滇东老厂矿区多层叠置独立含煤层气系统

滇东煤田煤炭资源丰富,主要含煤地层为龙潭组,煤层厚度适中,埋藏适宜,煤层气含量高。从沉积、构造、煤层煤质、煤储层特征等方面对滇东煤田煤炭资源较好的老厂煤矿煤层气赋存地质条件进行分析。研究表明:老厂矿区龙潭组第三段是多层叠置含煤层气独立系统,是沉积—水文—构造条件耦合控气作用的产物。含煤地层的层序格架特点奠定了多层叠置独立含煤层气系统的地质基础,每套独立含煤层气系统分别被限定在对应的二级层序格架内;含煤地层与上覆、下伏含水层之间缺乏水力联系,含煤地层内部不同岩层(组合)之间相互封闭,这些条件构成了多层叠置含气系统的水文地质基础。老厂煤矿煤层气由四个含煤层气系统组成,各系统间相互独立,其岩性分段具备完整的生储盖层,形成了一多层叠置独立含煤层气系统。     

“多层叠置独立含煤层气系统”形成的沉积控制因素

基于黔西地区晚二叠世含煤地层的实测资料, 初步探讨了"多层叠置独立含煤层气系统"形成的沉积控制因素.研究表明, 含煤地层的沉积条件奠定了"多层叠置独立含煤层气系统"的物质及物性基础, 层序地层格架特点限定了含气单元间含气性的连通性.最大海泛面附近的菱铁质泥岩等低渗透岩层控制了垂向次级含气单元间的含气性相对独立, 且煤层含气量与海平面升降之间存在一定的相关性, 即最大海侵面附近煤层含气量相对较低, 此界面似乎可作为含煤层气系统内独立含气单元的成藏边界; 层序界面沟通了含气单元间的含气联系, 使得靠近层序界面附近的煤层具有相似的含气性特征.      

黔西松河井田多层叠置独立含煤层气系统

从研究区含煤岩系地质、沉积构造和水文等方面入手,探讨了松河井田龙潭组含煤层气系统垂向上的分布规律。结果表明:该区煤层硫分与灰分总体上呈上、下高,中间低的规律;煤层含气量由顶部至底部总体呈现“上升-下降-上升”的趋势;煤层埋深-压力系数关系揭示煤层垂向上至少可划分为2套压力系统。龙潭组3个二级层序与3个岩性分段的地层界限较为一致,奠定了独立含煤层气系统的物质基础;每套系统之间缺乏水力联系,富水性呈“弱-中等-弱”的变化规律,构成了独立含煤层气系统的水文地质基础。龙潭组多层叠置独立含煤层气系统,是沉积-水文-构造条件耦合控气作用的产物,划分为3个独立含煤层气系统。研究结果为松河井田煤层气勘探开发提供地质依据。      

黔西红梅井田煤层气有序开发的水文地质条件

在多煤层含煤地层中,往往形成垂向上叠置发育的多个独立含煤层气系统,系统之间的相互干扰严重妨碍了煤层气井的有效排水降压。解决这一问题的关键,是查明不同系统之间水文地质条件的差异。基于水文地质勘探成果,分析了黔西织纳煤田红梅井田上二叠统含煤地层不同含煤段的水动力条件和水化学特征,提取视储层压力、压力系数、钻孔单位涌水量、渗透系数、影响半径等与煤层气开发相关的有用信息,发现不同含煤段之间的水文地质条件差异显著,垂向上可能发育与三级地层层序格架相吻合的多层叠置独立含煤层气系统,运用灰色关联分析建立了基于水文地质信息的煤层气开发条件评价因子。在此基础上,评价了不同含煤段的煤层气开发潜力,对煤层气开发顺序进行了概念性设计。研究认为,17~30号煤层段的煤层气开发条件优于其上、下2段,应优先开发,其次是6~16号煤层段;31号煤层至底部开发条件相对较差,应最后开发。     

黔西上二叠统含煤层气系统特征及其沉积控制

基于黔西地区晚二叠世含煤地层钻井岩芯观察及样品分析测试结果,指出沉积环境对“多层叠置独立含煤层气系统”
的发育具显著的控制作用。研究结果表明,含煤岩系中低渗透岩层的分布对“多层叠置独立含煤层气系统”的形成具有分
划性的阻隔作用,这种分划性隔水阻气的发育受控于沉积环境,从三角洲平原相区至三角洲前缘相区含煤地层中具低孔渗
透条件的隔水阻气层渐趋发育,导致垂向含煤层气系统渐趋复杂。三角洲平原相区偏于氧化环境,不利于准同生成岩-早
成岩作用阶段菱铁矿和黄铁矿的形成,层序内最大海侵面附近泥岩的封堵性能相对减弱,使得原本相对孤立的含气组合彼
此连通构成相对统一的含气系统,垂向含煤层气系统相对简单;而三角洲前缘相区含煤地层中具低孔渗透条件的隔水阻气
层相对发育,垂向含煤层气系统较为复杂。     

