颞叶内侧型癫癎颅外电极脑电图发作及发作间期可靠性的研究

目的　评价头皮及蝶骨电极脑电图对术前诊断颞叶内侧型癫 (MTLE)的可靠性。方法　回顾性分析在日本国家癫中心行选择性海马、杏仁核切除术的 110例患者中的 39例 ,他们皆为预后Engel分级一级 ,且保持 2年以上的患者。应用日本癫中心的分类方法对这些患者脑电图的术前发作间期放电 (IED)和发作期放电 (ID)进行分类 ,并与手术侧别相比较。结果　所有患者IED均起自蝶骨电极区或颞叶前区。半数患者有双侧IED。除 1例患者外 ,其余患者IED优势侧均与手术侧一致。切除低频度IED侧同样也可获得很好的预后。依照我们的分类方法 ,有 6 4 %的患者脑电图可见不同的发作类型。在 39例患者中 ,37例患者脑电图发作的侧别与手术侧一致。只有两例患者例外 ,但与手术同侧的发作次数占优势。结论　在MTLE患者中 ,发作间期脑电图呈现一侧优势时有定侧意义 ,低频度IED侧并非手术禁忌 ,应结合其他检查综合分析。发作期的头皮脑电图与发作间期相比 ,定侧更为可靠。     

美解眠诱发试验在颞叶癫痫术前脑电图监测中的应用

目的 研究美解眠诱发试验对颞叶癫痫患者癫痫发作和脑电图的影响.方法 回顾性分析60例颞叶癫痫患者行前颞叶切除术的术前视频脑电图(VEEG)监测情况,其中美解眠诱发组与对照组各30例,比较两组的VEEG监测时间、监测到的癫痫发作次数、形式和术后癫痫无发作率.同时比较诱发组诱发前后脑电图变化.结果 VEEG监测时间分别为诱发组35 h,对照组56 h,差异有统计学意义.诱发组药物诱发后VEEG监测到99次癫痫发作,包括注药后5 min内71次(71.7%)、6-60 min 18次(18.2%),其中10次(10.1%)诱发后出现与惯常发作不一致的癫痫发作;而对照组记录到102次癫痫发作,其中4次(3.9%)与惯常发作不一致,两组差异无统计学意义.诱发组注药后发作间期痫性放电明显增加,主要放电部位没有明显变化.诱发的发作期脑电图起源部分仍以单侧颞叶为主,与自然发作差异无统计学意义.结论 美解眠诱发不影响颞叶癫痫灶的定位,可用于颞叶癫痫的术前VEEG监测,可明显减少监测时间.     

颅内电极监测对顽固性颞叶癫痫致痫灶的定位价值

目的:探讨发作期及发作间期颅内电极监测对癫痫灶的定位作用。方法:20例难治性颞叶癫痫,经临床、影像学及头皮脑电图不能确定致痫灶部位,应用立体定向技术,在患者双侧颞叶植入硬膜下条状电极,进行长时间视频脑电图监测,记录发作期和发作间期的脑电图变化,并与头皮脑电图、MRI进行比较,分析癫痫灶部位,进行手术治疗,术后跟踪随访,评估致痫灶定位的准确性。结果:20例癫痫病人颅内电极埋藏时间1～5天,每个患者至少监测到2次临床发作,每一病例均记录发作间期和发作期的异常放电活动。15例发作间期与发作期定侧一致,2例发作间期为双侧棘波病灶,3例发作间期定位与发作期不一致。按Engel术后效果分级:手术效果满意(癫痫发作消失)13例(65%),显著改善3例(15%),良好3例(15%),无效1例(5%)。所有病例均未出现因颅内电极埋藏而致的并发症。结论:对于致痫灶不能定位的难治性癫痫,应用颅内电极记录方法,尤其是发作期起始时脑电图变化,可以确定致痫灶位置,为癫痫手术治疗提供可靠的依据。     

