多平行束准直器模拟研究

在平行束准直器中引用多通道技术设计了三通道的多平行束（Multi-parallel Beam,MPB）准直器。计算机模拟表明,MPB准直器在保持较高的空间分辨率下,有效地改善了系统的灵敏度。放射药物匀均分布的圆柱数字模具和Jaszczak数字模具（phantom）模拟表明,随重叠比例的增加,未出现重建环状伪影;虽然靠近准直器表面空间分辨率有所下降,但在FOV（Field of View）中心区域空间分辨率近似等同于平行束准直器,重建图像的匀均度有了改善。投影数据的重叠表明,MPB的投影有放大作用。该研究为高成像质量的临床SPECT成像提供一种新的准直器设计方法。     

基于半扇束扫描的CT图像迭代重建算法

为解决探测器尺寸受限导致的CT图像重建区域面积受限以及X射线辐射剂量较大问题,提出一种半扇束扫描模式下的CT图像迭代重建算法。该算法将探测器水平偏置,稀疏角度下采集物体投影数据,利用ART-TV迭代算法对投影数据进行重建,达到预设迭代次数后,输出重建图像。实验结果表明:半扫描可扩大重建面积,降低探测器成本;利用迭代重建算法,降低剂量的同时重建优质CT图像。     

基于约束的MLEM图像重建算法

在编码孔γ相机的二维辐射图像重建中,最大似然期望最大化法(maximum likelihood expectation maximization,MLEM)相较传统线性算法能更好地抑制噪声,恢复出高质量的图像,但其缺点是收敛速度慢,且在投影数据有较高统计涨落或含有较大噪声时,迭代次数过高会导致重建图像中噪声急剧增加,图像质量转而变差。本文基于直接解调法思想对MLEM算法进行优化,在MLEM迭代重建过程中加入先验物理约束条件,并将交叉相关法重建结果作为迭代初值。仿真结果表明,添加约束后的MLEM迭代收敛速度得到加快,重建图像的收敛性显著改善。MLEM算法中添加合理约束条件是提高其重建图像质量的一种有效方法。     

PET探测模组缝隙对成像质量影响的研究

在PET探测器中,PMT的有效探测面积小于其外壳尺寸,造成相邻探测模组间存在缝隙,使得获得的数据存在缺失,降低了系统的灵敏度。通过在晶体与PMT之间加入梯形光导的方式可以填补缝隙,然而,光导的加入会致使系统的能量分辨率下降,在要求高能量分辨率的应用中会使得系统成像性能不足;并且,光导的加入也会增加系统成本。通过研究探测模组间缝隙对PET成像质量的影响,基于正在开发的μPET系统,对有光导和无光导两种探测器结构进行仿真建模并实现图像重建。通过分析比较两种结构下的重建图像质量,得出如下结论:当探测模组缝隙比例达17.56%时无光导结构仍能成像;有光导结构下的重建图像的信噪比优于无光导结构;无光导结构下,热源的对比度分数优于有光导结构,而冷源的对比度分数略逊于有光导结构。     

均匀介质中γ成像三维图像重建

将γ相机的小孔成像模型类比成平行束模型,在代数重建法(ART)的基础上,加入衰减补偿,实现了均匀介质γ成像的三维图像重建。对比加入衰减补偿和未加入衰减补偿所重建放射源的位置和强度分布,得出介质对γ相机成像三维图像重建的影响:屏蔽介质只会影响重建后放射源的强度分布,不会影响放射源的位置分布。通过MC模拟数据的重建结果表明,本方案是切实可行的。     

多通道平行束准直器灵敏度补偿性能

点源扩展函数PSF作为SPECT成像的一个重要参考,反映出相应准直器灵敏度和空间分辨率等的特性。本文在多通道平行束准直器MPB的几何框架下进行物理模型构建,解释了由探测器晶体厚度引起的PSF变化以及基于该变化进行的公式修正,指出了不利的因素,其结果与蒙特卡罗模拟基本吻合。在PSF基础上,结合蒙特卡洛模拟,指出了在准直器的拉伸过程中,斜平行束部分OPB的灵敏度变化特性和对准直器的补偿作用;通过两点源逐渐接近的过程,并与高灵敏度平行束准直器HSPB对比,指出MPB准直器在保持高灵敏度下,还能有高空间分辨率的原理,提出了一种设计高灵敏度和高空间分辨率准直器的方法。     

基于FDK算法的锥束CT重建近似算法性能比较

相比通常的扇束和平行束CT重建,锥束CT有诸多优点(如空间分辨率高,扫描速度快等)。近似锥束重建算法理论结构简单,重建速度快,易于实际应用。对新出现的几种近似锥束重建算法作了简单介绍,并利用这些算法对3D Shepp-logan模型的仿真模拟对这些算法的特点作了比较和讨论。     

