真空预压处理填埋污泥的固结解析解

真空预压法是一种行之有效的填埋污泥原位加固方法。在考虑真空预压的时间效应条件下,基于椭圆柱等效模型推导了真空预压联合塑料排水板的固结解析解。利用实际监测数据,拟合得出了预压时间效应参数。通过对比研究,分析了传统的圆柱形等效模型与椭圆柱等效模型的差异及预压时间效应参数对固结发展的影响。进一步,将根据解析解计算出的沉降曲线与实测沉降值比较,验证了解答的合理性与实用性。表明,在考虑塑料排水板的"形状效应"时,椭圆柱体等效模型的效果最佳,且基于各周长等效模型的计算结果与椭圆柱等效模型结果较为接近;预压时间效应参数的值越大代表真空预压施加得越快,对应的土体固结发展越快。     

排水板真空度损耗的排水固结解析解

无砂真空预压吹填软土在国内造地工程中广泛应用,但实践表明传统固结解析解已不足以预测其加固性状和加固效果。从固结方程出发,在原有的等应变假设基础上,在定解条件中增加了吹填土特有的高度欠固结特性和无砂真空预压特别明显的真空度损耗,重新推导得到径向和竖向完全协调的新的等应变解析解——JJJ解答,以解决无砂真空预压吹填软土的排水固结设计理论问题。JJJ法作为固结方程的原生解答,兼容以往所有该类解析解的同时,增加了针对高度欠固结土类和排水板真空度损耗严重的排水固结问题的解决能力。经现场和试验验证,JJJ解析解可相当精确预测无砂真空预压吹填软土的复杂固结过程和加固土体超孔压分布和孔压消散分布,该解答同时也适用于堆载和真空预压的工况。     

考虑板土相互作用的排水板通水特性试验研究

为研究排水板在实际工况下的通水特性,研制排水板纵向通水量测试新仪器,采用室内真空预压模型试验、堆载预压模型试验和直接充灌淤泥等方法来制作板土单元体(试样),并开展板土单元体(试样)通水能力测试。试验结果表明:无论是直接充灌淤泥法、堆载预压法还是真空预压法,高性能排水板通水量均大于现行规程试验结果,而普通排水板通水量均小于现行规程试验结果,现行规程方法高估了真空预压后普通排水板的通水能力。对比结果表明:高性能排水板在堆载预压后通水能力与真空预压后通水能力接近,而普通排水板在堆载预压后通水能力明显高于真空预压后通水能力。因此,对于变形大且固结时间长的新近吹填淤泥地基加固工程应优先选用高性能排水板。     

Deformation characteristics of soil between prefabricated vertical drains under vacuum preloading

The deformation characteristics of soil among prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) subjected to vacuum pressure are investigated using a model test conducted on dredged slurry. Red iron particles are used to indirectly indicate the lateral displacement of soil under vacuum preloading. Test results showed that, in addition to the settlement of soil between two PVDs, there was also lateral displacement that varied with consolidation time and lateral distance from the PVD because of lateral vacuum suction. The lateral displacement arose successively with the increasing lateral distance. And it increased from zero on the PVD surface and dropped back to zero again at the midpoint between the two PVDs. There should have been a maximum value of the lateral displacement at a point near the PVD. The combined vertical and lateral displacement formed a soil pile around the PVD and showed a ‘V’ shaped soil surface.     

Effects of temperature circulation on dredged sludge improved by vacuum preloading

Vacuum preloading is an effective and common method used for clay soil improvement. However, the smear zone generated by the installation of prefabricated vertical drain (PVD) hinders additional efficiency improvements. PVD combined with heat is applied to overcome this problem. This study presents a series of model tests conducted on clayey soil improved by vacuum preloading with different rectangular-wave temperature circulation modes to investigate the effects of cyclic temperature on vacuum consolidation. During the test, the settlement, pore-water pressure, and drainage were monitored. The degree of consolidation was analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of this method, and the coefficient of energy consumption was used to quantify the energy consumption at different cyclic temperature modes. The results indicated that the rectangular-wave temperature circulation mode of 30–75–30 °C was the most effective. The results of this study contribute substantially to the state of knowledge regarding the cyclic temperature effects on dredged slurry performance subjected to vacuum preloading. Concurrently, a novel approach is introduced for the determination of the optimal soil consolidation.     