难治性颞叶内侧癫痫术前评估方法再评价

目的 通过难治性颢叶内侧癫痫术后随访1年以上,术后效果达到Engel's Ⅰ级(无发作)的患者,探讨各种术前评估方法确定癫痫灶的可靠程度.方法 65名术后随访超过1年,术后达到Engel's Ⅰ级疗效的难治性颞叶内侧癫痫患者,患者的发作症状学、神经影像和头皮脑电图进行回顾性分析.结果 所有患者的发作间期正电子发射断层扫描(PET)显示与手术侧一致的颞叶低代谢改变;41例患者发作前存在典型的颞叶内侧常见先兆,所有患者发作起始表现为意识障碍;28例患者有手术侧颞叶影像异常(图1),8例患者存在双侧颞叶异常,8例患者存在多脑叶影像异常,21例患者核磁共振检查未发现明显异常;20%患者发作间期偶有异常、80%患者存在多灶棘波、尖波、棘慢波;发作期脑电放电早期显示:20例患者无法确定起源侧别,45例患者可以确定侧别(手术侧),只有21例患者可以清楚的显示手术侧蝶骨电极起源.结论 患者的发作症状学分析和PET检查是难治性颞叶内侧癫痫术前评估中基本和重要的评估手段.     

探讨儿童部分性癫痫发作发作间期脑电图及与影像学的关系

目的探讨儿童部分性癫痫发作发作间期EEG及与影像学的关系。方法对67例部分性发作的癫痫患儿行长程录像脑电监测(VEEG)及影像学检查,分析发作间期EEG及与影像学的关系。结果与发作间期EEG正常的患儿比较,EEG异常患儿影像学正常率显著降低,影像学异常率显著增高(χ2=5.154,P=0.023)。发作间期异常放电51例患者中,42例(82.4%)间期放电与发作期部位一致,其中20例(47.6%)影像学检查正常,22例(52.4%)影像学检查异常,两者相比差异无统计学意义(P=0.726)。结论发作间期EEG异常部分性癫痫患儿,影像异常率高,大多数患儿发作间期放电与发作期起始放电部位一致。     

颞叶癫痫视频脑电图53例分析

目的分析53例颞叶癫痫(TLE)患者视频脑电图(VEEG)表现,为TLE诊断、定位和治疗提供参考。方法系统分析昆明医科大学附属延安医院2011年10月至2016年12月收治的53例TLE患者VEEG资料,总结其背景活动异常、发作间期、发作期VEEG特点。结果 22例(41.5%)出现背景活动异常,且多见于内侧颞叶癫痫(MTLE);发作期与发作间期异常放电波形以尖波、棘波、尖慢波为主;MTLE异常放电部位主要分布于前颞区,外侧颞叶癫痫(LTLE)异常放电主要分布于中后颞区。结论VEEG中的背景活动异常、发作间期、发作期的异常放电波形、部位等特征性表现有助于TLE的诊断、定位和治疗。     

27例学龄前难治性颞叶癫痫患儿临床报道

目的探讨学龄前难治性颞叶癫痫患儿影像学、电生理特点及手术方法和疗效。方法回顾性分析解放军联勤保障部队第九八八医院神经外科中心自2014年6月至2019年1月行手术治疗的27例学龄前难治性颞叶癫痫患儿资料,术前评估结合临床发作表现,MRI、磁共振波谱分析(MRS)、正电子发射断层扫描(PET-CT)等影像资料,以及发作间期和发作期视频脑电图(VEEG)资料;术中应用皮层脑电图(ECoG)与深部电极监测定位异常放电区域,指导手术切除致痫灶范围。术后采用Engel分级评估疗效。结果27例患儿均有典型颞叶癫痫临床表现,MRI发现一侧颞叶及海马异常信号影,发作间期及发作期VEEG提示异常放电起始于一侧额颞部。术中ECoG及深部电极监测均发现颞叶明显持续或阵发性尖波、棘波、棘慢复合波等癫痫样放电。27例患儿均采用标准前颞叶+病灶切除+周边异常放电颞叶皮质扩大切除术,其中2例患儿切除部分岛叶长回及额盖皮质热灼处理。随访6个月,EngelⅠ级患儿22例,EngelⅡ级患儿3例,EngelⅢ级患儿2例。结论早期手术、术中ECoG与深部电极联合监测下适度扩大切除范围是改善学龄前难治性颞叶癫痫患儿手术疗效的关键因素。     

颞-枕叶交界区癫痫的致痫区定位研究

目的 探讨颞-枕叶交界区癫痫的脑电图、电临床症状学特点及其在致痫区定位诊断中的意义.方法 7例怀疑颞-枕叶交界区癫痫的患者,进行了长程视频脑电图监测,根据电生理及头颅MRI结果,进行术前评估及颞-枕叶交界区病灶切除,随访1年.结果 (1)发作起始的症状和体征:所有患者无论病史和监测中均无初级视幻觉,7例中2例有视错觉或复杂视幻觉;快速眨眼(有或无发作先兆)做为发作起始的体征见于6例患者中;(2)头皮脑电图间歇期癫痫样放电位于双侧4例,同侧颞-枕区2例,同侧颞区1例;头皮脑电图发作期7例中5例发作起始表现为弥漫性放电,无侧向性,1例位于同侧后头部,1例为同侧颞区;(3)手术及预后:7例患者中5例行颞-枕交界区病灶切除术,2例术后完全无发作,1例术后有偶发先兆,2例患者术后发作未减少;另外2例未接受外科治疗.结论 发作起始期先兆症状学可为颞-枕叶交界区癫痫致痫区定位诊断提供重要线索,而头皮脑电图间歇期和发作期癫痫放电对颞-枕叶交界区癫痫致痫区定位只能提供参考线索.正确和充分的颅内电极(特别是深部电极)置入并记录发作期颅内电极脑电图改变,对发作起始区的定位诊断可能提供更重要的资料.     

颞叶癫痫海马萎缩与头皮脑电发作时放电相互矛盾的手术策略(附5例临床分析)

目的本文报告了一侧海马硬化对侧颞叶头皮脑电放电的临床特点、手术策略及预后。方法本组回顾了5例MRI提示海马萎缩,头皮EEG表现为发作放电在海马萎缩对侧。采用深部电极检查并与头皮EEG和MRI检查结果进行了比较,手术方法为前颞叶切除加海马-杏仁和切除术。结果5例病人均有发作先兆表现;发作放电时头皮EEG表现出的痫样放电波在海马萎缩对侧5例,发作放电间期的头皮EEG表现出的痫样放电波与海马萎缩同侧者3例,1例在海马萎缩对侧,1例为双颞叶弥漫性放电;深部电极检查与MRI结果一致;术后随访2~4年,Ⅰ级4例,Ⅱ级1例。结论颞叶癫痫发作间期痫样放电比发作期痫样放电定位更为准确;MRI与头皮EEG检查结果不一致时,深部电极检查有助于术前定位。     

颞叶占位性病变伴癫痫患者的手术治疗研究

目的探讨颞叶占位性病变伴癫痫患者手术治疗的疗效,分析多种致痫灶定位技术的联合应用对手术疗效的影响。方法回顾性分析31例颞叶占位性病变伴癫痫患者术前脑电图及术后随访资料,其中囊性占位7例,海绵状血管瘤6例,胶质瘤16例,其他病变2例;应用MRI、视频脑电图、脑磁图行致痫灶定位,术中应用皮质脑电图再次精确致痫灶范围后行前颞叶联合海马切除术,术后随访评估疗效。结果长程VEEG监测中,20例患者均有惯常发作和发作间期痫样放电,14例(14/20)患者发作间期痫样放电位于单侧颞叶及海马区,其中合并同侧额区放电5例。6例(6/20)患者发作间期放电位于双侧颞叶,其中合并单侧额区放电2例。8例(8/20)起源于左侧颞叶及海马区,12例(12/20)起源于右侧。MEG检查20例患者发作间歇期皆有痫样放电,检出率为100%,17例(17/20)患者单侧颞叶放电,其中合并同侧额区放电8例;3例(3/20)患者双颞放电。术后随访12~24个月:16例患者Ⅰ级,3例Ⅱ级,1例Ⅲ级,手术有效率100%,效果良好率95%。结论颞叶占位性病变伴癫痫患者的手术治疗疗效好,多种致痫灶定位技术的联合应用可提高手术疗效并有效减少术后并发症。     

颞叶癫痫的痫性放电传导和临床症状的颅内电极脑电图研究

目的 探讨颞叶癫痫患者痫性放电的传导部位、时间和相应的临床症状变化.方法 对2003年6月至2007年5月确诊为颞叶癫痫并行颅内电极埋置检查的48例患者的颅内电极脑电图和发作期症状进行回顾性分析,通过在双侧海马放置的针状电极和颢叶、额叶等放置的条状皮层电极,找出发作起源部位、早期传导部位、传导时间及发作起始症状和传导后症状.结果 共记录126次临床癫痫发作,105次记录到传导部位,其中同侧颢叶内传导22次,额叶39次,顶枕叶18次,对侧海马10次,16次全脑放电.44.8%传导时间小于2.5 s,55.2%传导时间超过2.5 s,且有17.1%超过5 s.101次发作中出现初始症状,其中82.2%为意识水平下降、自动症、恐惧等;99次记录到传导后新症状,其中出现颞叶外传导者82.2%出现抽动或强直表现.结论 颞叶癫痫放电传导部位主要是同侧的额叶与颞叶内部,但也可直接到对侧海马结构,临床症状与传导位置有关,传导速度多较慢.     

Magnetoencephalography source localization and surgical outcome in temporal lobe epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE: We prospectively investigated the role of magnetoencephalography (MEG) in localizing the seizure focus and in predicting outcome to surgical resections for intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). METHODS: We performed simultaneous interictal EEG and MEG recording (two 37-channel system) in 26 TLE patients followed by MEG source localization. We correlated early modeling dipoles with intracranial EEG, temporal surgical resection and surgical outcome. RESULTS: There were 12 patients who had anterior temporal horizontal or tangential dipoles to the anterior infero-lateral temporal tip cortex. Two patients underwent selective amygdalo-hippocampectomy (SAH) and nine patients had antero-medial temporal lobectomy (AMTL). All patients had successful outcome except for one patient who initially failed SAH, but became seizure-free after AMTL. There were 11 patients who demonstrated anterior temporal vertical or tangential oblique dipoles. Five patients had AMTL and three had SAH; all became seizure free. Five of above 23 patients had invasive EEG and demonstrated mesial seizure onset. Three TLE patients had lateral vertical dipoles that were concordant with intracranial EEG and these became seizure free after temporal neocortical resections. CONCLUSIONS: MEG source analysis produces distinct source patterns that provide useful localizing information, predict surgical outcome, and may aid in planning limited surgical resection in TLE.     

Amygdala volumetry in "imaging-negative" temporal lobe epilepsy

OBJECTIVE: Although amygdala abnormalities are sometimes suspected in "imaging-negative" patients with video EEG confirmed unilateral focal epilepsy suggestive of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), amygdala asymmetry is difficult to assess visually. This study examined a group of "imaging-negative" TLE patients, estimating amygdala volumes, to determine whether cryptic amygdala lesions might be detected. METHODS: Review of video EEG monitoring data yielded 11 patients with EEG lateralised TLE and normal structural imaging. Amygdala volumes were estimated in this group, in 77 patients with pathologically verified hippocampal sclerosis (HS), and in 77 controls. RESULTS: Seven of 11 "imaging-negative" cases had both significant amygdala asymmetry and amygdala enlargement, concordant with seizure lateralisation. Although significant amygdala asymmetry occurred in 35 of 77 HS patients, it was never attributable to an abnormally large ipsilateral amygdala. Compared with patients with HS, patients with amygdala enlargement were less likely to have suffered secondarily generalised seizures (p<0.05), and had an older age of seizure onset (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Abnormal amygdala enlargement is reported in seven cases of "imaging-negative" TLE. Such abnormalities are not observed in patients with HS. It is postulated that amygdala enlargement may be attributable to a developmental abnormality or low grade tumour. It is suggested that amygdala volumetry is indicated in the investigation and diagnosis of "imaging-negative" TLE.     

Seizure semiology and electroencephalography in young children with lesional temporal lobe epilepsy

PurposeThis study aimed to discuss the clinical features of seizure semiology and electroencephalography (EEG) in young children with lesional temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).MethodChildren with lesional TLE received presurgical evaluation for intractable epilepsy. They were followed up for more than one year after temporal lobectomy. We reviewed the medical history and video-EEG monitoring of children with TLE to analyze the semiology of seizures and EEG findings and compared the semiology of seizures and EEG findings of childhood TLE and adult TLE.ResultsA total of 84 seizures were analyzed in 11 children (aged 23–108 months). The age of seizure onset was from 1 month to 26 months (a mean of 17.6 months). All of the patients exhibited prominent motor manifestations including epileptic spasm, tonic seizure, and unilateral clonic seizure. Seven children manifested behavioral arrest similar to an automotor seizure in adult TLE but with a shorter duration and higher frequency. The automatisms were typically orofacial, whereas manual automatisms were rarely observed. The EEG recordings revealed that diffuse discharge patterns were more common in younger children, whereas focal or unilateral patterns were more typical in older children. All of the patients were seizure-free after temporal lobectomy with more than one-year follow-up. All of the children had a mental development delay or regression; however, there was improvement after surgery, especially in those with surgery performed early.ConclusionIn contrast to TLE in adults, young children with lesional TLE probably represent a distinct nosological and probably less homogeneous syndrome. Although they had generalized clinical and electrographic features, resective epilepsy surgery should be considered as early as possible to obtain seizure control and improvement in mental development.     

影响颞叶癫痫预后相关因素分析

目的研究颞叶癫痫患者病史、脑电图、头颅影像学资料等与其预后的关系。方法回顾分析我院确诊的99例颞叶癫痫患者病史、头颅影像学资料、发作间期脑电图资料、药物疗效,依据药物疗效分为难治性癫痫组46例,非难治性癫痫组53例,比较两组间差异。结果比较两组间差异发现:头颅MRI异常(χ2=7.55,P<0.01)、发作间期脑电图(electroencephalogram,EEG)反复异常(χ2=8.21,P<0.01)、初发年龄小(Z=-3.81,P<0.01)、病程长(Z=-4.41,P<0.01)与难治性颞叶癫痫有关。结论头颅MRI异常、发作间期EEG反复异常、初发年龄小、病程长为颞叶癫痫预后的不良因素。     

Ictal magnetoencephalography in temporal and extratemporal lobe epilepsy

PURPOSE: We evaluated visual patterns and source localization of ictal magnetoencephalography (MEG) in patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and extratemporal epilepsy (ETE). METHODS: We performed spike and seizure recording simultaneously with EEG and MEG on two patients with TLE and five patients with ETE. Scalp EEG was recorded from 21 channels (10-20 international system), whereas MEG was recorded from two 37-channel sensors. We compared ictal EEG and MEG onset, frequency, and evolution and performed MEG dipole source localization of interictal spikes and early ictal discharges and co-registered dipoles to brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We correlated dipole characteristics with intracranial EEG, surgical resection, and outcome. RESULTS: Ictal MEG lateralized seizure onset in both TLE patients and demonstrated ictal onset, frequency, and evolution in accordance with EEG. Ictal MEG source analysis revealed tangential vertical dipoles in the anterolateral angle in one patient, and anterior dipoles with anteroposterior orientation in the other. Intracranial EEG revealed regional entorhinal seizure onset in the first patient. Both patients became seizure free after temporal lobectomy. In ETE, ictal MEG demonstrated visual patterns similar to ictal EEG and had concordant localization with interictal MEG in all five patients. Two patients underwent surgery. Ictal MEG localization was concordant with intracranial EEG in both cases. One patient had successful outcome after surgery. The second patient did not improve after limited resection and multiple subpial transections. CONCLUSIONS: Ictal MEG can demonstrate ictal onset frequency and evolution and provide useful localizing information before epilepsy surgery.     