探测器分块排列的CT系统及其图像重建

为解决CT系统中扫描视野受限及低剂量成像问题,提出一种探测器分块排列的CT系统及其稀疏角度CT图像迭代重建方法。探测器分块排列可扩大CT图像物体扫描视野,稀疏角度采集投影数据能有效降低辐射剂量,同时采用ART-TV迭代算法重建CT图像。仿真实验表明:该方法可有效扩大CT系统扫描视野,在稀疏角度获取投影数据采集方式下,利用ART-TV迭代重建算法可重建优质CT图像,实现降低辐射剂量的目的。     

低对比度锥束CT图像缺陷分割算法

根据锥束CT图像的特点,通过获取切片图像中的灰度拓扑结构,将整幅图像中的低对比度分割问题转化为在局部拓扑结构中的较高对比度分割问题.然后针对每个拓扑结构,根据设置的2个阈值和4个检测模板,判断当前模板区域是缺陷区域、噪声区域或者背景材质区域,并将4个方向的检测结果相加得到该拓扑结构的检测结果,最终的检测结果为各拓扑结构的检测结果之和.对空心涡轮叶片蜡模锥束CT图像的实验表明,该算法可有效提取低对比度缺陷信息.     

锥束CT图像矩形包围盒快速重建

针对传统锥束CT重建存在大量冗余计算的问题,建立了锥束CT图像矩形包围盒快速重建方法。该方法将重建空间限定为三维矩形包围盒,大大减少了待重建体素的数量,接着将Z线优先算法反投影部分的计算移植到GPU上加速重建。实验结果表明:该方法显著提高了锥束CT图像的重建速度,可推广应用于采用类似算法重建的CT系统。     

Synchronous Output Control System of Two Megawatt Hot Cathode Bucket Ion Sources for NBI

Synchronous output of one beam line's two megawatt hot cathode bucket ion sources is required when Neutral Beam Injector(NBI) works on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak(EAST).Neutral Beam Injector Control System(NBICS) realizes synchronous output and asynchronous output of two ion sources with network communication and hardware triggers.And the synchronous time can be set by operator.In synchronous mode,two megawatt hot cathode bucket ion sources can produce neutral beams at any relative time with higher energy than two sources' asynchronous output.Two megawatt hot cathode bucket ion sources' synchronous output makes an important contribution to NBI system of 4-8 MW with 10-100 s pulse length and provides more and better parameters for EAST physical experiments.     

Development of Powerful RF Plasma Sources for Present and Future NBI Systems

This paper deals with the topic of RF plasma sources and their application in high-power neutral beam heating systems for nuclear fusion devices. RF sources represent an interesting alternative to the conventional arc discharge sources. Due to the absence of hot filaments they exhibit an inherent simplicity both in mechanical and electrical aspects and consequently offer advantages in terms of cost savings, gain in availability and reliability and reduced maintenance. This renders the RF plasma source attractive for any long pulse (> 10 sec) NBI system and in particular for the ITER NBI system. The latter, however, requires that the RF plasma source is also capable of delivering negative rather than positive hydrogen ions.In the first part of the paper the types, characteristics and operation experience of RF plasma sources for positive ions in operation are described. The second part is devoted to the development for ITER NBI: the basic requirements, physics and technology issues and the present status     

SPECT reconstruction of combined cone beam and parallel holecollimation with experimental data

Three methods for combining parallel and cone beam (P&CB) SPECT data using modified maximum-likelihood expectation-maximization (ML-EM) algorithms are presented. The first method applies both parallel and cone beam data sets to reconstruct a single intermediate image after each iteration using the ML-EM algorithm. The other two are iterative methods that combine the intermediate parallel beam and cone beam source estimates to enhance the uniformity of images. These two methods are ad hoc methods. These combined collimation methods are qualitatively evaluated using experimental data. Attenuation compensation is performed by including the effects of attenuation in the transition matrix as a multiplicative factor. The results indicate that the combined P&CB approaches suppress artifacts caused by truncated projections and corrects for th distortions of the CB-only images     

Beam and image experiment of beam deflection electron gun for distributed X-ray sources

Distributed X-ray sources comprise a single vacuum chamber containing multiple X-ray sources that are triggered and emit X-rays at a specific time and location. This process facilitates an application for innovative system concepts in X-ray and computer tomography. This paper proposes a novel electron beam focusing, shaping,and deflection electron gun for distributed X-ray sources.The electron gun uses a dispenser cathode as an electron emitter, a mesh grid to control emission current, and two electrostatic lenses for beam shaping, focusing, and deflection. Novel focusing and deflecting electrodes were designed to increase the number of focal spots in the distributed source. Two identical half-rectangle opening electrodes are controlled by adjusting the potential of the two electrodes to control the electron beam trajectory, and then, multifocal spots are obtained on the anode target. The electron gun can increase the spatial density of the distributed X-ray sources, thereby improving the image quality. The beam experimental results show that the focal spot sizes of the deflected(deflected amplitude 10.5 mm)and non-deflected electron beams at full width at half maximum are 0.80 mm 90.50 mm and 0.55 mm 90.40 mm, respectively(anode voltage 160 kV; beam current 30 mA). The imaging experimental results demonstrate the excellent spatial resolution and time resolution of an imaging system built with the sources, which has an excellent imaging effect on a field-programmable gate array chip and a rotating metal disk.     

