共查询到14条相似文献,搜索用时 90 毫秒
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为研究斥水性土壤水分入渗规律,并探寻适用于斥水性土壤水分入渗的数学模型,以妫水河流域亲水性和斥水性土壤为研究对象,开展室内一维垂直土柱入渗试验;分别采用Kostiakov分段函数、Fourier级数、一阶Gaussian函数以及Gaussian分段函数对斥水性土壤入渗率进行拟合。试验结果表明:亲水性土壤入渗率随时间呈单调减小变化趋势,斥水性土壤入渗一段时间后累积入渗量会出现翘尾现象,入渗率为先增大后减小的单峰曲线。模型图形分析表明: Kostiakov分段函数入渗率在拐点处同时存在一个极大值和极小值,Fourier级数存在多个波峰,一阶Gaussian函数不能反映入渗率在拐点后大于拐点前的试验现象,因而均难以真实反映斥水性水分入渗过程。忽略水分开始快速入渗过程,Gaussian分段函数模型不仅能够反映入渗率在拐点前的单调增以及拐点后的单调减过程,同时也能够体现入渗率在拐点后大于拐点前的试验现象。 相似文献
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火烧迹地土壤根系特征及其对抗剪强度的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
作为火后泥石流典型起动物源,火烧迹地浅表层滑坡的发生与其所在部位根系特征改变密不可分。为了研究林火过后火烧迹地根系变化对土壤力学性质的影响,本文以四川省乡城县正斗乡仁额拥沟泥石流火烧区和未火烧区的土壤根系特征和抗剪强度进行对比研究,通过室内单根抗拉试验和根-土复合体直剪试验,旨在探究火烧迹地土壤根系特征的变化及其对土壤抗剪强度的影响。结果表明:火烧区浅表层土壤中根系的数量、根径、根质量密度和根长密度相较于未火烧区都有所降低,分别降低了23.15%,51.35%,62.98%,29.10%;单根抗拉力随着根系直径的增加而增大,抗拉强度随着根系直径的增加而减小,但在根径相同的条件下,火烧区土壤的抗拉力和抗拉强度均有所减小;火烧区根-土复合体的抗剪强度明显小于未火烧区根-土复合体,主要体现在根系抗拉力减小造成土壤黏聚力下降,而内摩擦角则变化不大,所得结果为火烧迹地浅表层滑坡形成机理剖析提供了依据。 相似文献
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利用航空、航天像片,以“1987.5.6”火烧区为重点,同时对大兴安岭地区50年代以来典型地区历史火烧迹地进行了现场调查,对火烧程度、树种类型、森林更新等建立了解译标志。并指出火烧3a后,中轻度火烧区森林环境基本恢复;森林火灾之后对冻土环境的影响主要是增温效应。以TM遥感图像上表现为植被枯黄期滞后现象,实测表明,6月初20cm处地温火烧区比天然区高4.2℃、融深增大20.2cm,增温效应随深度增加逐渐减小。 相似文献
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森林火灾后因火烧迹地土壤斥水性,导致坡面径流和土壤可蚀性增强,提高了火后泥石流易发性,而土壤团聚体稳定性是影响土壤入渗能力和侵蚀敏感性的关键指标。目前常用于火烧迹地土壤团聚体稳定性测定的水滴冲击测定方法(counting the number of water drop impacts,CND),不适用于原位测定且耗时较长(滴定一组团聚体需要数小时)。因此文章提出一种基于冲击振荡破坏效应的团聚体稳定性测定方法(shock and vibration damage method,SVD)。充分考虑容重、有机质含量和斥水性对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响,通过室内火烧模拟试验,制备了13种类型的土壤团聚体。采用自制的试验仪器进行SVD法正交试验测定土壤团聚体质量损失率,并与传统CND法测得的破坏团聚体的水滴数量进行对比。结果表明:SVD法的测定MT-6方案(冲击高度1 m、容器容水量40%、冲击5次、测定团聚体20颗)与CND法的测定结果具有很强的一致性(Kendall系数=0.797)和相关性(R2=0.634),测定时间较短(测定一组团聚体约5 min),且测定结果区分度较好(约62%的团聚体MLR位于区分度良好的40%~60%区间),将其作为SVD法的最优测定方案。此外,SVD法试验装置结构简单、便携易拆卸,可用于原位快速且定量地区分火烧迹地不同火烈度下土壤团聚体稳定性水平,对火烧迹地土壤侵蚀、水土流失治理以及火后泥石流起动机理研究具有重要指导意义。 相似文献
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针对砂性土颗粒结构的复杂性和不规则性,从颗粒级配和达西定律出发,基于分形几何理论,通过颗粒分析和渗透试验,建立了砂性土颗粒级配分形维数与不均匀系数的关系,从而揭示了级配分形维数的物理意义;通过线性回归,进一步探讨了级配分形维数与渗透系数之间的相关关系。研究发现:级配越好,不均匀系数越大,分维越小,渗透系数也越小。结果表明,级配分形维数是刻画砂性土的颗粒组成及其级配特征的有效参数,直观定量地描述了土的渗透性能,从而为多孔介质以及断层破碎带等裂隙介质的渗透性研究提供了一种较好的研究思路。 相似文献
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突出危险煤渗透性变化的影响因素探讨 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
通过对突出危险煤渗透性试验研究,系统分析了不同围压、不同瓦斯压力和不同应力-应变状态条件下突出煤样的渗透特性,分别建立了突出危险煤的渗透性与围压、瓦斯压力和应力-应变等主要控制因素之间的定性和定量关系,探讨了不同载荷条件下突出危险煤渗透性的控制机制和变化规律。研究结果表明,载荷条件对突出危险煤的渗透性具有重要影响:(1) 在固定瓦斯压力条件下,突出危险煤样的渗透率随围压的增大而减小,且服从指数函数变化规律。(2) 在固定围压条件下,受Klinkenberg效应影响,渗透率与瓦斯压力之间大致呈“V”字型变化;Klikenberg效应发生在瓦斯压力p < 1 MPa的范围内。(3) 在三轴压缩下的应力-应变全过程中,不同载荷条件下突出危险煤样的渗透率-应变曲线变化趋势几乎一致,且都呈“V”字型走势;在微裂隙闭合和弹性变形阶段,煤样渗透率随应力增大而减小;进入屈服阶段后,渗透率达到最小值并在峰值强度到达之前完成反超过程;峰值强度之后渗透率持续增大直至试验结束;煤样渗透率反超后的变化要较反超前变化平缓。 相似文献
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Temporal change in permeability of the Nojima fault zone by repeated water injection experiments 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8
