Evaporative Heat Transfer of Annular Two-phase Flow of Air-water in a Small Vertical Tube

The evaporative heat transfer of the non-boiling annular two-phase flow of air-water in a small vertical tube with uniform wall heat flux was studied both theoretically and experimentally. A simplified two-phase flow boundary layer model was used to calculate the thickness of the water film attached to the wall, and from the liquid film thickness the evaporative heat transfer coefficients of the annular two-phase flow were obtained. Theoretical equations and semi-theoretical equations were proposed for predicting the evaporative heat transfer of the annular two-phase flow of air-water in a small vertical tube. The semi-theoretical prediction agrees well with the experimental data. The mechanism of the heat transfer enhancement is the evaporation of the thin liquid film attached on the wall.     

THEORETICAL SIMULATION OF HIGHLY EFFECTIVE COOLING WITH AN EVAPORATING ANNULAR FLOW IN A VERTICAL TUBE

A new concept is proposed for the highly effective cooling of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) using the downward annular two-phase flow of high-speed air and subcooled water in a small vertical tube. Numerical simulations based on the two-phase flow boundary layer model are performed to investigate the heat and mass transfer characteristics of the annular flow with uniform heat flux at the tube wall. The coupled heat transfer due to evaporation and convection and the effects of various relevant parameters on the temperature profiles on the wall and of the gas core are studied. It is shown that annular two-phase flow of air and subcooled water in a small vertical tube can provide high heat transfer rate through the evaporation of the water film, while still maintaining low wall temperature. This cooling method is found to be encouraging for use in the highly effective cooling of PEMFC.     

相分离概念调控水平管分层流流型

冷凝传热广泛存在于各种冷凝器中,传统冷凝管内厚液膜将蒸汽与冷壁面隔开,是恶化冷凝传热的根本原因。提出采用非能动相分离概念,在冷凝管内设置柱状金属丝网,管壁与丝网之间形成环形间隙。液体在表面张力作用下被捕获到丝网内,气相在环隙内流动,使气液相分布与传热协同。为验证这一新颖学术思想,开展空气-水两相流实验,获得相分离概念调控水平管内分层流实验结果。发现当水平管内具有一定液位高度时,全部液体被捕获到网内流动,管壁完全被气相覆盖,实现“气托液”模式。水平管内液位较低时,部分液体被捕获至丝网内,气相与管壁接触面积增大。按以上相分离方法对分层流的调控,在发生冷凝传热时,预期可实现高强度冷凝传热。     

重力对垂直相分离冷凝管内流型调控的影响

随着重力的降低,冷凝换热性能急剧恶化,特别在微重力条件下,流型与传热极不协同,所需的冷凝长度要比地面常规重力情况大一个数量级。基于非能动相分离概念的适用于不同重力条件的新型相分离冷凝管,促进了流型与传热的协同,极大强化了冷凝换热。在地面常规重力、小重力和微重力情况下,数值研究了新型冷凝管内垂直上升的空气-水两相流型的调控过程。通过研究得出:在三种不同重力条件下,均呈现“气在壁面,液在中心”的全新分布模式,特别是在微重力情况下,环隙区域内完全被气体占据,液体完全在核心区域内流动;重力越小,调控后液膜厚度减小幅度越大,特别在微重力条件下,减薄到1/32;重力越小,调控后薄液膜主导的冷凝换热量提高幅度越大,特别在微重力条件下,调控后提高到57.4倍,极大地强化了冷凝换热。总体来说,重力越小,流型调控过程越有利于强化冷凝换热。     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF HIGHLY EFFECTIVE COOLING WITH AN EVAPORATING ANNULAR FLOW IN A SMALL VERTICAL TUBE

