临界条件(0℃)下溶液蒸发冷冻过程中的传质规律

通过对相际间力学特性的分析,结合湍流的流动特征,考虑了冰体存在孔隙和毛细作用,给出了临界条件(0℃)湿度差驱动下溶液蒸发冷冻过程中的质扩散分析模型,并对溶液在不同状态下(液态、液固共存和固态)气流界面间的质扩散变化规律进行了研究,结果表明,随着溶液从液态向固态的转变,其表面质扩散系数逐渐减小,即表面质扩散能力逐渐减弱,因此,对于溶液自身蒸发冻结过程而言,为了强化溶液表面的质传递和冻结,应控制冻结过程中溶液表面的结冰状况。这一研究结果为蒸发冷冻传质的研究以及强化蒸发冻结的工程应用提供了理论指导和参考。     

强制气流作用下溶液蒸发过程的传质规律

针对强制气流作用下溶液的蒸发过程,在分析气液相间力学特性的基础上,根据Levich涡流衰减理论和边界层理论,将气流流动状态与相间传质结合,研究了湍流气流横掠液面过程中气液相间的传质变化规律,分析了雷诺数、气流流道结构及普朗特混合长度对传质的影响,得到了气液相间的湍流质扩散系数的变化规律,湍流气流横掠液面条件下的对流传质准则数Sh=0.221Sc1/3Rex1/2. 结果表明,湍流扩散系数、传质系数与气流的流动状态密切相关,气流流道结构对气液相间的传质有重要影响.     

气液降膜流动中液相速度波动及其传质研究

为了研究降膜流动的动力学性质及其对气液传质过程的影响,在气液逆流的不同气液流动条件下采用激光多普勒(1aser Doppler anemometer,简称LDA)测量了降膜流动的液相速度分布和瞬时速度波动.和以往假定液膜外侧为自由表面,液膜表面处剪切力为零的Nusselt模型进行了比较,LDA测量结果表明气液逆流时降膜流动的最大液相速度出现在液膜表面之内,并且是以近界面区域的速度波动为特征的流动.在相同的降膜装置中进行了乙醇稀溶液的解吸实验,液相传质系数的实验测量值是渗透理论预测值的1～2倍.实验结果表明液相界面区域的速度波动加快了气液界面的表面更新速率,减小了传质阻力,强化了气液界面的传质过程.考虑液膜波动特征对气液接触情况的影响,从气液两相接触时间的角度出发,修正了渗透理论对液相平均传质系数的预测,预测结果和实验结果相吻合.     

立式蒸发式冷凝器传热传质的CFD模拟

基于VOF算法,建立了立式蒸发式冷凝器气-液两相顺流传热传质的计算模型.根据CFD模型,计算了在不同气、液相进口条件下,管壁温度的分布、气-液相界面处潜热和显热换热量的关系,模拟得到的管壁温度分布与实验数据吻合很好.计算结果表明,降低进口空气的相对湿度、增大气相流速或者液相流量,都可增强气-液相间热质交换的剧烈程度;气-液相界面处的换热主要形式是由于水蒸发引起的潜热换热,占80%以上,它远远大于由于温度梯度而引起的显热换热量;气-液相界面处的蒸发潜热主要受空气的相对湿度影响,其次是气相流速和液相流量.     

盐水液滴降压蒸发析盐过程传热传质特性

针对单个盐水(NaCl溶液)液滴在降压环境下蒸发析盐的传热传质过程建立了数学模型。模型考虑了多孔盐壳在液滴表面的形成过程,降压过程引起的气流运动,液核通过多孔介质的传质扩散,以及液滴表面的蒸发换热和对流换热。将实验数据与计算结果对比,验证了模型的有效性。通过模型计算获得了液滴表面温度及液滴质量随时间的变化。结果表明盐水液滴在降压环境下蒸发析盐过程的温度变化分为4个阶段:温度骤降阶段、温度回升阶段、平衡温度阶段和温度上升阶段。平衡温度阶段,盐壳界面运动较慢,随蒸发进行,液核尺寸逐渐减小,盐壳界面运动速度加快。理论分析了环境压力对盐水液滴蒸发析盐过程的影响,环境压力越低,平衡温度越低,盐分完全析出时间越短。     

水体中腐殖酸的气一液界面行为研究

用双驱动动态膜压仪研究腐殖酸在天然水体气 -液界面的物理化学行为 ,通过气 -液界面膜的研究发现腐殖酸富集在气 -液界面 ,存在着表面超量 ,其表面超量与水体中腐殖酸的含量有关 ,利用这个方法有望简化水体中腐殖酸含量的测定方法。     

表面活性剂的酸碱度对甲烷水合物生成的影响

针对甲烷水合物的快速制备,在初始压力7MPa和恒温2℃条件下采用脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠(AES)阴离子表面活性剂和烷基多糖苷(APG1214)非离子表面活性,通过改变表面活性剂溶液的酸碱性,观察不同pH值对水合物的促进能力,并以表面活性剂分子吸附理论为基础进行分析。结果表明,在pH=3强酸条件下,水合物在气-液界面处先形成晶核,阻碍了气液继续接触,储气密度最低;在pH=11强碱性条件下,晶核在固-液界面处成核,水合物生成速率最高,储气密度最大。     

氧化–还原响应型表面活性剂的研究进展

近年来,环境刺激响应型表面活性剂的研究因其智能可控的表/界面性能引起了广泛关注。氧化-还原反应是一种与生命息息相关的过程,将其作为刺激来调控表面活性剂的表/界面活性激发了人们极大的兴趣。本文综述了二茂铁类、双硫键类和含硒类氧化-还原响应型表面活性剂的研究进展,分析了氧化-还原刺激对这些表面活性剂表面张力、临界胶束浓度、在溶液中的聚集行为,以及在液-固、液-液、气-液界面上吸附等性能的影响。     

聚酰胺酸溶液成膜过程中的传质行为

为了研究聚酰胺酸溶液成膜过程中的传质行为,采用自制液膜干燥实验装置在线测定聚酰胺酸溶液质量的变化.假设气、液两相传质通量相等的条件下,计算了溶剂气相传质系数和液面蒸气压.在此基础上考察了干燥温度、液膜厚度、溶液相对分子质量对液膜表面蒸气压的影响.结果表明,成膜过程中存在溶剂蒸发与聚酰胺酸溶液亚胺化反应的相互竞争.干燥初期溶剂蒸气压迅速升高,液膜表面溶剂的扩散为控制步骤;而干燥后期溶剂蒸气压较小,溶剂在膜内部扩散成为控制步骤.同时随着液膜厚度的增加、干燥温度的升高及溶液相对分子质量的减少,液面蒸气压的最大值呈现增大趋势.     

基于不同类型溶液蒸气压特性的太阳能界面蒸发实验研究

太阳能界面蒸发可实现高效太阳能海水淡化和蒸发式污水处理,但目前的研究大多局限于纯水或NaCl溶液。实际脱盐或废水处理中溶质会与此不同,导致溶液蒸气压变化并影响蒸发性能。本文首先分析了溶液表面蒸气压曲线类型,将其分为上凸型、下凹型和直线型。针对这几种蒸气压曲线进一步选取[EMIM][OTf]、[EMIM][Ac]和NaCl水溶液作为代表溶液,在不同辐照强度和浓度下进行了实验研究,并与纯水的蒸发作对比。实验结果表明：低浓度下[EMIM][OTf]水溶液展现出了良好的蒸发性能, 主要原因是由于其蒸气压处于上凸区间;当溶液浓度升高或辐照强度提升时,[EMIM][OTf]溶液的蒸发速率提升较NaCl水溶液小,主要原因在于蒸发过程的浓度极化导致气液界面处的[EMIM][OTf]浓度升高,蒸气压相差较小;不同工况下[EMIM][Ac]水溶液的蒸发速率均较慢,纯水的蒸发速率最快,体现了蒸气压对蒸发性能的关键影响,原因是低蒸气压导致高蒸发温度,并带来更多的能量损失。     

Non-equilibrium thermodynamic analysis of coupled heat and moisture transfer across a membrane

Non-equilibrium thermodynamics theory is used to analyze the transmembrane heat and moisture transfer process, which can be observed in a membrane-type total heat exchanger (THX). A theoretical model is developed to simulate the coupled heat and mass transfer across a membrane, total coupling equations and the expressions for the four characteristic parameters including the heat transfer coefficient, molar-driven heat transfer coefficient, thermal-driven mass transfer coefficient, and mass transfer coefficient are derived and provided, with the Onsager’s reciprocal relation being confirmed to verify the rationality of the model. Calculations are conducted to investigate the effects of the membrane property and air state on the coupling transport process. The results show that the four characteristic parameters directly affect the transmembrane heat and mass fluxes: the heat and mass transfer coefficients are both positive, meaning that the temperature difference has a positive contribution to the heat transfer and the humidity ratio difference has a positive contribution to the mass transfer. The molar-driven heat transfer and thermal-driven mass transfer coefficients are both negative, implying that the humidity ratio difference acts to reduce the heat transfer and the temperature difference works to diminish the mass transfer. The mass transfer affects the heat transfer by 1%–2% while the heat transfer influences the mass transfer by 7%–14%. The entropy generation caused by the temperature difference-induced heat transfer is much larger than that by the humidity difference-induced mass transfer.     

MODELING AND SIMULATION OF DEEP-BED GRAIN DRYERS

This paper concerns with heterogeneous modeling of deep-bed grain dryers based on two-phase model by taking into account coupled heat and mass transfer within grains. This model also consider axial mass and heat dispersion in the fluid phase. The dynamic two-phase equations are solved numerically by finite difference with alternating direction implicit method algorithm, and then applied to simulate humidity and temperature profile of drying gas across dryers together with moisture content and temperature of grains. The capabilities of these models were compared with experimental data obtained from available literatures, under drying conditions such as temperature and absolute humidity of drying gas and moisture content of grains. The simulation results show that the dynamic of corn drying within the bed is well predicted by the two-phase model.     

声场作用下含盐液滴冻结过程及组分迁移特性的研究

为了揭示超声波辅助冻结的内部作用机理，明确声场作用下相变冻结过程中的热质传递规律及组分迁移特性，根据声场理论分析了超声波的空化作用和热效应，并在冻结过程能质守恒的基础上建立了超声波作用下液滴相变冻结及盐分迁移数学模型，研究了超声波对液滴冻结过程中气泡状态和液滴温度的影响，分析了不同盐浓度下液滴冻结过程中固液界面、溶液比例、盐度及盐水残余率的变化规律。结果表明，超声波空化作用强化了界面处的热质传递，液滴温度下降较快，有利于液滴的冻结；液滴盐浓度越高，凝固界面的移动越慢，液滴直径为2 mm时，盐浓度5wt%时达到冻结点的时间为15 s，盐浓度8wt%时达到冻结点的时间为20 s；超声波作用下盐浓度越低，冻结过程中盐分迁移变化越剧烈。     

混凝土超早期收缩试验与模拟

通过测定混凝土早期变形随龄期的发展规律,定义了基于变形的凝结时间和基于内部湿度发展的临界时间,研究了3个强度等级混凝土的凝结时间和临界时间随水胶比的变化规律,并对湿度饱和期收缩进行了模拟。结果表明：混凝土水胶比越大,凝结时间越长,临界时间也越长,湿度饱和期收缩越小;凝结时间与临界时间之差随水胶比的减小而减小;基于水泥水化程度和刚度修正的混凝土早期收缩模型,能够反映混凝土早期收缩发展特征,模拟结果与试验结果吻合良好,模型可以较好地预测混凝土湿度饱和期收缩的发展。     

水平管外降膜蒸发液膜流动状态及积垢分析

利用碱法麦草浆黑液作为工质,通过建立湍流数学模型对水平管外降膜黑液蒸发热传递积垢阻力情况进行研究,分析了水平管外降膜黑液蒸发的热传递、浓缩、黑液积垢现象,发现了水平传热管外有效减少黑液积垢和提高生产效率的热边界条件,得出对于一种较高固溶物质量分数的黑液,高Re值、低黑液与加热面温差、低加热温度是提高液体浓缩度和控制可溶物积垢非常有效的方法,同时也显示水平管外降膜黑液的成分越少越好,纯液体的蒸发速率是最好的。这个模型还可用来预测污垢的形成过程及积垢程度。     

玉米粉蒸煮醪流变学研究

玉米粉蒸煮醪的流变特性不仅影响发酵过程的质量、动量和能量的传递 ,还影响发酵动力学过程。文中考察了玉米粉蒸煮醪的流变特性及其与质量分数和温度的关系 ,得出流变参数k、n与质量分数和温度的函数关系。结果表明 :玉米粉蒸煮醪在质量分数为 4 %时就具有良好的拟塑性 ,且随着质量分数的增大 ,拟塑性也越显著 ;随着温度的升高其稠度系数减小 ,流变指数基本上没有变化。其流变特性服从幂律指数模型     

Relationship of Product Structure, Sorption Characteristics, and Freezing Point of Atmospheric Freeze-Dried Foods

Drying is an important unit operation in processing of foods with a long shelf life. The drying process influences product properties and quality; the products may shrink, break, or undergo rheological, physical, and biochemical changes. Important parameters responsible for product quality changes during drying are temperature, relative humidity, and residence time. Studies of thermal and mass transfer properties during drying are essential for understanding the changes in product quality and for designing and dimensionalizing the drying process.

Drying kinetics, sorption properties, shrinkage, and freezing point depression were determined during atmospheric freeze drying (AFD) of pieces of apple, turnip cabbage, and cod. Adsorption rate and sorption isotherms were determined in the end product. The drying temperature affected the physical properties. Drying at -5°C resulted in a larger shrinkage than drying at -11°C. GAB modeling was used to characterize the sorption properties of the products. No typical sigmoidal shape was found of the moisture sorption isotherms of the products, which is in accordance with the Guggenheim constant found from the same results. Experimental data on freezing point depression were used to find product constants E and b in the Schwartzberg equation for the freezing point depression. Freezing point depression, as a function of the dry matter content, was determined using Schwartzberg's equation and a component composition model (CCM). The result indicates an influence of structural effects on freezing point depression.     

Relationship of Product Structure,Sorption Characteristics,and Freezing Point of Atmospheric Freeze-Dried Foods

Drying is an important unit operation in processing of foods with a long shelf life. The drying process influences product properties and quality; the products may shrink, break, or undergo rheological, physical, and biochemical changes. Important parameters responsible for product quality changes during drying are temperature, relative humidity, and residence time. Studies of thermal and mass transfer properties during drying are essential for understanding the changes in product quality and for designing and dimensionalizing the drying process.

Drying kinetics, sorption properties, shrinkage, and freezing point depression were determined during atmospheric freeze drying (AFD) of pieces of apple, turnip cabbage, and cod. Adsorption rate and sorption isotherms were determined in the end product. The drying temperature affected the physical properties. Drying at ?5°C resulted in a larger shrinkage than drying at ?11°C. GAB modeling was used to characterize the sorption properties of the products. No typical sigmoidal shape was found of the moisture sorption isotherms of the products, which is in accordance with the Guggenheim constant found from the same results. Experimental data on freezing point depression were used to find product constants E and b in the Schwartzberg equation for the freezing point depression. Freezing point depression, as a function of the dry matter content, was determined using Schwartzberg's equation and a component composition model (CCM). The result indicates an influence of structural effects on freezing point depression.     

气液交叉流阵列PM2.5热泳和扩散泳拟传质模型

基于气溶胶中PM2.5微细颗粒物拟流体特性，对气液交叉流阵列中PM2.5在气溶胶流体传热传质边界层内热泳和扩散泳运动进行拟传质机理分析，与跟随气体的对流传质相叠加，建立了气液交叉流阵列PM2.5热泳和扩散泳拟传质模型，并进行了实验检验。实验在固定对流条件下，考察了不同气液相温度差导致的热泳、不同气相湿度差导致的扩散泳和颗粒粒径等因素对气液交叉流阵列PM2.5拟传质系数的影响。实验数据统计值与模型表达趋势一致，在初始温差40℃、初始湿度0.118 kg/kg条件下，100排气液交叉流阵列PM2.5拟传质系数模型预测值为3.33×10^-3 m/s、实验值为3.75×10^-3 m/s。