真空-堆载联合预压加固软基简化计算方法

在深入了解真空预压机理和砂井地基固结理论的基础上 ,根据固结度等效的原则 ,推导了与单井固结理论等效的成层均质地基等效渗透系数 ,从而将复杂砂井地基转化为无砂井成层地基 ,以达到简化计算的目的 ,并结合真空-堆载联合预压的加固特点 ,提出一种简化的真空-堆载联合预压法的有限元计算方法 ,并结合工程实例对简化方法的可靠性进行了研究 ,通过与实测资料和常规砂井地基有限元计算值对比 ,表明该简化方法具有较高的准确性 ,可方便地应用于工程设计和实践。     

软土地基真空预压加固的有限元分析

以平面应变比对固结理论为基础,通过比较前人研究成果,选择考虑竖向排水体涂抹效应的砂井地基等效计算方法,根据真空预压加固软土地基的机理,运用有限元分析,提出一种真空预压计算方法。由于真空预压过程中地下水头将降低,因此在计算中采取降低地下水头的方式等效模拟地基表面施加的的真空度。结合工程实例给出算例,对该方法的可靠性进行研究。通过将计算结果同实测资料进行对比,验证了该方法的准确性。     

海南海花岛软基处理工程中真空预压法的改进与机理分析

疏浚淤泥这种超软土地基目前主要采用排水固结法进行加固,然而,工程实践发现,淤堵是一个重要的问题,新型防淤堵材料和施工工艺是研究的热点。依托恒大海南海花岛真空预压处理工程,引入一种应用于超软土地基处理的新型防淤堵真空预压法。该方法是直排式真空预压方法的进一步改进,将防淤堵排水板取代传统排水板,在连接方式上,将无孔钢丝软管取代了水平波纹管,也将传统的包扎捆绑改进成了三通密封接头,枪钉固定。结合施工动态监测和加固后检测,表明了该方法的加固效果和实用性。在此基础上,结合已有的室内模型试验研究,阐述其抽真空过程中在排水板附近防淤堵的原理和改善机制。     

Land reclamation using the horizontal drainage enhanced geotextile sheet method

Increasingly waste materials or soft soil dredged from sea or river have to be used as fill materials for land reclamation. Although preloading using prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) has been commonly used as the treatment method for soft soil, this method is time consuming as it can only be applied after all the fill materials have been placed. In this paper, a conceptual design for land reclamation using a horizontal drainage enhanced geotextile sheet (HDeGs) method combined with vacuum preloading is proposed. Large-scale model tests are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the HDeGs method. The proposed method is also compared with the existing prefabricated horizontal drain (PHD) method and the advantages and disadvantages of the HDeGs with vacuum preloading method are discussed. This study has demonstrated that the proposed HDeGs method is not only effective, but also more efficient compared with the PVD or PHD methods, as it can reduce substantially the construction time required for land reclamation.     

Radial consolidation of PVD-Installed normally consolidated soil with discharge capacity reduction using large-strain theory

The radial consolidation rate of prefabricated vertical drain (PVD)-installed soft deposits is known to be closely related to the PVD discharge capacity, which usually decreases during consolidation. Conventional solutions for radial consolidation of PVD-installed deposits have been developed to consider discharge capacity reduction using small-strain theory, in which the volume compressibility coefficient and soil permeability were assumed to be constant. This paper formulates a general expression for discharge capacity reduction with time in numerical analysis based on large-strain theory. Soil disturbance effects caused by PVD installation, such as a nonlinear distribution for radial hydraulic conductivity, are captured in the proposed solution. The proposed solution was applied to field data from a test embankment at Saga Airport. The proposed solution provides a good result which is close to the measured data.     

Performance of marine clay stabilised with vacuum pressure: Based on Queensland experience

Stabilising soft marine clay and estuarine soils via vacuum preloading has become very popular in Australasia over the past decades because it is a cost-effective and time-efficient approach. In recent times, new land on areas outside but adjacent to existing port amenities, the Fisherman Islands at the Port of Brisbane(POB), was reclaimed to cater for an increase in trade activities. A vacuum preloading method combined with surcharge to stabilise the deep layers of soil was used to enhance the application of prefabricated vertical drains(PVDs). This paper describes the performance of this combined surcharge fill and vacuum system under the embankment and also compares it with a surcharge loading system to demonstrate the benefits of vacuum pressure over conventional fill. The performance of this embankment is also presented in terms of field monitoring data, and the relative performance of the vacuum together with non-vacuum systems is evaluated. An analytical solution to radial consolidation with time-dependent surcharge loading and vacuum pressure is also presented in order to predict the settlement and associated excess pore water pressure(EPWP) of deposits of thick soft clay.     

