严重事故下安全壳内环境条件计算分析

参照对先进压水堆安全壳的要求,结合恰希玛二期工程严重事故缓解措施,对大破口失水事故(LLOCA)叠加安注失效、小破口失水事故(SLOCA)叠加安注失效、全厂断电(SBO)叠加柴油机驱动的辅助给水失效等严重事故序列可能影响安全壳内环境的条件及缓解措施进行了分析.结果表明,恢复喷淋可以明显地降低安全壳内的压力和温度,有效地改善安全壳内的环境,从而改善各种仪表设备的工作条件.     

秦山二期核电厂严重事故下安全壳内氢气浓度分布及风险初步分析

采用模块化严重事故计算工具,对秦山二期核电厂大破口失水事故(LB-LOCA)、小破口失水事故(LB-LOCA)和全厂断电(SBO)诱发的严重事故序列以及安全壳内的氢气浓度分布进行了计算分析.在此基础之上,参考美国联邦法规10CFR关于氢气控制和风险分析的标准,对安全壳的氢气燃烧风险进行了初步研究.分析结果表明:大破口严重事故导致的安全壳内的平均氢气浓度接近10%,具有一定的整体性氢气燃烧风险,小破口失水和全厂断电严重事故可能不会导致此类风险,但仍然存在局部氢气燃烧的可能.     

900MW核电站严重事故缓解系统功能分析

应用新版的MELCOR程序，以900MW机组为对象，进行了SBO严重事故进程研究，在严重事故计算分析中比较了稳压器功能延伸，非能动氢气复合等缓解措施（3个方案）对严重事故进程和现象的影响。对堆芯熔融过程中包壳和燃料栅元的径向和轴向分段失效模式进行了模拟；计算了MCCI引起的堆坑径向和轴向熔蚀的情况；对事故中后期可燃气体的产生、分布及非能动氢气复合系统在安全壳中对氧气的复合效应进行了评价和分析。分析结果表明，事故下稳压器延伸功能的及时投入，可使堆芯整体坍塌失效及压力容器熔穿均延后了2h左右，并且避免了高压堆熔引起的安全壳直接加热现象，消除了由此引起的对安全壳完整性的威胁。各方案均表明，由于从一回路迁移到安全壳的大量水蒸汽对氢气燃烧的惰化作用，在一定程度上避免了安全壳内氢爆的发生，而氢气复合器在空间和数量上的合理布置，则可以完全消除大空间内燃爆的威胁。24h内堆坑地板没有完全熔穿的情况出现。     

严重事故条件下安全壳响应模拟研究

压水堆核电厂发生严重事故期间，从主系统释放的蒸汽、氢气以及下封头失效后进入安全壳的堆芯熔融物均对安全壳的完整性构成威胁。以国内典型二代加压水堆为研究对象，采用MAAP程序进行安全壳响应分析。选取了两种典型的严重事故序列：热管段中破口叠加设备冷却水失效和再循环高压安注失效，堆芯因冷却不足升温熔化导致压力容器失效，熔融物与混凝土发生反应（MCCI），安全壳超压失效；冷管段大破口叠加再循环失效，安全壳内蒸汽不断聚集，发生超压失效。通过对两种事故工况的分析，证实了再循环高压安注、安全壳喷淋这两种缓解措施对保证安全壳完整性的重要作用。     

严重事故缓解措施对全厂断电(SBO)事故进程影响分析

应用新版的MELCOR程序,以600 MW机组为对象,进行了SBO严重事故进程研究,在严重事故计算分析中比较了稳压器功能延伸、非能动氢气复合等缓解措施(3个方案)对严重事故进程和现象的影响.对堆芯熔融过程中包壳和燃料栅元的径向和轴向分段失效模式进行了模拟;计算了熔融堆芯和堆坑混凝土的相互作用(MCCI)引起的堆坑径向和轴向熔蚀的情况;对事故中后期可燃气体的产生、分布及非能动氢气复合系统在安全壳中对氢气的复合效应进行了评价和分析.分析结果表明,事故下稳压器延伸功能的及时投入,可使堆芯整体坍塌失效及压力容器熔穿均延后了近5 h,同时也降低了通过蒸汽发生器(SG)U型管向二次侧及环境早期释放放射性的风险.方案3_C表明10台氢气复合器在24 h内有效地复合了667 kg氢气,安全壳大空间最大氢气摩尔浓度为3.12%,安全壳内压力约为0.4 MPa.     

