engineering Solutions for Gas Pipelines in Permafrost Regions: A Review

Oil and gas pipelines in permafrost regions differ greatly from those in temperate climate zones. People only know that these pipelines were constructed in remote areas with fragile environments. However, gas pipeline engineering, construction, operation and management will face a series of unique problems because of unforgiving environment, special hydrogeology, engineering geology, and freezing and thawing disasters. Being different from the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, Roman Wells Oil Pipeline, China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline from Mo’he to Daqing and Golmud-Lhasa Oil Products Pipeline, natural gas pipelines in permafrost regions face new problems and challenges in many areas including different transporting media, gas flow temperature control and environmental protection. This paper systematically reviewed issues such as chilled transporting processes, coupled hydrothermal-hydraulic-mechanical modeling of the pipe-soil system, temperature overrun in station outage scenarios, engineering constraints of stress-based design, single laying method and low reliability of monitoring system during operating stage. Initial framework solutions were proposed in the hope of identifying new approaches for gas pipeline in northern and upland permafrost regions.     

Analysis of effect of water construction in different phases on groundwater environment

This paper analyses the effect of some water construction in different phases on groundwater environment from several aspects, puts forward reasonable evaluation of groundwater development, and at the same time lists the problems that may arise in environmental hydrogeology. The above analysis and recommendations will have certain reference function to the reasonable development and utilization of groundwater in water construction.     

南方岩溶地区1∶5万水文地质环境地质调查技术要点分析

通过总结南方岩溶地区水文地质环境地质综合调查和地下水开发利用示范6个方面成果,得出南方岩溶地区水文地质环境地质条件具有10个特性:岩溶发育受层组结构类型、地质构造格局和水动力条件等因素控制的综合性,岩溶地下水分布的非均一性,岩溶含水介质由孔、隙、缝、管、洞构成的多重性,岩溶地下水流运动的多相性,岩溶地下水动态变化的剧变性,岩溶水资源时间分布的季节性,干旱与洪涝的交替性,岩溶地下水污染的隐蔽性,岩溶地下水的深埋性,岩溶地下水与生态经济的相关性;论述了对碳酸盐岩层组结构类型、构造演化与岩溶发育期次、岩溶形态组合关系、表层岩溶带、岩溶地下水系统、岩溶地下河、主要环境地质问题和岩溶水资源开发利用条件8个关键科学问题调查研究的技术要点。      

气候变暖对黄河源区生态环境的影响

黄河源区位于多年冻土区,严酷寒冷的气候条件和冻土共同构建成一种特殊的冻结水环境,使地下水类型和水文地质结构均发生变化,与非冻土区有显著的差别,形成特殊的水文地质区。近几十年来,由于全球性气候温变暖,出现大面积冻土退化,以及过度放牧、鼠害加剧等原因,造成草场退化,沙漠化趋势日渐明显,严重地冲击着黄河河源区的水源养涵功能,导致黄河在源头段多次出现断流。通过水平衡计算,探讨了气候变暖对黄河源区多年冻土退化的影响,并阐述了冻结层上水环境变化和人类活动对生态环境的影响。     

多年冻土区天然气管道建设关键技术

多年冻土地区天然气资源丰富,资源勘探开发和天然气外输管道建设日益受到重视。温带地区传统、常规的天然气管道设计、施工、运维方法、技术在多年冻土区遇到很大的挑战。因此,以管道工程设计者的角度,总结多年冻土区天然气管道的设计、施工和项目风险管理3个大项14个子项关键技术,主要包括管土水、热、力耦合系列的管输气冷却技术和传热计算技术,材料、应力系列的管道断裂控制技术和基于应变的管道设计技术,公用配套系列的连续多年冻土接地技术、不连续冻土区阴极保护技术、冻土区站场基础、管道支撑设计技术和建筑物模块化和设备撬装化技术,施工系列的特殊施工装备、冰雪公路修建、低温焊接和焊缝100%检测技术,以及自然环境、社会人文和技术等风险管理技术。希望能够为北极、高山和高原多年冻土区天然气管道建设提供新思路。     

辽宁省地质环境监测网点控制程度浅析

根据辽宁省地质、水文地质、地貌单元特征,结合国民经济建设及现代科技发展进程,辽宁省地质环境监测网点的布设从以地下水环境监测为主,逐步向地质灾害监测方向扩展,监测内容从单一的地下水监测扩展到地质灾害监测.为了满足可持续发展的需要,应随时调整完善全省地质环境监测网点,以国内外最新发展的3S技术为依托,以监测采集的数据为主要信息来源,进行实时环境监测、分析,实现环境监测自动化.     