An experimental study was performed to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of the non-boiling annular two-phase flow of nitrogen gas and subcooled water through a small vertical heated tube with uniform wall heat flux. The experimental results were compared with the numerical calculations based on the two-phase flow boundary layer model. The experimental data show that the annular two-phase flow of nitrogen gas and subcooled water in a small vertical tube can provide quite high heat transfer ability, while wall temperatures lie in a low range even if at quite high wall heat fluxes. In particular, the highest values of the wall temperatures are insensitive to the change of flowing and heating conditions. This characteristic is quite suitable for highly effective cooling of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells.     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF HIGHLY EFFECTIVE COOLING WITH AN EVAPORATING ANNULAR FLOW IN A SMALL VERTICAL TUBE

An experimental study was performed to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of the non-boiling annular two-phase flow of nitrogen gas and subcooled water through a small vertical heated tube with uniform wall heat flux. The experimental results were compared with the numerical calculations based on the two-phase flow boundary layer model. The experimental data show that the annular two-phase flow of nitrogen gas and subcooled water in a small vertical tube can provide quite high heat transfer ability, while wall temperatures lie in a low range even if at quite high wall heat fluxes. In particular, the highest values of the wall temperatures are insensitive to the change of flowing and heating conditions. This characteristic is quite suitable for highly effective cooling of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells.     

MODELING OF HEAT TRANSFER OF UPWARD ANNULAR FLOW IN VERTICAL TUBES

This article presents the modeling of heat transfer of upward annular flow in a smooth tube and a spirally internally ribbed tube. First, analytical models of two-phase flow dynamics and heat transfer of annular flow in flow boiling were derived from the liquid film momentum and energy equations for smooth tubes. Combined with empirical correlations for liquid droplet entrainment and deposition rates in annular flow, modeling of heat transfer of upward annular flow in the smooth tube was conducted. The predicted heat transfer coefficients of annular flow agree with the experimental results very well for the smooth tube. Based on the heat transfer model for smooth tubes, a simplified annular flow heat transfer model for the spirally internally ribbed tube was proposed by modifying the interfacial friction factor. The predicted heat transfer coefficients by the modified heat transfer model for the spirally internally ribbed tube agree with the experimental results to some extent. It is suggested that the heat transfer model for the spirally ribbed tube be further improved by modifying the correlations for liquid droplet entrainment and deposition rates in annular flow, which should describe the feature of annular flow in the spirally internally ribbed tube. Extensive experimental data are needed for this purpose.     

竖直管降膜蒸发器流动与传热过程的数值模拟

针对竖直管降膜蒸发器的技术特点,在计算流体力学和传热学理论分析基础上,采用FLUENT软件,运用自定义函数(UDF)编写传质源项,对降膜蒸发器的加热管内液体沿壁面呈膜状下降流动并受热汽化过程进行了三维数值模拟研究,模拟采用Mixture两相流层流模型,Simple算法。模拟结果以3D形式表现了液体沿运动方向在管壁发展成膜的过程,并将模拟得到的液膜厚度与理论计算得到的液膜厚度进行了比较。模拟结果表明,竖直降膜蒸发器加热管具有液膜薄,均匀性好的特点,管表面容易形成柱状流,液膜厚度为1.0 mm。     

MODELING OF HEAT TRANSFER OF UPWARD ANNULAR FLOW IN VERTICAL TUBES

This article presents the modeling of heat transfer of upward annular flow in a smooth tube and a spirally internally ribbed tube. First, analytical models of two-phase flow dynamics and heat transfer of annular flow in flow boiling were derived from the liquid film momentum and energy equations for smooth tubes. Combined with empirical correlations for liquid droplet entrainment and deposition rates in annular flow, modeling of heat transfer of upward annular flow in the smooth tube was conducted. The predicted heat transfer coefficients of annular flow agree with the experimental results very well for the smooth tube. Based on the heat transfer model for smooth tubes, a simplified annular flow heat transfer model for the spirally internally ribbed tube was proposed by modifying the interfacial friction factor. The predicted heat transfer coefficients by the modified heat transfer model for the spirally internally ribbed tube agree with the experimental results to some extent. It is suggested that the heat transfer model for the spirally ribbed tube be further improved by modifying the correlations for liquid droplet entrainment and deposition rates in annular flow, which should describe the feature of annular flow in the spirally internally ribbed tube. Extensive experimental data are needed for this purpose.     

新型外分液结构调控水平管间歇流流型

相变传热广泛存在于换热领域,而两相流中的厚液膜是恶化相变传热的根本原因。提出在换热管壁面设计新型网状外分液结构,利用金属网进行间歇流气液非能动相分离,从而调控流型、强化传热。通过搭建空气-水水平管冷态实验台,证实当间歇流经过外分液结构时,气体在表面张力作用下被金属网孔拦截,液桥和厚液膜则被分离出换热管,使管内液相减少,气相汇聚,有效增大气相与管壁的接触概率;多级分液后气液两相长度比呈振荡上升,甚至将间歇流调控为分层流。减小液速或增大气速,分液效果越好,间歇流最终转变为分层流所需经历的外分液级数越少,预期此结构可显著提高相变传热效果。     

竖直管外气液逆流环状降膜速度与温度分布

建立了竖直管外环状降膜气液逆流传热传质条件下稳态层流降膜一维速度分布和二维温度分布模型,以及膜厚和降膜表面热通量的数值计算方法。表面热通量的模型计算值与实验值在气体Reynolds数Re_g<1200的范围内吻合较好,表明基于界面摩擦因子求解模型的方法在两相均为层流条件下是可靠的。模型显示了降膜速度分布和温度分布的非线性特征,降膜表面附近陡降的温度梯度表明,减小膜厚是强化降膜传热传质过程的有效途径。     

Numerical study on falling film flowing characteristics of R113 inside vertical tube under different structural conditions

To develop an appropriate falling film evaporation device for organic fluid cogeneration, a numerical study on the gas–liquid two-phase counter-current flow characteristics of R113 inside a vertical tube under different structural conditions was conducted using the Fluent software. The effects of the tube length, tube diameter, and annular gap on the falling film flow characteristics were determined, respectively. The results indicated that under a certain spray density, the falling film thickness in the region of the steady section was almost constant with different structural parameters for the tube diameter, tube length, and annular gap. In addition, a smaller tube diameter resulted in a steadier film flow. When the tube diameter decreased to a specific value, the film thickness showed a uniform distribution along the wall surface. This indicated that a best falling tube diameter exists. Meanwhile, the film fluctuation was enhanced with an increase in the tube length. When the tube length was greater than 1.2 m, the falling film splashed and could not completely wet the wall surface. The film fluctuation was enhanced by decreasing the annular gap, and the film could not be formed when the annular gap was smaller than 1.2 mm.     

矩形微通道中环状冷凝的三维数值模拟

建立了恒热流边界条件下矩形微通道中环状冷凝过程的三维模型。通过求解气相和弯月面区动量和质量方程及薄液膜厚度方程,得到了弯月面毛细半径分布、冷凝液膜厚度分布,以及传热系数和壁面温度分布。薄液膜区液膜将沿程逐渐增厚,到达一极值后再逐渐变薄。在通道截面中,薄液膜区的传热系数大于弯月面,最大局部传热系数及壁面最高温度皆位于薄液膜区和弯月面的连接处。[JP2]在冷凝起始段,通道横截面平均传热系数沿程急剧减小至一极值;在此之后的很长一段距离内,则基本保持不变;[JP]直至接近环状冷凝终点时又再次沿程减小。     

水平微翅管内环状流两相强制对流蒸发换热的计算模型

对水平微翅管内的环状流流动和换热特性进行了分析.考虑微翅管内环状流液膜中的扰动和二次流的作用,借用粗糙管速度分布和摩擦相似函数建立了水平微翅管内环状流两相强制对流蒸发换热系数的预测模型.理论计算值与实验数据相比较,结果较令人满意.     

新型液体管外降膜布膜装置的实验研究

在吸收器内改善换热管的布膜效果,可以显著提高吸收器的传热传质系数。基于此提出了一种新型垂直管外布膜装置,并进行了实验研究和理论分析。考察了液体布膜装置的环隙内径,螺旋沟槽通道的数目、结构参数的选择,及其对布膜效果的影响。实验结果表明:液体布膜装置的最佳环隙间距为0.6—1.0 mm,螺旋沟槽的数目3—5个,螺旋沟槽的横截面积根据管径的大小和壁厚在1—4 mm2中选择,可以快速均匀地布膜。利用实验数据回归了液体在螺旋沟槽通道内的流量系数和雷诺数的关联式。     

垂直管气液两相环状流界面扰动波频率特性

气液两相环状流的相界面存在扰动波,波动频率是描述环状流界面扰动波特性的关键参数,对环状流的传质传热研究有重要参考价值。利用近红外光的吸收特性,设计了液膜检测装置,采用垂直对射光路设计,并通过置入式导光管屏蔽一侧液膜和气芯夹带液滴,实现了对环状流局部液膜的非接触式检测。在此基础上对界面扰动波进行了频域分析,运用功率谱密度估计,对50 mm管径竖直上升管环状流界面扰动波波动频率进行了定量研究,得到0.1～0.8 MPa不同压强条件下,共70个流动条件的环状流界面扰动波频率值。利用实验结果对现有模型进行验证分析,在此基础上利用Strouhal数描述液相流动条件的影响,利用Froude数描述气相流动条件的影响,建立了预测环状流界面扰动波波动频率的St-Fr模型,经实验数据验证预测的平均绝对误差（MAE）为11.42%。     

新型闭式冷却塔传热传质的实验研究

建立了椭圆管式闭式冷却塔的实验测试平台,通过改变管内水进口温度和流量、空气质量流量、空气干湿球温度、喷淋水流量等以测试其传热性能,采用Poppe和Dreybal的假设处理数据,得到了管外水膜对流传热系数和水膜与空气传质系数,实验结果表明:水膜传热系数是空气质量流量和喷淋水温度的函数,与已知文献中Mizushina,Ni...     

竖直窄矩形通道内环状流的流动传热特性

为了研究竖直窄矩形通道内环状流的流动传热特性,建立了窄矩形通道内环状流的数学物理模型,并进行了实验验证。通过数值求解环状流的数学物理模型得到了环状流区域的压降梯度、沸腾传热系数和液膜内的速度分布。结果表明窄矩形通道内的环状流模型能够很好地预测环状流区域的压降梯度和沸腾传热系数,而且环状流液膜内速度在法向的分布是非线性的,在层流边界层区速度梯度较大。热通量和窄矩形通道的尺寸对液膜的流速有很大影响,随热通量的增加和窄矩形通道尺寸的减小液膜的流速逐渐增加,然而质量流速对液膜流速的影响较小,而且随质量流速的增加液膜的速度逐渐减小。     

Study of an air-lift system,Part II: Heat transfer in co-current,vertical two-phase,non-boiling flows

Heat transfer at the inner wall for co-current vertical air-water mixture flow has been investigated in a 161.5 mm diameter pumping tube of an air-lift system. The experimental heat transfer coefficients were found to be significantly higher than those calculated from a single liquid phase correlation for the same liquid flow rate. The enhancement of heat transfer was found to be related to the flow pattern. A decrease of the heat transfer coefficient was observed in the transition region from slug flow to churn flow. Hydrodynamic and heat transfer models have been used to describe heat transfer during the slug flow regime and a correlation is proposed for the heat transfer coefficient in the liquid plug behind the gas bubble.     

Prediction of pressure drop and void-fraction in annular two-phase flows

The polynomial vvelocity profile due to Pai (1953), applicable to transition and turbulent conditions in single phase flow, has been used to solve the equations of two-phase annular flow with appropriate matching conditions at the interface and at the boundaries. The results obtained enable one to predict the pressure drop and the void-fraction, when the interfacial friction factor is specified. Entrainment of the liquid in the core of the flowing gas has been taken into account by using the empirical relation of Hutchinson and Whalley (1973). It has been shown that the theory provides results in agreement with horizontal tube and vertical tube adiabatic flow data, in addition to predicting the liquid film thickness accurately.