百万千瓦级压水堆严重事故下氢气源项及氢气控制有效性分析

针对百万千瓦级压水堆核电厂大型干式安全壳在严重事故情况下的氢气风险控制,建立了一体化事故分析模型,分别对大破口失水事故(LB-LOCA)、中破口失水事故(MB-LOCA)、小破口失水事故(SB-LOCA)、全厂断电事故(SBO)、蒸汽发生器(SG)传热管破裂事故(SGTR)以及主蒸汽管道破裂事故(MSLB)进行事故进程计算以及氢气源项分析。相对于其他事故序列,LB-LOCA下堆芯快速熔化,锆-水反应产生氢气的速率快,可以作为安全壳内氢气风险控制有效性分析的代表性事故序列。分析表明,严重事故情况下在安全壳中安装一定数量的非能动氢气复合器(PARs)能够有效去除安全壳中的氢气,消除氢气燃烧或爆炸的风险,保持安全壳的完整性。     

严重事故下核电站安全壳内氢气分布及控制分析

使用安全壳分析程序CONTAIN计算分析了百万千瓦级压水堆核电站严重事故下安全壳内的氢气浓度分布.分别对一回路冷段大破口失水(LB-LOCA)叠加应急堆芯冷却系统(ECCS)失效(不包括非能动的安注箱)事故和全厂断电(SBO)叠加汽轮机驱动的应急给水泵失效事故两个严重事故序列进行了计算.计算结果表明,不同严重事故下,安全壳各隔间对氢气控制系统的要求不同.氢气控制系统的设计必须满足不同事故下的法规要求,提高电站的安全性.     

小破口引发的严重事故工况及事故缓解的研究

利用MAAP4程序对方家山核电站进行建模,针对事故后果较为严重的小破口事件进行了计算分析,得到了假设事故下电厂系统的反应以及相应的严重事故现象.对事故中发生的DCH(安全壳直接加热)现象和安全壳失效以及裂变产物向环境的释放进行了分析.随后,本文根据相关的严重事故管理导则和该事故的特点,对缓解该事故的策略进行了研究和计算...     

严重事故下堆芯熔融物与混凝土的相互作用

当反应堆由于始发事件发展到压力容器熔融贯穿时,堆芯熔融物与混凝土相互作用（MCCI）可能引起安全壳晚期失效,包括地基熔穿及不可凝气体引起的安全壳超压失效。本文以600MW轻水堆核电厂为对象,选取全厂断电（SBO）叠加汽动辅助给水泵失效诱发的严重事故序列,应用MELCOR程序研究了该序列下发生MCCI的主要现象,着重关注了混凝土的消融速率及氢气的产生速率,为相应的严重事故管理提供支持。     

MCCI过程模型开发及验证

概述了严重事故下堆芯熔融物与混凝土相互作用（MCCI）过程的机理性模型,并给出了大亚湾核电厂全厂断电及大破口叠加安注失效等典型初因事故导致的严重事故下的MCCI过程的计算分析结果,并与相同事故序列下的MELCOR计算结果进行对比。计算结果表明,所给出的严重事故下的MCCI过程模型正确合理,计算速度快,能满足在模拟机上应用的要求。     