60Co双投影辐射成像系统中的辐射信息处理与实现

针对清华大学研制成功的⁶⁰Co双投影数字辐射成像系统中两个⁶⁰Co放射源之间存在γ光子散射影响的问题,本文提出一种综合的辐射信息处理方法,包括使用散射校正算法和物理隔离对两源之间的散射进行校正,对辐射图像处理算法进行改进,并设计建造了辐射信息处理和分析平台。该方法有效降低了两个放射源之间的散射影响,获得了更加清晰的辐射图像,并开发了专用的辐射信息处理平台。本工作已应用在某核设施出入口,运行两年多时间里,联调稳定可靠,实现了同类检测系统的应用创新。     

The use of the Wien filter to eliminate object slit scattering in MeV ion nanobeam systems

One of the fundamental limitations in the performance of MeV ion microbeam focusing systems is the effect of ion scattering at the edges of the object aperture. As the aperture is reduced in the search for smaller spot sizes, the fraction of scattered to unscattered beam increases. The scattered beam contains lower energy particles which can be transmitted through the system to create a halo of over-focused particles surrounding the final image. Removal of this halo is critical to achieving small spot sizes, especially in single ion applications.In this paper, we discuss the use of a Wien filter (crossed magnetic and electrostatic fields) to deflect the reduced energy scattered particles and ensure that only ions with the correct energy are accepted into the lens. This paper reviews the beam optics of Wien filter systems and presents calculations of the parameters required to obtain useful energy dispersion.     

Laboratory and In-Beam Tests of a Novel Real-Time Beam Monitor for Hadrontherapy

Real time monitoring of hadrontherapy beam intensity and profile is a critical issue for the optimization of dose delivery to carcinogenic tissue, patient safety and operation of the accelerator complex. For this purpose an innovative beam monitor, secondary electron emission for low interception monitoring (SLIM) is being developed in the framework of the EC-funded silicon ultra-fast cameras for electrons and gamma sources in medical application (SUCIMA) project. The detector system is based on the secondary emission of electrons by a nonperturbative, sub-micron thick Al foil placed directly in the extracted beam path. The secondary electrons, accelerated by an electrostatic focusing system, are detected by a monolithic silicon position-sensitive sensor, which provides the beam intensity and its position with a precision of 1 mm at a 10 kHz frame rate. The results of the laboratory tests of the first system prototype with thermoionic electrons emitted from a hot Tungsten wire are presented together with the measurements performed on a low intensity hadron beam at the Cyclotron of the Joint Research Centre in Ispra.     

A New Approach to the Fan Beam Geometry Image Reconstruction for a CT Scanner

A new derivation of the fan beam geometry image reconstruction formula for CT scanners has been made in this paper. Moreover there are two points discussed here in order to develop fast algorithms based upon this formula. First is to establish a principle of filterered back-projection algorithm for fan beam geometry which enables us to use FFT algorithm. Second is to develop a fast algorithm for fan back-projection process. With these algorithms, the fan beam image reconstruction time to compute can be made comparable with the filtered back-projection algorithm for the parallel beam geometry image reconstruction.     

Real-time protection of in-vessel components in ASDEX Upgrade

A video real time safety system (VRT) for protection of in-vessel components was fully implemented in the machine control system (CODAC) from the 2007 experimental campaign on. The VRT is based on video cameras in contrast to infrared systems. The visible wavelength range has a smaller measurement range but is a factor 5–10 less sensitive against changes of the transmission of the optical system and the target emissivity compared to infrared systems. Up to 12 analog video channels with multiple regions of interest (ROI) are processed and monitored on each video stream. At present two safety algorithms, to detect the fraction of overheating in a ROI and hot spot detection, respectively, are implemented. The integral algorithm is preferentially used for probe or limiter protection, the hot spot algorithm for divertor protection. The VRT system is realized with ReadHawk real time operating system on a multi core Linux computer.     

Effect of cyclotron resonance on ‘hot’ dispersion in a staggered double metallic grating sheet beam travelling wave tube

Based on the beam wave synchronous interaction in transverse and longitudinal directions at the same time and starting from Maxwell’s equation and linear Vlasov equation, the beam–wave interaction ‘hot’ dispersion equation considering both cyclotron resonance and Cherenkov resonance in a staggered double metallic grating traveling wave tube is deduced. Through the reasonable selection for geometric and electrical parameters, the numerical calculation and analysis of the ‘hot’ dispersion equation shows that the beam–wave interaction gain and frequency band with the cyclotron resonance enhancement effect are higher than those with only Cherenkov resonance radiation.