A simple solution for prefabricated vertical drain with surcharge preloading combined with vacuum consolidation

Prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) with the surcharge preloading and vacuum consolidation has become considerably popular for ground improvement projects. A simple solution that incorporates the fundamental embankment features, such as the average degree of consolidation and excess pore pressure, are essential for the design of soft ground improvements by PVDs with vacuum preloading. However, most of the solutions for vertical drains with vacuum consolidation require numerical simulations, whose implementation tends to be laborious. In contrast, a simple solution for vacuum consolidation under time-dependent loading has not yet been proposed. In this study, a simple solution that can be easily incorporated into a conventional spreadsheet is derived for PVDs with vacuum preloading by applying the Laplace transform technique. The proposed solution accounts for several actual construction conditions, such as initial surcharge load, vacuum pump trial period, variations of radial permeability, and time-dependent loading. The results obtained from this proposed approach were validated with those from the finite element method and field data from the case study of the Cai Mep International Terminal project in southern Vietnam. The derived solutions, including the excess pore pressures and average degrees of consolidation, were in good agreement with the predicted and observed data.     

真空联合堆载预压下竖井地基固结解析解

考虑真空度沿竖井的发展是一个深度的函数,同时堆载所引起的附加应力既随时间变化也随深度变化,还考虑了地基的径竖向渗流以及扰动区土体水平渗透系数的3种变化模式,推导了真空联合堆载预压下竖井地基固结度的一个较普遍的解析解,并分析了在真空度沿竖井线性下降,堆载线性施加和附加应力沿深度梯形分布等情况下的地基固结性状。结果表明,荷载线性施加时,真空度对地基固结度有较大影响,真空度越大,沿深度衰减越慢,固结越快;而在荷载瞬时施加时,真空度对固结度没有影响。在地基井径比和水平渗透系数与竖向渗透系数之比较小时,地基的竖向渗流对地基的固结度有较大的影响。     

Experimental study on a dredged fill ground improved by a two-stage vacuum preloading method

The vacuum preloading method has been wisely chosen among many ground-improvement methods considering the time limit of many projects and the characteristics of reclaimed soil. However, the loss in vacuum with soil depth, the clogging around prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs), and the deteriorative consolidation of the deep soil layer, among other factors, create a large challenge to vacuum preloading for dredged marine clay fill. Thus, this study proposes a two-stage vacuum preloading method and focuses on its feasibility and effectiveness. Contrasting laboratory tests are performed in two identical experimental tanks with dredged marine clay fill from the Wenzhou land reclamation site in China. In one tank, the one-stage vacuum preloading method is used to serve as a baseline for this study. In the other tank, use of the two-stage vacuum preloading method is proposed for consolidation; it comprises two stages. In the first stage, the dredged marine clay fill is conditioned by vacuum preloading using half of the PVDs, where the dissipation of the excess pore water pressure tends to be steady. In the second stage, vacuum preloading is activated using all the PVDs. The results show that a better consolidation effect is achieved with the proposed method in terms of the settlement, vacuum pressure, pore water pressure, water content, vane shear strength, and soil particle microstructure after soil consolidation.     

Innovative thermal technique for enhancing the performance of prefabricated vertical drain during the preloading process

This paper examines the effect of raising the temperature of soft Bangkok clay, up to 90 °C, on the performance of the prefabricated vertical drain (PVD) during the preloading process. The effect of temperature on the engineering behavior of soft Bangkok clay was first investigated using a modified triaxial test apparatus and flexible wall permeameter which can handle temperatures up to 100 °C. The results of the triaxial tests on clay specimens demonstrate that raising the soil temperature increases its shear strength, under drained heating condition, as well as its hydraulic conductivity. In addition, large oedometer tests were performed to investigate the performance of PVD at elevated temperatures. The response of the soil sample with PVD for the thermal consolidation path which involved increasing the soil temperature at constant vertical effective stress condition and the thermo-mechanical path which involved increasing simultaneously both the soil temperature and the vertical effective stress were investigated. The consequent results indicated that the thermo-mechanical path shows promising results regarding the consolidation rate. For both reconstituted and undisturbed specimens, higher consolidation rate was observed for the soil specimen with PVD loaded under elevated temperature. This behavior can be attributed to the increase in the soil hydraulic conductivity as the soil temperature increases. Therefore, raising the soil temperature during the preloading period can enhance the performance of the PVD, particularly, by reducing the drainage retardation effects due to the smear zone around PVD.     

Effect of vacuum removal on consolidation settlement under a combined vacuum and surcharge preloading

The combined vacuum and surcharge preloading technique is extensively used to accelerate the consolidation process of subsoils. The effect of vacuum pressure is often considered as a loading/unloading cycle of mean effective stress, such that elastic rebound occurs after vacuum removal, which cannot explain the observed postconstruction settlement in the field. In this study, the stress state of subsoils subject to vacuum and surcharge preloading is analyzed and decomposed into two components: (a) geostatic consolidation at a different depth, and (b) loading/unloading in the minor principal stress direction. A series of consolidated drained triaxial tests is conducted to simulate the soil behaviour after vacuum removal. Results show that the contribution of unloading in the minor principal stress direction outweighs the magnitude of elastic rebound after vacuum removal, and hence continued settlement dominates. A field case for highways is provided to further demonstrate the proposed mechanism.     

恒荷载作用下复合地基非线性分析

从桩周土体径竖向渗流方程出发,采用土体e–logσ和e–logk半对数模型,对于排水桩桩体仅考虑竖向渗流并考虑涂抹区影响,建立恒荷载作用下复合地基非线性固结方程。通过与已有解的对比,证明此解析解的正确性。根据对复合地基非线性固结分析发现:复合地基固结速率随土体非线性参数Cc/Ck和荷载增量σ0/σsi的增大而减小,但相比Cc/Ck,荷载增量σ0/σsi对固结速率影响很小;随着桩土模量比增大,复合地基固结速率加快,且非线性参数Cc/Ck对固结速率的影响程度减小;排水桩复合地基固结速率受kh/kc即桩体渗透性影响很大。     

Effects of pressurizing timing on air booster vacuum consolidation of dredged slurry

Air booster vacuum preloading is a newly improved method applied in land reclamation projects. Highly pressurized air can provide an additional pressure difference between the prefabricated vertical drain (PVD) and injection point, thereby increasing the hydraulic gradient and generating small fractures that can improve the soil permeability and the transmission efficiency of the vacuum pressure. However, with a premature activation time, the pressurized air can create air channels connected to the PVD, which may drastically decrease the vacuum pressure. With a delayed activation time, the strength of the dredged clay may be too high to permit fractures, thus limiting the permeability improvement. In this study, soils with degrees of consolidation (DOCs) of 0%, 40%, 60%, and 80% were selected for testing the efficacy of initial booster activation times in four tests. The results show that the pressurizing groups were more effective in improving the consolidation of soils, and the best effect of the use of air booster is obtained when soil has been consolidated to a DOC of 60%. The lower soils of the pressurized groups showed greater increase rates than those demonstrated by conventional vacuum preloading.     

Predicting deformation of PVD improved deposit under vacuum and surcharge loads

A series of modified triaxial tests was conducted to investigate the deformation characteristics of mini-prefabricated vertical drain (PVD) unit cells. The factors considered are the (1) magnitudes of surcharge load (p_s) and vacuum pressure (p_vac); (2) pre-vacuum consolidation period (t_va) before applying surcharge load; (3) surcharge loading rate (SLR); and (4) initial effective stress state in the specimens. Based on the test results, relationships between the coefficient of earth pressure (K_es) at the end of surcharge load application and the normalized horizontal and vertical specimen strains are established. Further, a method is proposed for estimating the value of K_es, and therefore the horizontal and vertical strains of the PVD improved soil layer subjected to combined vacuum pressure and surcharge load using loading conditions and basic soil properties. Finally, the proposed method was applied to a case history reported in the literature and good agreement between the field-measured and calculated lateral displacement and settlement was obtained, which suggesting that the proposed method can be a useful tool for designing preloading projects involving combined vacuum and surcharge loads.     

应力变化的真空-堆载预压下竖井地基固结分析

考虑真空度沿竖井线性减小、堆载所引起的附加应力随深度变化以及地基涂抹区水平渗透系数呈线性变化,推导了附加应力变化的真空-堆载预压下竖井地基固度的一个解析解,并分析了地基固结性状。分析结果表明,在荷载瞬时施加时,真空预压的大小及沿竖井的衰减快慢对地基的固结速度没有影响;在单面排水条件下,竖井地基顶面的附加压力越大,固结越快;在地基井径比和水平渗透系数与竖向渗透系数之比较小时,地基的竖向渗流对地基的固结度有较大的影响。