白桦脂酸对免疫性肝损伤小鼠细胞因子及Bcl-2、activated-Caspase-3表达的影响

目的研究白桦脂酸(BA)对刀豆蛋白(Con A)诱导的急性免疫性肝损伤小鼠细胞因子及凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、activated-Caspase-3表达量的影响。方法将60只雄性KM小鼠随机分为6组,包括正常对照组,肝损伤模型组,联苯双酯(BIF)阳性对照组,BA高、中、低剂量组(H-BA、M-BA、L-BA组剂量分别为30 mg·kg~(-1)、15 mg·kg~(-1)、7.5 mg·kg~(-1))。BIF阳性对照组和BA高、中、低剂量组预防性给药15 d后,尾静脉注射20 mg·kg~(-1)Con A构建小鼠急性免疫性肝损伤模型。采用自动生化分析仪测定血清肝功能指标:谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)含量;ELISA法测定血清炎性细胞因子IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、TNF-α、IFN-γ水平;Western blot法检测肝组织凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、activated-Caspase-3表达量的变化。结果与正常对照组比较,肝损伤模型组血清ALT和AST含量明显降低,IL-2、IL-4、IL-10和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、γ干扰素(IFN-γ)水平明显升高,Bcl-2表达量下降而activated-Caspase-3表达量升高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01);与肝损伤模型组比较,BA不同剂量组可显著降低Con A所致急性肝损伤小鼠血清ALT和AST含量,使小鼠血清中IL-2、IL-4、TNF-α、IFN-γ水平显著降低,而IL-10水平显著升高,尤其是H-BA组、M-BA组,同时使Bcl-2表达量升高、activated-Caspase-3表达量下降,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01)。结论 BA对由Con A诱导的小鼠急性免疫性肝损伤具有拮抗作用。其机制可能与抗凋亡及降低炎性细胞因子水平和提高抗炎细胞因子水平、减轻T淋巴细胞毒性作用有关。     

阿魏酸对刀豆蛋白A诱导的小鼠免疫性肝损伤的保护作用

探讨阿魏酸(ferulic acid, FA)对刀豆蛋白A (concanavalin A, Con A)诱导的免疫性肝损伤是否有保护作用。将雄性Balb/c小鼠随机分成6组:空白组、阿魏酸对照组(100 mg/kg)、模型组(15 mg/kg Con A)、低剂量阿魏酸干预组(10 mg/kg)、中剂量阿魏酸干预组(30 mg/kg)、高剂量阿魏酸干预组(100 mg/kg)。阿魏酸灌胃后,尾静脉注射刀豆蛋白A 15 mg/kg,24 h后,取其血和肝组织进行检测。与空白组比较,模型组中苏木精和伊红染色(HE)坏死区域明显增加,丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)水平、半胱天冬氨酸酶3 (Caspase-3)活性、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)水平、CD4~+T细胞中CD69的表达都明显增高。与模型组相比,阿魏酸干预组的ALT和AST水平明显降低,呈剂量依赖性,HE坏死区域减少,Caspase-3活性、TNF-α和IFN-γ水平、CD4~+T细胞CD69的表达都明显降低,且具有统计学意义。表明阿魏酸对刀豆蛋白A诱导的免疫性肝损伤有保护作用,其机制可能是抑制CD4~+T淋巴细胞的活化、细胞因子的释放,减轻炎症和肝组织的凋亡。     

正丁酸钠通过抑制高迁移率族蛋白B1的表达与释放减轻刀豆蛋白A诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤

本文旨在研究正丁酸钠预处理对刀豆蛋白A(concanavalin A,Con A)诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用及机制。给小鼠腹腔注射正丁酸钠(500 mg/kg)0.5 h后,尾静脉注射Con A(15 mg/kg)诱导小鼠急性肝损伤模型,测定小鼠血清谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)的水平;HE染色观察病理学改变;ELISA法检测血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、干扰素-γ(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)和高迁移率族蛋白B1(high-mobility group box 1,HMGB1)水平;RT-PCR和免疫组化法检测小鼠肝组织HMBG1的表达与释放。结果显示,正丁酸钠预处理能明显降低Con A诱导的急性肝损伤小鼠血清中ALT和AST水平(P0.01);显著改善肝组织损伤程度;明显降低血清中TNF-α和IFN-γ的水平(P0.01);显著抑制肝组织HMGB1的表达与释放(P0.05或P0.01)。以上结果提示,正丁酸钠预处理对Con A所诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤具有保护作用,可能与其减少炎性细胞因子TNF-α和IFN-γ的产生及抑制HMGB1的表达与释放有关。     

雷公藤甲素对Con A诱导小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用及机制

摘要 目的：探究雷公藤甲素（Triptolide）对刀豆蛋白A（Concanavalin, Con A）诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护机制。方法：雄性BALB/c小鼠30只,随机等分为正常对照组、Con A模型组和雷公藤甲素治疗组。通过尾静脉注射Con A构建小鼠急性肝损伤模型。微孔板法检测血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）和谷草转氨酶（AST）水平,HE染色观察肝组织病理变化,免疫组化、实时荧光定量PCR（RT-qPCR）和酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测肝组织及血清中细胞因子水平。结果：与正常对照组比较,Con A诱导急性肝损伤小鼠血清ALT、AST水平显著增高（P<0.05）,肝组织呈局灶性炎性浸润、坏死。与Con A模型组比较,雷公藤甲素治疗组小鼠血清ALT、AST水平显著下降（P<0.05）;肝组织病理程度明显减轻;肝组织中CD4⁺T细胞的浸润降低,促炎细胞因子（IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-2）的水平显著降低（P<0.05）。结论：雷公藤甲素可以通过抑制CD4⁺T细胞向肝脏募集,下调IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-2的表达,有效防治Con A诱导的急性免疫性肝损伤。     

基于IL-6/JAK2/STAT3信号通路研究岩白菜素对急性肝损伤大鼠的保护作用

基于IL-6/JAK2/STAT3信号通路探讨岩白菜素对四氯化碳(CCl_4)致大鼠急性肝损伤的保肝作用及其作用机制。60只SD大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、水飞蓟素(120 mg/kg)组、岩白菜素低、中、高(20、40、80 mg/kg)剂量组,每组10只。水飞蓟素组、岩白菜素各剂量组大鼠按照10 mL/kg灌胃给药,正常组和模型组灌胃相应体积溶剂,每日1次,连续1周。末次给药2 h后,除正常组以外,其余各组腹腔注射25%四氯化碳(CCl_4)橄榄油溶液2 mL/kg,建立急性肝损伤大鼠模型。禁食不禁水,16 h后眼球取血,并收集肝脏。生化法测定血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、白蛋白(ALB)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的水平或活性。酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定检测肝组织中白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)的含量。采用HE染色观察肝组织的病理变化程度,免疫组化(IHC)观察肝组织中IL-6的表达水平,蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测IL-6/JAK2/STAT3通路相关蛋白的表达水平。实验结果表明,与模型组相比,岩白菜素各剂量组和水飞蓟素组大鼠肝组织炎症坏死和IL-6表达不同程度的减轻。岩白菜素可显著降低血清中的ALT、AST、MDA和肝组织中TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β活性或水平,上调血清中ALB、SOD和GSH-Px的活性或水平,并且抑制IL-6/JAK2/STAT3通路相关蛋白的表达。综上所述,岩白菜素对CCl_4致急性肝损伤大鼠具有保护作用,其保肝机制可能与IL-6/JAK2/STAT信号通路介导的炎症反应和抗氧化有关。     

X射线对A549细胞DNA的损伤可能与JAK/STAT信号通路的激活有关

本研究旨在观察不同剂量X射线对A549细胞DNA的损伤和JAK/STAT信号通路激活水平之间的关系。分别用2、4、8Gy X射线对A549细胞进行照射后,用CCK8法检测A549细胞增殖情况,用酶联免疫法检测照射后不同时间点培养液上清中白介素6 (interleukin 6, IL-6)的含量,用免疫荧光染色法检测细胞IL-6受体(IL-6 receptor, IL-6R)和p53结合蛋白1 (p53 binding protein 1, 53BP1)的蛋白表达情况,用Western blot检测细胞JAK2、p-JAK2、STAT3和p-STAT3的蛋白表达水平。结果显示,和对照组相比,X射线照射可降低细胞增殖水平,上调53BP1表达,提高细胞培养液上清中IL-6含量,并上调IL-6R、JAK2、p-JAK2、STAT3和p-STAT3表达水平。X射线照射的上述作用存在一定的剂量依赖性。以上结果提示,X射线造成细胞DNA损伤的机制可能与JAK/STAT信号通路的激活有关。     

巨噬细胞选择性活化的信号通路及其干预措施的研究进展

巨噬细胞在不同环境刺激下分化为经典活化巨噬细胞和选择性活化巨噬细胞,巨噬细胞选择性活化的信号通路包括:JAK/STAT6途径、M2分化成熟的转录调节途径(KLF4的转录调节,PPARs的转录调节)以及Jmjd3表观遗传学调节途径。选择性活化对机体而言是一种保护机制,可以依据上述分子理论予以干预,如:细胞因子、PPARγ完全性激动剂、PPARγ部分性激动剂、微量元素硒以及生活方式等通过IL-4/STAT6/PPARγ途径促进巨噬细胞选择性极化。对巨噬细胞选择性活化的信号通路及其促进措施进行了简述。     

调控Tim-3通路在免疫性肝损伤大鼠中对Th17细胞的影响

目的建立免疫性肝损伤模型,探讨Tim-3通路在阻断或激活时对Th17细胞的影响。方法大鼠尾静脉注射刀豆蛋白A(Con A)8周,建立免疫性肝损伤模型。无菌取脾脏制备脾淋巴细胞,取外周血分离血清后于-20℃保存,取肝脏组织放入4%的多聚甲醛中固定备用。在96孔板上将脾淋巴细胞平均分成5组,即阻断实验组、阻断对照组、激活实验组、激活对照组和Con A对照组。用Tim-3的单克隆抗体即Anti-Tim-3来阻断Tim-3通路;用Tim-3的重组配体galectin-9来激活Tim-3通路,37℃、5%CO2培养箱中培养72 h,收集细胞上清液于-20℃保存。生化分析法测血清中ALT、AST和ALB的表达;HE染色观察肝脏组织的病理变化;免疫组化法测肝脏组织中IL-17A和ROR-γt蛋白的表达;ELISA法测细胞上清液中IL-17A及IL-6的表达;实时定量PCR测各组脾淋巴细胞ROR-γt mRNA的表达。结果与对照组相比,模型组HE染色可见明显的炎性细胞浸润、肝脏组织损伤及较多的假小叶,免疫组化可见IL-17A和ROR-γt蛋白的表达明显升高;与阻断对照组相比,阻断实验组中IL-17A和IL-6的水平升高(P0.05);与激活对照组相比,激活实验组中IL-17A和IL-6的水平降低(P0.05);实时定量PCR显示与阻断对照组相比,阻断实验组中ROR-γt mRNA的表达明显增加(P0.05)。结论免疫性肝损伤的发病与Th17细胞密切相关,免疫调控Tim-3通路可通过影响Th17细胞效应,进而参与免疫性肝损伤的发病机制。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.