鄂尔多斯盆地水文地质特征及地下水系统分析

鄂尔多斯盆地是我国西北地区东部的一个大型构造沉积盆地,蕴藏着丰富的矿产资源,是我国正在建设 的重要能源基地;鄂尔多斯盆地同时也是一个巨型地下水盆地,赋存相对丰富的地下水资源,将为能源基地建设提 供重要水源。鄂尔多斯盆地是由多种不同类型岩石上下叠置构成的构造沉积盆地,因此它也是一个由不同含水岩 类的多个含水层系统上下叠置构成的巨型地下水盆地。鄂尔多斯盆地总体上构成一个半开启型的地下水盆地,盆 地内不同含水层系统地下水交替循环的方式和深度不同,以寒武系-奥陶系碳酸盐岩类岩溶含水层系统和白垩系 碎屑岩类孔隙-裂隙含水层系统的交替循环深度较大(可达1200～1800m);新生界松散岩类孔隙含水层系统和 石炭系-侏罗系碎屑岩类裂隙含水层系统的交替循环深度较小(一般小于300m)。鄂尔多斯盆地实际上包含了周 边岩溶地下水、白垩系自流盆地地下水和东部黄土区地下水共3个地下水大系统。在各地下水大系统内,又可根 据各自的地质-水文地质结构特征、地下水循环条件以及和地表水系的关系等,再进一步划分成7个地下水系统 及16个地下水亚系统。文章在对鄂尔多斯盆地的地质-水文地质结构特征和地下水循环条件进行分析的基础 上,对整个盆地地下水系统进行初步分析,为盆地地下     

煤矿(床)水文地质学的研究现状及展望

煤矿(床)水文地质学是研究煤炭资源开发过程中地下水活动规律以及为防止其对采煤工程的不利影响,保护矿区生态环境的一门应用性地质学科,对煤矿安全生产工作具有重要的推动作用。近年来,在保水采煤技术、华北型煤田防治水技术体系、陷落柱发育规律及其治理技术、煤层底板含水层注浆改造保障技术等方面取得了重要进展。随着煤炭开采强度和开采规模的进一步扩大,学科发展面临着诸如老空水及陷落柱探测、矿坑充水条件变化、矿井水患实时评价及治理等重大问题。提出了在学科发展中应优先解决诸如“三高”(高地压、高地温、高水压)地质条件下煤矿突水机理、西部地区煤炭资源开发过程中突水溃砂机理、水资源承载力及其调蓄技术、矿井水资源化及其合理利用研究以及综放开采条件下冒裂带发育规律研究等科学问题。      

深切河谷区开放型岩溶地下水系统特征研究

深切河谷区开放型岩溶地下水系统中水文地质条件复杂、生态环境脆弱,地下找水难度大。本文以贵州息烽养龙司地区乌江深切峡谷的斜坡地带地下水系统为研究场,以岩溶地质学、水文地质学、生态环境学和工程统计学等为指导,以地质调查、地球物理勘探和钻探为手段进行资料和数据的采集,总结了该类岩溶地下水系统中岩溶发育和地下水赋存的基本特征,揭示了流域内生态环境脆弱的本质,以及找水成井率低下的原因,提出了岩溶水合理开发利用的方向。     

“水文地质与水资源调查计划”进展

为服务生态文明建设和自然资源管理,促进山水林田湖草沙生命共同体健康协调,中国地质调查局组织开展以流域为单元的全国水文地质与水资源调查,重点部署了国家地下水监测工程运行维护、全国地下水位统测、全国地下水资源评价、重点地区水平衡研究、水文地质与水资源智慧服务系统建设、服务脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴等工作任务。2019年以来主要取得七方面进展,包括研究编制了基于生态优先理念涵盖大气水、地表水、地下水、海洋水的《地质调查支撑服务水资源管理总体设计》,引领了地质调查转型发展;高效运行国家地下水监测工程,数据对外实现全面共享服务,有力支撑了自然资源、水利、生态环境和科研等领域地下水管理与研究研究;建立了较完善的全国地下水位统测网络,统测点达5.6万个,准确掌握区域地下水流场年度变化;建立了全国地下水年度调查监测评价工作机制,实现地下水资源量、储存量及变化量年度出数;探索开展海河流域等重点地区水平衡研究,掌握了区域水平衡状况、人类活动影响下的水资源变化过程及其互馈机制;搭建全国水文地质与水资源智慧服务平台,初步建立多要素的全国水文地质与水资源数据库,研发了地下水资源在线评价系统;高质量完成扶贫找水任务,有力支撑服务了脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴。