黏弹性管道中气液两相瞬变流实验及模型

为了给管道安全设计提供建议,以及使基于瞬变流理论的管道故障检测技术在黏弹性输水管道中得以应用,对黏弹性管道中气液两相瞬变流进行研究.首先,在重力流有机玻璃管道中进行快关阀气液两相瞬变流实验.其次,以离散蒸汽空腔模型(DVCM)和离散气体空腔模型(DGCM)为基础,用体积含气率对瞬变流波速进行修正,建立两个将非稳定摩阻和管壁黏弹性影响考虑在内的一维气液两相瞬变流模型.实验和模型结果表明:在初始流型为泡状流的低压系统中,DVCM能准确模拟实验波速,而DGCM求得的平均波速值比实验波速大.在模拟初始流型为泡状流的瞬变流时,DVCM模拟结果与实验值吻合得很好,而DGCM模拟结果的最大峰值更大,对管道设计来讲更为安全;在气液两相瞬变流过程中,气体的可压缩性使得管壁的黏弹性效应对压力的衰减作用大为削弱,导致非稳定摩阻的影响不可忽略,且由于气体存在使得整个瞬变流过程中压力衰减变慢.     

考虑动态摩阻的水柱分离弥合水锤Godunov模型

长距离输水管道水力瞬变过程中水体压强达到汽化压强时,将会发生水柱分离现象,水柱弥合将产生异常高压,导致管路振动、变形甚至爆管事故。已有的水柱分离弥合水锤数学模型主要采用特征线法(Method of characteristics, MOC)计算,并且很少考虑动态摩阻引起的能量衰减。为提高水柱分离弥合水锤现象的计算精确度和稳定性,基于有限体积法二阶Godunov格式,建立了考虑动态摩阻的离散气体空穴模型(Discrete gas cavity model, DGCM)。为实现管道边界和内部单元的统一计算,提出虚拟边界的处理方法。将该模型模拟结果与实验数据以及已有的稳态摩阻模型的计算结果进行比较,并对网格数、压力修正系数等参数敏感性进行分析。结果表明,本模型能够准确模拟出纯水锤、水柱分离弥合水锤两种情况下瞬变压力,与实验数据基本一致;考虑动态摩阻的瞬态压力计算值与实验数据更吻合;与MOC相比,当库朗数小于1.0时,有限体积法二阶Godunov模型计算结果更准确、更稳定;尤其是,压力修正系数取值0.9及较密网格时数学模型能更为准确地再现实验结果。     

水平突变管内油水两相流数值模拟

采用计算流体力学中VOF模型对水平突扩管和突缩管内油水两相流进行数值模拟,两相流中原油为中质稠油并且含水率较高,从50%到80%不等。结果表明,不同含水率油水两相流在突扩管和突缩管内主要为水包油流型,在管径突变处压力波动变化明显,但含水率从50%变化到80%时对压力变化趋势影响较小。得到的不同含水率油水两相流在突变管径管道中的流动规律,可为原油集输管网油水两相流混输问题提供参考。     

Theoretical model for removal of volatile organic compound (VOC) air pollutant in trickling biofilter

Low concentration VOC waste gas and effluvial gas, emitted from the organic chemical plant, coal chemical plant, latex regeneration plant, paint spray booth, etc., have greatly polluted the at-mosphere and harmed people抯 health. The recovery of low concentration VOC waste gas is val-ueless and its treatment is very difficult and expensive. Therefore, the treatment of VOC waste gas is one of the difficult problems in environmental protection. The biological treatment technology of VOC was…     

分体冷却变压器的有限元二维热学模型仿真与分析

在大城市中,建立地下变电站多采用分体冷却变压器,然而目前针对分体冷却变压器的散热问题研究很少。采用有限元法对分体变压器温度场进行仿真计算。利用FLUENT软件建立了简化的分体冷却变压器二维模型,基于二维模型仿真计算得到的变压器温度场数据,并与试验测量数据进行对比,验证了二维模型仿真计算的有效性。分析了变压器上下油管壁厚和环境温度对温度的影响,为结构优化提供参考。     

自激式除尘脱硫装置流场的数值模拟

利用Fluent软件对SXJ-Ⅱ-L-6T型自激式除尘脱硫装置内的三维二相流场进行数值模拟,气相采用标准k-ε湍流模型,颗粒相采用离散相模型(DPM),选择SIMPLEC算法进行计算。分析了装置内气固二相的速度矢量、压力以及固相颗粒的运动轨迹等参数的分布。分析结果表明,气体流经双层交错式挡板时产生明显压降,同时,双层交错式挡板也延长了气体在塔装置内停留时间,从而实现高效净化气体的目的。     

Computational modeling of cavitating flows in liquid nitrogen by an extended transport-based cavitation model

Developing a robust computational strategy to address the rich physical characteristic involved in the thermodynamic effects on the cryogenic cavitation remains a challenge in research. The objective of the present study is to focus on developing modelling strategy to simulate cavitating flows in liquid nitrogen. For this purpose, numerical simulation over a 2D quarter caliber hydrofoil is investigated by calibrating cavitation model parameters and implementing the thermodynamic effects to the Zwart cavitation model. Experimental measurements of pressure and temperature are utilized to validate the extensional Zwart cavitation model. The results show that the cavitation dynamics characteristic under the cryogenic environment are different from that under the isothermal conditions: the cryogenic case yields a substantially shorter cavity around the hydrofoil, and the predicted pressure and temperature inside the cavity are steeper under the cryogenic conditions. Compared with the experimental data, the computational predictions with the modified evaporation and condensation parameters display better results than the default parameters from the room temperature liquids. Based on a wide range of computations and comparisons, the extensional Zwart cavitation model may predict more accurately the quasi-steady cavitation over a hydrofoil in liquid nitrogen by primarily altering the evaporation rate near the leading edge and the condensation rate in the cavity closure region.     

贴壁双海底管道绕流研究

针对单向水流作用下双海底管道绕流问题,基于N-S方程和标准k-ε紊流模型,对2管间距在1D < Ls < 10D情况下的双海底管道绕流时均水动力场进行计算模拟,得到不同断面的流速分布, 与试验结果比较接近;应用模拟手段分析间隔内涡旋特征随间隔比的变化规律,并对各管两端压差随间隔变化规律进行探讨,发现在10D范围内, 上游管压差远大于下游管压差,上游管更易于冲刷和悬空。     

Developed ‘laminar’ bubbly flow with non-uniform bubble sizes

Bubbles with different sizes have different dynamic and kinetic behavior in a two-phase bubbly flow. A common two-fluid model based on the uniform bubble size assumption is not suitable for a bubbly flow with non-uniform bubble sizes. To deal with non-uniform bubbly flows, a multi-fluid model is established, with which bubbles are divided into several groups according to their sizes and a set of basic equations is derived for each group of bubbles with almost the same size. Through analyzing the bubble-bubble and bubble-pipe wall interactions, two new constitutive laws for the wall-force and pressure difference between the liquid phase and interface are developed to close the averaged basic equations. The respective phase distributions for each group of bubbles measured by a specially designed three-dimensional photographic method are used to check the model. Comparison between model-predicted values and experimental data shows that the model can describe laminar bubbly flow with non-uniform bubble sizes     

液氢和液氮绕水翼空化流动特性分析

为分析液氢和液氮两种低温流体介质的空化特性,通过对CFX软件二次开发,将Schnerr-Sauer空化模型和液氮、液氢随温度变化的物性参数嵌入到CFX求解代码中,同时耦合求解考虑汽化潜热影响的能量方程,从而在考虑热力学效应条件下,开展了液氢和液氮绕水翼空化流动的三维数值模拟研究,并将计算结果与试验数据进行对比,验证了数值方法的有效性.计算结果表明,热力学效应对液氢空化区域压力和温度参数变化影响更显著,在液氮空化核心区域内液相体积分数比液氢中的更小,在空泡尾部闭合区域从汽相向液相转化迅速.汽-液两相间质量传输特性可作为评估空化区域内温度、压力以及相体积分数分布的有效依据.     

水平管内汽液两相流流型及换热特性数值模拟

为研究水平管内相变汽液两相流动流型变化,使用VOF模型和RSM湍流模型对其进行了数值模拟,分析了水平管内对流换热、压降及流型的变化．模拟结果表明:VOF模型和RSM湍流模型可用于模拟两相流流型中的泡状流、分层流、波状流、弹状流以及环状流;模拟结果与Mandhane流型图基本吻合;对流换热系数及压降与已有关联式吻合较好．     

径向直叶片湿式风机内气固两相流的数值模拟

利用FLUENT软件中离散相模型(DPM)和混合模型对径向直叶片湿式风机内部三维两相流场进行模拟.分析风机内部的气固二相的浓度、体积分数、速度矢量和压力等参数的分布,比较两模型在此次模拟中的优缺点.模拟结果表明,在入口粉尘浓度很低的情况下,固相颗粒的浓度分布与气流流向大致相符.DPM模型颗粒相浓分布和混合模型颗粒相体积分数分布的趋势基本一致.DPM模型在反映浓度局部分布时更加精确,而混合模型在描述整个流场的浓度分布时更加完整.模拟结果对径向直叶片湿式风机气、液、固三相流场和除尘机理的研究有指导意义.     

裂缝性气水两相地层井筒组合数值模拟

气水井试井对天然气开发具有重大意义。借助数值模拟方法了解地下气流和水流的变化，对于提高采收率是极为重要的。通常的数值模拟中仅考虑了储层的渗流动态，而把井筒视为线汇处理，这不能准确的反映出井筒和储层之间的相互影响。建立了气水两相组合模型，借助有限体积法导出了组合模型的离散方程，并讨论了求解的边界条件。实算表明了这种方法能更有效地反映出试井过程中的各种现象。     

Study on two-phase countercurrent flow and transport phenomenon in PEM of a direct methanol fuel cell

The direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), which allows the direct use of an aqueous methanol solution as the fuel and air (O2) as the oxidant, is a further development of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). It seems to be the most attractively al-ternative power source for environmentally benign vehicles in the 21st century in view of its all merits, such as its simplicity from systems point of view and its potential infra-structure capability for fuel distribution. The research on…     

Numerical simulation of air-water two-phase flow over stepped spillways

Stepped spillways for significant energy dissipation along the chute have gained interest and popularity among researchers and dam engineers. Due to the com- plexity of air-water two-phase flow over stepped spillways, the finite volume computational fluid dynamics module of the FLUENT software was used to simulate the main characteristics of the flow. Adopting the RNG k-ε turbulence model, the mixture flow model for air-water two-phase flow was used to simulate the flow field over stepped spillway with the PISO arithmetic technique. The numerical result successfully reproduced the complex flow over a stepped spillway of an experiment case, including the interaction between entrained air bubbles and cavity recirculation in the skimming flow regime, velocity distribution and the pressure profiles on the step surface as well. The result is helpful for under-standing the detailed information about energy dissipation over stepped spillways.     

液体管道瞬变流摩阻的计算方法

在液体管道瞬变流计算中,传统的拟恒定摩阻模型不能准确描述瞬变流的真实物理现象.多年来人们一直在研究瞬变流摩阻的精确表达式和计算方法.总结了液体管道中瞬变流摩阻的计算方法,着重阐述了瞬变流非恒定摩阻问题的主要研究成果,介绍了几类有重要价值的非恒定摩阻模型及相应的应用范围,并给出了各类模型进行数值计算的思路,最后通过算例验证了非恒定摩阻模型比传统的拟恒定摩阻模型能更精确地模拟液体管道瞬变流压力波的衰减和波形畸变.     

Effects of bending on heat transfer performance of axial micro-grooved heat pipe

Heat pipe is always bent in the typical application of electronic heat dissipation at high heat flux, which greatly affects its heat transfer performance. The capillary limit of heat transport in the bent micro-grooved heat pipes was analyzed in the vapor pressure drop, the liquid pressure drop and the interaction of the vapor with wick fluid. The bent heat pipes were fabricated and tested from the bending angle, the bending position and the bending radius. The results show that temperature difference and thermal resistance increase while the heat transfer capacity of the heat pipe decreases, with the increase of the bending angles and the bending position closer to the vapor section. However, the effects of bending radius can be ignored. The result agrees well with the predicted equations.     

饱和粘土中球孔扩张问题弹塑性解析

为了研究静力触探试验及沉桩扩孔等工程问题,基于修正剑桥模型,推导了不排水条件下球孔扩张问题的半解析解。将扩张球孔周围土体分为临界状态区、塑性区以及弹性区三个区域。弹性区内,利用弹性理论得到应力和孔隙水压力的解答;临界状态区及塑性区内,利用相关联的流动法则、拉格朗日分析法建立了关于应力的一阶非线性常微分方程组,以弹塑性界面处的应力分量作为初值,求解微分方程组可得到应力和孔隙水压力的解答。研究结果表明：各向同性超固结比对扩孔压力、土体应力、超孔隙水压力以及塑性区范围均具有显著影响,且扩孔过程中土体剪切模量并非常量,其随扩孔半径、各向同性超固结比的变化而变化;同时通过与已有解答进行比较,对本文方法的可靠性进行了验证。     

油气田高压三通管件冲蚀磨损研究

为准确掌握高压三通管件在不同工况下管内多相流的流动规律以及冲蚀磨损破坏情况,在高压管汇材料冲蚀磨损试验的基础上,应用计算流体力学方法及FLUNT软件建立了适合于水力压裂工况的液固两相流数学模型及冲蚀计算模型,得到了在不同流动方式下,三通管件内液相及固体粒子的流动规律以及三通管件冲蚀磨损的分布规律,研究结果可以为油气田高压管汇的设计、制造、重点部位的监测等安全防护技术提供参考依据。     

真空排污管内多相流动阻力特征研究

管道内阻力计算有利于优化设计排污系统中管径及动力设备,对提高黑水、污泥等非牛顿流管道输送的安全性、经济性具有重要指导意义.在分析真空管道内污水运动状态基础上,推导了排污管道内气体-非牛顿流体两相流动摩阻压降梯度计算的通用关系式.通过算例探讨了管道内阻力随气流量和输送黑水的变化规律.