HPR1000非能动堆腔注水冷却系统事故缓解能力评估

华龙一号（HPR1000）设计了堆腔注水冷却系统（CIS）以实现严重事故期间熔融物的堆内滞留（IVR），该系统分为能动与非能动两列子系统，其中非能动CIS应对的是全厂断电（SBO）始发的严重事故工况。本文对非能动CIS的事故缓解能力进行评估。首先开发了下封头熔池换热计算程序并予以验证，使用MAAP程序对SBO严重事故序列及SBO叠加不同尺寸一回路破口始发的严重事故序列进行计算，并结合熔池换热计算程序得到不同事故序列下的压力容器外壁面最大热流密度，进而评估不同事故序列下非能动CIS的有效性。评估结果表明，非能动CIS可有效应对SBO始发的严重事故序列以及SBO叠加一回路破口尺寸小于60 mm始发的严重事故序列，实现IVR策略。评估结果可应用于HPR1000的严重事故管理。     

Development and verification of molten corium–concrete interaction code

During a severe accident of Pressurized Water Reactor(PWR), the core materials was heated, melt located on the lower head of Reactor Pressure Vessel(RPV). With the temperature rise, the corium will melt through the lower head and discharge into the reactor cavity. Those corium will interact with the concrete and damage the integrity of the containment, so some coolability method should used to quench the corium. In order to investigate the progress of MCCI, a MCCI analysis code, that is MOCO, was developed. The MOCO includes the heat transfer behavior in axial and radial directions from the molten corium to the basemat and sidewall concrete, crust generation and growth, and coolability mechanisms reveal the concrete erosion and gas release, which are important for the interaction process. Cavity ablation depth, melt temperature, and gas release are the key parameters in the interaction research. The physical-chemistry reaction is also involved in MOCO code. In the present paper, the related MCCI experiment data were used to verify the models of the MOCO and the calculation results of MOCO were also compared with other MCCI analysis codes.     

Development of the models for advection-diffusion of eroded concrete into debris and concrete volume reduction in molten core-concrete interactions

Models for the three-dimensional (3D) advection, diffusion, and volume reduction of eroded concrete into molten core are being developed. As part of the assessment of the reactor interior at TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, analytical models of molten core–concrete interaction (MCCI) to predict locations and condition of molten core (debris) have been improved in the debris spreading analysis (DSA) module of the severe accident analysis code SAMPSON. In addition to the primary model for 3D natural convection with simultaneous spreading, melting, and solidification in an open space, the analysis model to treat phenomena in a closed space, such as debris eroding laterally under concrete floors at the bottom of the sump pits, had been improved. This modeling with practical applicability is referred to as the full-3D MCCI model. This paper presents modeling of the advection and diffusion of eroded concrete into debris melt and calculation processes that were installed for simulating volume reduction when concrete decomposed. They were developed and incorporated into the full-3D MCCI model. The advanced DSA module with the models noted above was validated using MCCI test data. The calculated erosion rates agreed with the test data within a margin of about 16%.     

氢气缓解措施中点火器特点及有效性分析

为保证严重事故下安全壳的完整性，氢气缓解措施广泛应用于核电站内。本文应用三维计算流体力学程序GASFLOW分析了氢气缓解措施中的点火器系统与复合器系统，并总结出各自的特点。点火器通过点燃的方式能够快速有效地降低氢气总量，同时会明显增大安全壳内压力与温度；复合器需长时间运行才能够消除大量的氢气，工作的同时不会引起平均温度与压力的明显上升。如果点火器的布置位置及启动时间均合理，有可能在不引起大范围火焰加速或爆炸的情况下迅速有效地消除氢气。     

Analysis on hydrogen risk mitigation in severe accidents for Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor

Hydrogen source term and hydrogen mitigation under severe accidents is evaluated for most nuclear power plants (NPPs) after Fukushima Daiichi accident. Two units of Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) are under operating in China, and hydrogen risk control should be evaluated in detail for the existing design. The distinguish feature of PHWR, compared with PWR, is the horizontal reactor core surrounded by moderator in calandria vessel (CV), which may influence the hydrogen source term. Based on integral system analysis code of PHWR, the plant model including primary heat transfer system (PHTS), calandria, end shield system, reactor cavity and containment has been developed. Two severe accident sequences have been selected to study hydrogen generation characteristic and the effectiveness of hydrogen mitigation with igniters. The one is Station Blackout (SBO) which represents high-pressure core melt accident, and the other is Large Break Loss of Coolant Accident (LLOCA) at reactor outlet header (ROH) which represents low-pressure core melt accident. Results show that under severe accident sequences, core oxidation of zirconium–steam reaction will produce hydrogen with deterioration of core cooling and the water in CV and reactor cavity can inhibits hydrogen generation for a relatively long time. However, as the water dries out, creep failure happens on CV. As a result, molten core falls into cavity and molten core concrete interaction (MCCI) occurs, releasing a large mass of hydrogen. When hydrogen igniters fail, volume fraction of hydrogen in the containment is more than 15% while equivalent amount of hydrogen generate from a 100% fuel clad-coolant reaction. As a result, hydrogen risk lies in the deflagration–detonation transition area. When igniters start at the beginning of large hydrogen generation, hydrogen mixtures ignite at low concentration in the compartments and the combustion mode locates at the edge of flammable area. However, the power supply to igniters should be ensured.     

基于MAAP5程序的秦山核电站严重事故分析

应用MAAP5程序建立了秦山核电站一、二回路，安全系统以及安全壳的模型，并以冷段双端断裂叠加高高、高、低压安注失效，安全壳喷淋系统失效为例，对该严重事故序列进行了模拟计算，给出了瞬态过程一些重要参数随时间的变化规律。结果表明：在72 h内无能动干预手段的条件下，安全壳的完整性可得到保证，相关数据可为秦山核电站严重事故预防和事故缓解措施的制定提供重要参考。     

严重事故下安全壳卸压箱隔间氢气浓度场模拟

根据MELCOR程序对全厂断电诱发的严重事故下安全壳内各隔间的氢气浓度分布的计算结果,参考美国联邦法规关于氢气控制和风险分析的标准,分析安全壳内氢气的燃烧风险。结果表明：安全壳内平均氢气浓度不会导致整体性氢气燃烧,但存在局部燃烧的风险。通过CFD程序对氢气浓度较高的卸压箱隔间进行氢气释放和空间气体流动过程的模拟,得到更细致的卸压箱隔间内氢气浓度场分布,给出氢气聚集区域的准确位置,为采取严重事故缓解措施,设计氢复合器布置方案提供了参考依据。     

Study on severe accident mitigation measures for the development of PWR SAMG

In the development of the Severe Accident Management Guidelines （SAMG）, it is very important to choose the main severe accident sequences and verify their mitigation measures. In this article, Loss-of-Coolant Accident （LOCA）, Steam Generator Tube Rupture （SGTR）, Station Blackout （SBO）, and Anticipated Transients without Scram （ATWS） in PWR with 300 MWe are selected as the main severe accident sequences. The core damage progressions induced by the above-mentioned sequences are analyzed using SCDAP/RELAP5. To arrest the core damage progression and mitigate the consequences of severe accidents, the measures for the severe accident management （SAM） such as feed and bleed, and depressurizations are verified using the calculation. The results suggest that implementing feed and bleed and depressurization could be an effective way to arrest the severe accident sequences in PWR.     

A study on concrete degradation during molten core/concrete interactions

A series of MCCI tests was performed in COTELS project at NUPEC to examine concrete degradation characteristics during MCCI with and without water addition onto the debris. Molten stainless steel or a mixture composed of UO₂, ZrO₂, Zr and stainless steel was slumped into a two-dimensional concrete trap, where volumetric decay heat generation was simulated by an induction heating technique. The results of dry MCCI tests implied that concrete ablation was dominated by melting of aggregates when the debris was crusted and cement was thermally weaker than aggregates. Without presence of stable crust, unmolten aggregates were possible to relocate upward due to the density difference from the debris. Concrete responses under a wet condition showed a tendency that water migrated into thermally degraded concrete. A preliminary water migration model was incorporated into COCO code for transient heat conduction. The prediction by COCO code agreed with the tendency of concrete thermal responses observed in the dry and wet MCCI tests.