表面改性壳聚糖纳米铁球去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)

通过表氯醇(ECH)、乙二醇二缩水甘油醚(EGDE)和戊二醛(GLA)对壳聚糖-纳米铁(chitosan nanoscale zerovalent iron,CS-NZVI)进行表面改性,提高了其机械强度。研究在不同的初始pH值、反应温度、NZVI投加量、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度条件下,改性前与后的CS-NZVI球对去除Cr(Ⅵ)效果和动力学的影响。结果表明:4种CS-NZVI球对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率和Kobs与NZVI投加量和反应温度成正比,与初始pH值和Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度成反比。其中GLA-CS-NZVI球对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除效果最好。4种CS-NZVI球去除Cr(Ⅵ)的机理为:在前0.5 min内,物理吸附作用将Cr(Ⅵ)吸附在球表面并有部分被还原为Cr(Ⅲ),然后化学还原作用起主导作用。     

一步还原焙烧法制备炭载零价铁及其对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除

以活性炭为还原剂和载体,通过一步还原焙烧法制备出炭载零价铁(AC-ZVI)材料。电镜扫描和X射线衍射分析结果表明,零价铁以平均粒径为2μm的颗粒均匀分布在活性炭表面和孔道中。采用间歇实验考察了炭载零价铁去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)的效果,结果显示炭载零价铁对水中的Cr(Ⅵ)具有很好的去除效果,在初始pH值为5、Cr(Ⅵ)浓度为50 mg·L~(-1)、AC-ZVI投加量(铁用量)为0.6 g·L~(-1)和反应温度为25℃的条件下,反应5 h后Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率达到86.8%;降低溶液pH、增加炭载零价铁投加量和提高反应温度均有利于Cr(Ⅵ)的去除,反应过程符合准一级动力学,表观反应速率常数k为0.655 h~(-1)(30℃),反应活化能为67.6 k J·mol~(-1)。研究结果表明,通过一步还原焙烧法制得的炭载零价铁可作为一种高效吸附还原材料用于Cr(Ⅵ)污染水体的治理。     

生物炭携载纳米零价铁对溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除

利用液相还原法,使生物炭携载纳米零价铁,可以有效解决纳米零价铁在水处理应用中自身团聚问题,从而提高Cr(Ⅵ)的去除效率。研究发现:在添加相同剂量纳米的条件下,当炭铁质量比为5∶1时,生物炭携载纳米零价铁对溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率可达到96.8%,比纯纳米零价铁去除Cr(Ⅵ)的效率高35.9%;TEM和BET分析表明,生物炭携载纳米零价铁比纯纳米零价铁有更好的分散性和更高的比表面积,这是其去除Cr(Ⅵ)效果更好的主要原因;当溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的反应初始浓度从25 mg/L提升至125 mg/L时,表观速率常数kobs从0.104 1 min~(-1)降低至0.023 5 min~(-1),说明反应速率随着Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度的增大而降低;当反应溶液初始p H在4.5~8.5之间时,携载纳米零价铁的生物炭对溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率均达到92.1%以上,表明生物炭携载纳米零价铁具有较广的p H适应范围,且对Cr(Ⅵ)具有较好的去除效果。     

绿色合成纳米铁去除水中铬离子

以桉树叶提取液作为还原剂和稳定剂,绿色合成纳米铁(EL-Fe NPs),用于去除水体中的铬离子。通过SEM、XRD、FT-IR等技术方法对绿色合成的纳米铁去除铬离子反应前后的微观结构进行表征和分析,观察其反应前后的形态结构。主要探究了p H、Cr(VI)溶液初始浓度、EL-Fe NPs投加量和反应温度等因素对EL-Fe NPs去除铬离子效果的影响,研究其吸附动力学并且进行了EL-Fe NPs重复利用实验。实验结果表明:降低溶液初始p H值、升高温度均能提高铬离子的去除率;在铬离子初始浓度10 mg·L~(-1),EL-Fe NPs投加量1 g·L~(-1),初始p H=6,反应温度298 K条件下,铬离子的去除率能达到77.2%,其去除过程符合伪一级动力学,反应表观活化能为28.23 k J·mo L~(-1),表明其为化学控制过程;EL-Fe NPs在重复使用3次之后,铬离子去除率仍能达到35.2%。     

非活性原始铜藻对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的生物吸附

以非活性原始铜藻(Sargassum horneri)(以下简称铜藻)为生物吸附剂处理含Cr(Ⅵ)废水,考察了溶液pH、铜藻投加量、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度、反应时间及温度对Cr(Ⅵ)去除效果的影响。结果表明,当pH在1~9时,pH越低时铜藻对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附效果越好;降低铜藻投加量或增加Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度均能提高铜藻对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附容量,但会降低溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率。铜藻对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程更遵循准二级动力学模型,且颗粒内扩散并不是该吸附过程的唯一速率控制步骤。Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型均能较好地描述铜藻对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附,20、30、40、50℃下铜藻对Cr(Ⅵ)的最大吸附容量分别为19.14、18.79、20.96、23.62mg/g。热力学分析显示,铜藻对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附为吸热反应,可自发进行,升温可促进铜藻对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附。此外,铜藻对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程中物理吸附和化学吸附并存。     

污泥活性炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附研究

研究了污泥活性炭对含Cr(Ⅵ)废水的吸附性能.利用西安某污水处理厂未消化脱水污泥,采用ZnCl2化学活化热解炭化法制备污泥活性炭,研究其处理含Cr(Ⅵ)废水的效果,考察其吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的动力学行为.结果表明,最佳吸附条件为溶液pH在1左右、污泥活性炭投加量5 g/L、吸附时间10 min、Cr(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度10 m...     

紫外活化过硫酸盐/甲酸体系还原水中Cr(Ⅵ)机理及影响因素

采用紫外活化过硫酸盐/甲酸体系所产生的还原性二氧化碳阴离子自由基(CO_2~(·-)),研究了水溶液中高浓度Cr(Ⅵ)的去除效果;使用电子自旋共振(ESR)技术,鉴定识别了体系中产生的活性自由基;分析了体系的活化机理及其对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原机制;考察了过硫酸盐投加量、初始pH、腐殖酸、无机阴离子(Cl~-、HCO_3~-和NO_3~-)及初始Cr(Ⅵ)浓度等对Cr(Ⅵ)去除的影响。结果表明:紫外活化过硫酸盐/甲酸体系可以有效还原Cr(Ⅵ),当过硫酸钠与甲酸浓度分别为20 mmol·L~(-1)和40 mmol·L~(-1),未调初始pH为2.4时,初始浓度为200 mg·L~(-1)Cr(VI)在50 min内基本完全可被还原;此外,Cr(Ⅵ)还原去除率随过硫酸盐浓度升高而增强,在酸性条件下(pH=2.4),体系对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原效率最高,随着pH的增大,还原效率明显降低。进一步研究表明, Cl~-、HCO_3~-和NO_3~-对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原都存在抑制作用,在相同浓度下,其抑制程度分别为HCO_3~-NO_3~-Cl~-,腐殖酸也对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除存在抑制作用。紫外活化过硫酸盐/甲酸体系还原Cr(Ⅵ)过程符合零级反应动力学方程,其动力学常数为78.467μmol·(L·min)~(-1)。本研究结果为Cr(Ⅵ)废水的处理提供了一种高效的还原新技术。     

发酵麸皮对酸性含铬废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附与解吸研究

以发酵行业产生的发酵麸皮废弃物为生物吸附剂处理酸性含铬废水中的Cr(Ⅵ),研究了pH、吸附时间、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度、发酵麸皮投加量对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附效果的影响,确定发酵麸皮吸附去除Cr(Ⅵ)的适宜条件。分别以NaOH、HCl、NaCl为解吸剂处理吸附饱和的发酵麸皮,利用正交实验研究解吸剂种类、解吸时间、解吸剂浓度、发酵麸皮投加量等因素对Cr(Ⅵ)解吸效果的影响。结果表明,在强酸条件下发酵麸皮对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附效果最好,发酵麸皮吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的适宜条件为pH=1,吸附时间90min,Cr(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度20mg/L,发酵麸皮投加量0.35g。发酵麸皮解吸Cr(Ⅵ)的正交实验结果表明,最佳解吸条件为以0.20mol/L NaOH为解吸剂,发酵麸皮投加量0.50g,解吸时间60min。各因素对Cr(Ⅵ)解吸效果的影响程度排序为解吸剂种类解吸时间解吸剂摩尔浓度发酵麸皮投加量。吸附饱和后的发酵麸皮可以通过解吸再生,但再生第4次已经失去了重复利用的价值。     

纳米铁改性生物炭制备及其对含铬废水的吸附性能

本文针对废水中Cr(Ⅵ),以市政脱水污泥为原料,通过液相还原技术成功制得纳米铁改性污泥基生物炭(nZVI/BC),并考察了nZVI/BC对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能和可能的吸附机理。表征结果表明,零价铁颗粒成功负载到生物炭表面且无明显团聚现象。吸附实验结果表明,初始pH、溶液初始Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除效果均有显著影响。nZVI/BC对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程可以使用伪二级(PSO)吸附动力学模型拟合。吸附等温线拟合分析结果表明,nZVI/BC对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能优于nZVI和BC。Cr(Ⅵ)的去除机制可能涉及其在nZVI/BC表面的化学还原,此外,nZVI/BC抗氧化性较强,且在一定条件下可实现再生处理。总体而言,作为一种环境友好型材料,nZVI/BC的应用为废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除可提供良好途径。     

纳米零价铁的制备及其去除水中对氯硝基苯的研究

通过FeSO4与KBH4反应,利用液相还原法制备纳米零价铁颗粒(NZVI),用XRD、SEM和BET对其性能进行表征。在常温常压下利用纳米铁还原废水中的对氯硝基苯(p-CNB),探讨了反应条件对还原率的影响。结果表明,制备过程中碱性物质(NaOH)的添加可以明显减小颗粒粒径,增大比表面积,提高纳米铁还原反应的效率。NZVI对于对氯硝基苯有很好的去除效果,NZVI用量、p-CNB初始浓度和pH值均对其去除效率产生影响。在纳米铁投加量为1 g/L,pH=2的条件下,添加NaOH的纳米铁能在120 min内将质量浓度为50 mg/L的对氯硝基苯基本完全降解,降解率为98.8%。此外,还对NZVI还原对氯硝基苯的机理进行了初步探讨。     

Microbial reduction of nitrate in the presence of nanoscale zero-valent iron

Microbial reduction of nitrate in the presence of nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) was evaluated to assess the feasibility of employing NZVI in the biological nitrate treatment. Nitrate was completely reduced within 3 d in a nanoscale Fe(0)-cell reactor, while only 50% of the nitrate was abiotically reduced over 7 d at 25 °C. The removal rate of nitrate in the integrated NZVI-cell system was unaffected by the presence of high amounts of sulfate. Efficient removal of nitrate by Fe(II)-supported anaerobic culture in 14 d indicated that Fe(II), which is produced during anaerobic iron corrosion in the Fe(0)-cell system, might act as an electron donor for nitrate. Unlike abiotic reduction, microbial reduction of nitrate was not significantly affected by low temperature conditions. This study demonstrated the potential applicability of employing NZVI iron as a source of electrons for biological nitrate reduction. Use of NZVI for microbial nitrate reduction can obviate the disadvantages associated with traditional biological denitrification, that relies on the use of organic substrates or explosive hydrogen gas, and maintain the advantages offered by nano-particle technology such as higher surface reactivity and functionality in suspensions.     

Use of waste iron metal for removal of Cr(VI) from water

Cr(VI) removal from water was evaluated using waste iron particles in batch experimental mode. The reaction rates were inversely proportional to the initial Cr(VI) concentrations, and the reaction rates of Cr(VI) removal with the waste iron metal were faster than those with Peerless iron, a commercial zero-valent iron. The loss in iron reactivity due to the oxidation, from Fe(0) to Fe(II), ultimately to Fe(III), could be recovered by adding iron-reducing consortium (IRC) to the oxidized iron. Bacterial reduction of Cr(VI) also helped to decrease the aqueous concentration of Cr(VI), but the reduction of oxidized iron by IRC and the consequent reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by the reduced iron was more significant. Thus, reusing waste iron metal for Cr(VI) removal can reduce the cost of reactive media. Furthermore, the addition of IRC to the waste iron metal can accelerate the removal rate of Cr(VI), and can recover the reactivity of irons which were oxidized by Cr(VI).     

纳米铁-微生物耦合体系去除硝酸盐的影响因素研究

采用液相还原法制备出纳米铁粒子,并与自养反硝化细菌耦合,以解决单独使用生物反硝化和纳米铁还原法的不足。本实验在纳米铁-微生物耦合体系可以有效还原硝酸盐的基础上,研究了pH、温度和DO等环境因素对该耦合体系脱氮速率和产物的影响,以期通过优化参数达到最好的脱氮效果。结果表明,该体系在中性条件下能够快速将硝酸盐还原,随pH升高,氨氮比例无显著变化,均在40%左右,但还原速率有所下降;随温度的升高,氨氮比例有所上升,而反应速率明显升高,但该体系在5℃时仍能将硝酸盐完全去除;耦合体系中的DO过高或过低都会导致产物中氨氮比例的增加,0.4 mg/L左右为较适宜DO水平,但对硝酸盐还原速率的影响不大,当DO为0.8 mg/L时,硝酸盐仍可以在8 d内完全去除。因此,该耦合脱氮体系对pH、温度和DO的适应能力较强,有利于实际地下水的原位修复。     

Synthesis of nanoscale zero-valent iron/ordered mesoporous carbon for adsorption and synergistic reduction of nitrobenzene

Nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) supported on ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) was synthesized through liquid phase reduction route. The NZVI/OMC composite was characterized by X-ray diffraction, N(2) adsorption/desorption and transmission electron microscopy. Results reveal that the composite possesses ordered mesostructure with NZVI distributing homogeneously on the surface of OMC support. The removal effects of nitrobenzene (NB) in water with OMC, NZVI/OMC and non-supported NZVI were evaluated. Results indicate that NZVI/OMC shows enhanced removal efficiency, which is attributed to its adsorption and synergistic reduction for NB. The transformation process of NB was further investigated by HPLC. Nitrosobenzene and phenylhydroxylamine were detected as intermediate products and aniline was the final reductive product.     

纳米零价铁颗粒去除污染土壤HCl浸提液中的Pb

主要研究了纳米零价铁颗粒对土壤HCl浸提液中重金属Pb的去除效果。通过批实验探讨HCl浓度、纳米零价铁投入量以及处理时间对Pb去除率的影响。实验结果表明,纳米零价铁颗粒对浸提液中Pb的去除反应符合langmuir和freundlich等温吸附方程;反应遵循准一级反应动力学方程,标准化后的反应速率常数KSA=0.018 mL/(m2.min);反应30 min时,0.5 g纳米零价铁对1.0 mol/L的HCl所提取Pb(51.7 mg/L)的去除率达到91.8%。研究结果表明,纳米零价铁对土壤HCl浸提液中Pb具有良好去除效果,但相对于处理水溶液中的Pb,反应速率偏低。     

Effects of various ions on the dechlorination kinetics of hexachlorobenzene by nanoscale zero-valent iron

The effect of several anions and cations normally co-present in soil and groundwater contamination sites on the degradation kinetics and removal efficiency of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) by nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) particles was examined. The degradation kinetics was not influenced by the HCO(3)(-), Mg(2+), and Na(+) ions. It was enhanced in the presence of the Cl(-) and SO(4)(2-) ions due to their corrosion promotion. The NO(3)(-) competes with HCB so it inhibits the degradation reaction. The Fe(2+) ions would inhibit the degradation reaction due to passivation layer formed, while it was enhanced in the presence of Cu(2+) ions resulted from the reduced form of copper on NZVI surfaces. These observations lead to a better understanding of HCB dechlorination with NZVI particles and can facilitate the remediation design and prediction of treatment efficiency of HCB at remediation sites.     

Reduction of dinitrotoluene sulfonates in TNT red water using nanoscale zerovalent iron particles

Purpose

This research was designed to investigate the feasibility of converting the dinitrotoluene sulfonates (DNTS) in TNT red water into the corresponding aromatic amino compounds using nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI).

Methods

NZVI particles were simultaneously synthesized and stabilized by sodium borohydride reduction in a nondeoxygenated system. The morphology, elemental content, specific surface area, and crystal properties of the NZVI were characterized before and after the reaction by environmental scanning electron microscope; energy dispersive X-ray; Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller; and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The reduction process was conducted at pH?=?6.3 at ambient temperature. The efficiency of the NZVI-mediated DNTS reduction process was monitored by HPLC, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses.

Results

The properties of the NZVI particles prepared were found to be similar to those obtained through oxygen-free preparation and inert stabilization processes. Both 2,4-DNT-3-sulfonate (2,220?mg?L^?1) and 2,4-DNT-5-sulfonate (3,270?mg?L^?1) in TNT red water underwent a pseudo-first-order transformation when mixed with NZVI at room temperature and near-neutral pH. Their observed rate constants were 0.11 and 0.30?min^?1, respectively. Within 1?h of processing, more than 99% of DNTS was converted by NZVI-mediated reduction into the corresponding diaminotoluene sulfonates.

Conclusions

NZVI can be simultaneously prepared and stabilized in a nondeoxygenated system. NZVI reduction is a highly efficient method for the conversion of DNTS into the corresponding diaminotoluene sulfonates under near-neutral pH conditions. Therefore, NZVI reduction may be useful in the treatment of TNT red water and subsequent recovery of diaminotoluene from explosive wastewater.     

Enhanced removal of pentachlorophenol by a novel composite: nanoscale zero valent iron immobilized on organobentonite

Nanoscale zero valent iron (NZVI) was immobilized on the organobentonite (CTMA-bent), so as to enhance the reactivity of NZVI and prevent its aggregation. This novel composite (NZVI/CTMA-Bent) was characterized by transmission electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. Good dispersion of NZVI particles on the bentonite was observed. Its performance on removing pentachlorophenol (PCP) was investigated by batch experiments. Results showed NZVI/CTMA-Bent could rapidly and completely dechlorinate PCP to phenol with an efficiency of 96.2%. It was higher than the sum (54.5%) of reduction by NZVI (31.5%) and adsorption by CTMA-Bent (23.0%) separately. The kinetic studies indicated the removal rate of PCP was positively related to the adsorption. We proposed that the adsorption of PCP by CTMA-Bent enhanced the mass transfer of PCP from aqueous to iron surface. Besides, NZVI/CTMA-Bent exhibited good stability and reusability, and CTMA-Bent could also reduce the amount of iron ions released into the solution.     

活性焦和活性炭负载纳米铁处理TNT红水中的二硝基甲苯磺酸钠

以活性焦和活性炭为载体,采用液相还原法制备了负载纳米铁,比较了两种负载纳米铁对TNT红水中难降解物质二硝基甲苯磺酸钠(包括2,4-DNT-3-SO3Na和2,4-DNT-5-SO3Na)的去除能力。实验结果表明,作为负载材料活性焦的相对有效比表面积与孔体积要优于活性炭,而且有利于更好地发挥出负载纳米铁的优势。单位面积活性焦负载纳米铁去除2,4-DNT-5-SO3Na的能力明显高于活性炭负载纳米铁,单位面积活性焦负载纳米铁去除2,4-DNT-3-SO3Na的能力在较小投加量条件下高于活性炭负载纳米铁,但均随投加量的增加而下降;而对于活性炭负载纳米铁,其单位面积去除能力基本不受投加量的影响,而且对二硝基甲苯磺酸钠的去除率高于活性焦负载纳米铁。耦合混凝沉淀的总去除效果表明,单位面活性焦负载纳米铁对2,4-DNT-5-SO3Na的去除能力高于活性炭负载纳米铁,而对2,4-DNT-3-SO3Na的去除能力则低于活性炭负载纳米铁。