基于颞叶癫痫脑电相位互相关分析法的癫痫超同步放电的初步研究

目的 分析颞叶癫痫患者病灶区和非病灶区脑电相位的同步关系,并与正常对照者比较,为癫痫发作的超同步放电机制提供支持.方法 选择经临床确诊且责任病灶为左颞区的颞叶癫痫患者20例和正常对照者10例,双侧颞区各放置4个记录电极,电极间距为20 mm.应用Hilbert变换提取以上脑电的相位,应用互相关方法分别计算左右两侧颞区每个区内每两导脑电相位间的互相关系数,结果用统计软件SPSS 10.0处理.结果 颞叶癫痫组病灶区与正常组左颞区脑电相位的平均互相关系数比较有显著性差异(P＜0.01);两组右侧脑电相位的平均互相关系数比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05).颞叶癫痫组病灶区与非病灶区脑电相位的平均互相关系数比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05);正常组两侧脑电相位的平均互相关系数比较无显著性差异.正常组脑电相位的最大互相关系数均位于两个相邻导联间,颞叶癫痫组37.5%的位于相隔导联间.结论 颞叶癫痫病灶区存在超同步放电现象,非病灶区也存在不同程度的超同步放电.     

Epilepsy surgery in patients with bilateral temporal lobe seizures: A systematic review

We explored the association between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesion, degree of seizure laterality on intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG), and seizure outcome in patients with ambiguous or presumed bilateral temporal lobe epilepsy (BiTLE) on scalp EEG. We systematically reviewed the literature using Embase and MEDLINE up to May 31, 2012. Patients with bilateral iEEG, temporal lobe surgery, and follow‐up ≥1 year were included. We undertook three separate analyses on patients whose scalp EEG showed ambiguous onset or BiTLE (1) group data of those whose iEEG demonstrated unilateral TLE, (2) group data of those whose iEEG demonstrated BiTLE, (3) individual patient analysis in those with BiTLE for whom iEEG seizure laterality data were provided. Of 1,403 patients with ambiguous or presumed BiTLE on scalp EEG, 1,027 (73%) proved to have unilateral TLE on iEEG and contributed to the first analysis. Of these, 58% had Engel class I and 9% Engel class II outcomes. Of 132 patients in the second analysis (true BiTLE), Engel class I and II outcomes were achieved in 23% and 14%, respectively. Of 41 patients in the third analysis, 66% and 2% had Engel class I and II outcomes, respectively. The median proportion of seizures ipsilateral to the resection on iEEG did not differ between BiTLE patients with Engel class I–II (76%) and Engel III–IV (78%) outcomes (p = 0.87). Patients with ambiguous or independent bitemporal seizure onset on scalp EEG achieved good surgical outcomes. Overall, a significantly higher proportion of patients achieved good outcomes when iEEG showed unilateral TLE (67%) than when it showed true BiTLE (45%). However, the degree of seizure lateralization in those with BiTLE was not associated with seizure outcome, and it has a limited role in selecting the side of surgery.     

Temporal lobe surgery in medically refractory epilepsy: A comparison between populations based on MRI findings

IntroductionHigh resolution MRI findings suggestive of mesial temporal sclerosis (MRI-MTS) correlate with good outcome after surgery. However, a large group of patients present with normal brain MRI (N-MRI) and temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). We aim to compare pre-operative ictal EEG patterns in predicting surgical outcomes in the population with MRI-MTS vs. N-MRI after selective anterior-mesial temporal lobe (AMTL) resection.Methods241 patients with unilateral anterior ictal EEG findings underwent selective AMTL resection. 143 MRI-MTS and 98 N-MRI patients were identified. Outcome was based on the modified Engel classification, ictal EEG pattern at seizure onset, demographics and MRI findings.ResultsSeizure-free outcome was seen in the MRI-MTS in 79% of patients, compared to 59.1% (p < .005) of the N-MRI group. No significant difference was identified in ictal EEG patterns at presentation between groups. Class I outcome was achieved in 78.9% of patients that had theta rhythm and MRI-MTS compared to 57.9% of patients that had theta rhythm and N-MRI (p < 0.05).Discussion and conclusionSurgical treatment for mesial TLE is effective. Positive MRI suggestive of mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) predicts better seizure control after surgery. Theta rhythm is the most common ictal pattern and seems to carry the best prognosis for TLE. However, a well-selected group of patients with N-MRI will benefit from surgical intervention, and similar outcome to MRI-MTS patients can be achieved if delta ictal EEG pattern is presented at initial onset. Early referral to an epilepsy center cannot be emphasized enough, even in situations when high-resolution brain MRI is normal.