煤层群条件下的煤层气成藏特征

基于对我国煤层群发育特征的分析,在概述前人多煤层条件下煤层气成藏特征研究成果的基础上,发现煤层群成藏特征主要表现在垂向上存在“多层统一煤层气系统”或“多层叠置含气系统”, 陆相河流-三角洲-湖泊相的煤层群一般为“多层统一煤层气系统”,海陆过渡相的三角洲-潮坪-泻湖相煤层群一般为“多层叠置含气系统”。进一步解剖比德-三塘盆地实测钻孔资料显示,层序组合是煤层群独立含气系统发育的关键。依据该区抽水钻孔资料分析亦证明,至少存在4套独立含气系统。泻湖潮坪相发育的煤组存在超压的可能,但储层能势分布不均匀。另外,煤层群内部各煤层之间由于“烃浓度封闭效应”及煤层本身的低渗透性对流体流动存在“叠加封闭”作用,使煤层群储层存在“超压”可能性增大。这些结论深化了对煤层群成藏特征的认识。      

盘江矿区月亮田矿煤储层物性差异分布特征及其控制机理

为了综合分析盘江矿区月亮田矿煤层气勘探开发地质条件与潜力,研究采用多种测试手段,系统分析了该矿煤储层在孔隙度及孔隙结构、渗透性和储层压力在垂向分布的特征与差异。结果表明,盘江矿区月亮田矿二叠系龙潭组煤储层孔隙度较低,小孔体积占明显优势并且比例接近,微孔和小孔比表面积占优势但变化较大,主要发育狭缝状孔和细径广体的墨水瓶状孔。该区煤层渗透率在垂向上的变化较大,且并非为应力主控,受多种地质条件的综合影响。龙潭组煤储层压力属于异常低-异常高压范围,随埋藏深度的增加而增大,推测区内龙潭组煤系地层在垂向上至少存在2个独立含煤层气系统。针对龙潭组煤储层物性垂向分布特征的研究,期望可以为月亮田矿煤层气开发提供新的地质参考。     

河南省太行山东麓深部晚古生代层序地层及其含气系统划分

为了开展河南省太行山东麓深部晚生代的厚层暗色泥岩和煤层方面的系统研究。本文以晚古生代地层为研究对象,运用沉积学和层序地层学的方法,对研究区的上古生界太原组、山西组和下石盒子组进行精细地层对比及沉积相划分。研究结果显示：共识别出5种岩石类型和16种岩相类型,5种沉积相、10种沉积亚相类型,并识别出3种层序界面,2种关键性体系域界面,划分了10个三级层序及对应的体系域;由此建立该地区煤系地层层序地层格架,恢复等时地层格架内的岩相古地理特征,分析其沉积演化史,并建立了两种典型的沉积模式。在此基础上,结合气测录井资料,在层序地层格架内对隔水阻气层位和含气系统进行了识别和划分,揭示了煤层含气量的垂向分布特征和层序结构对含气系统的封闭性特征,完成了晚古生代煤系地层的含气系统划分,其中I类含气系统2个,位于太原组层序2和山西组层序4中。      

中寨矿区龙潭组层序划分方法及沉积相特征分析

依据研究区钻孔岩心观察,结合测井及面上区域资料,并通过室内测试分析和野外调查等手段,重点研究区内ZZ808井,运用层序地层学、沉积学等多学科理论。划分了研究区龙潭组层序地层,系统研究了各层序地层特征。结果显示:龙潭组发育4个层序界面,将其划分为3个三级层序,SQ_1属于海相层序,SQ_2、SQ_3属于海陆过渡相层序,六个体系域。层序地层格架的建立分析显示龙潭早期发生脉动式海侵,以慢速海侵,快速海退为特征,沉积主体为障壁砂坝-■湖,沉积相呈北东—南西向展布,主要发育碳酸盐台地相、■湖-潮坪相和障壁沙坝相,含煤厚度自北东—南西逐渐减薄;龙潭晚期为区域性海退过程,发育三角洲相,三角洲成为沉积主体,煤层主要形成于海退—海侵转折期之后。     

川南煤田古叙矿区含煤地层格架及聚煤作用

四川省古叙矿区晚二叠世龙潭组为一套海陆交替相含煤地层,根据勘查地质资料通过层序地层学和聚煤作用研究,根据区域性不整合面、河流下切谷充填砂岩底部冲刷面、石灰岩的旋回性及最大延伸范围等划分为2个三级层序及相应的低位、海侵及高位体系域。成煤的沉积体系主要为潮坪．三角洲体系,层序地层格架对煤层的发育、分布及含煤性具有明显的控制作用,厚度较大、展布范围较广的煤层主要分布在海侵体系域的中下部、高位体系域中下部及低位体系域的上部。层序I的含煤性最好,层序Ⅱ次之。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.