Three boreholes were drilled near the Nojima fault, which the 1995 Hyogoken–Nanbu earthquake occurred on. In order to research the properties and the healing process of the fault, water injection experiments were conducted every 3 years. In this report, we researched the permeability of the fault as a measurement of crack density or porosity of the fault zone. Pore water pressure changes in rock due to the water injections at one borehole were observed as discharge changes or groundwater level changes at the other borehole. Using numerical calculations, the permeability of the fault fracture zone was estimated for each experiment. The permeability has been decreasing as time passed, which is thought to show the fault healing process of the Nojima fault after the 1995 Hyogoken–Nanbu earthquake. 相似文献
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The goals of this work are to show the range of debris-flow volumes and watershed characteristics for several locations, and the differences in flow volumes for events triggered soon after wildfire. A dataset of 929 events was divided into groups based on location and burn status. The three unburned locations show significant differences: debris flows from the Italian Alps are larger and generate more debris per unit basin area or unit channel length than flows in the Western USA or in the Pacific Northwest. However, some of the observed differences may be attributed to the skew of the Italian Alps dataset towards larger events, and the small size and limited range of the Pacific Northwest data. For burned watersheds in the Western U.S. events, there is a clear progression in decreasing volume in debris flows as basins recover from the wildfire: it takes approximately 1 year, or at a few locations, as much as 3 years, for debris production to return to pre-fire rates. The difference is most apparent when the data are normalized for basin area (the area yield, which is 2× larger for burned basins) or for channel length (the length yield, which is 1.6× larger for burned basins). When normalized simultaneously for basin area, channel length, and channel gradient, burned areas produce significantly more debris (2.7–5.4 times as much). Burned areas in the Western USA are more sensitive to wildfire and produce larger debris flows than burned areas in more humid climates such as the Pacific Northwest. 相似文献
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土体在承载过程中渗透系数会发生变化,因此,在渗流作用下计算管片荷载需考虑土体渗透系数的变化。首先,根据土体渗透系数试验结果,给出了简化的分段孔隙比-渗透系数关系曲线。然后,建立了管片和土体的流-固耦合分析模型,包括渗流模型和力学模型;力学模型中土体分为弹性区和塑性区,其中弹性区根据孔隙比-渗透系数关系曲线进一步分区,从而考虑土体渗透系数变化的影响。最后,通过各分区半径取值将渗流和力学计算之间建立起联系,得到流-固耦合计算方法。计算结果为管片承载设计提供了参考。 相似文献
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基于滑体渗透性与库水变动的滑坡稳定性变化规律研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
在三峡工程试运行期间,库区滑坡因地质结构和渗透性的不同,其变形情况存在明显差异,因此,除研究滑坡地质结构外,还应加强不同渗透性滑坡在库水变动下的稳定性响应规律研究。以三峡水库库首区黄荆树滑坡实例为计算模型,分析库水位在175~145 m间以0.5~2.0 m/d变化时4种不同渗透性滑坡的渗流场特征;再以库水影响系数? 和稳定性变化率为评价指标,研究在滑体渗透性和库水变动条件下的滑坡稳定性变化规律。研究表明,当库水影响系数? 在-0.107~-0.322时,稳定性变化率? 最大,且随? 减小滑坡稳定性增加率? 减小;当? 在-0.644~-769.231时,随? 减小稳定性增加率? 变化不明显;当? 在576.923~769.231时,库水位上升时滑坡稳定性降低较少;当? 在0.107~384.615时,影响系数? 与稳定性变化率? 的相关性不明显。其结果对于库区滑坡的监测预警有较强的应用价值 相似文献
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Soil settlements related to groundwater lowering are expected to be accelerated by climate change and may damage underground infrastructure networks. A 1D mechanical model, previously developed for continuous pipelines, has been extended towards jointed pipelines to calculate the stresses and joint rotations induced by the soil settlements. From the mechanical model, curve fits were acquired that can be used to estimate the bending moments and joint rotation. The curve fits differ per soil type, joint stiffness, joint position and joint distance. The stresses calculated by the 1D mechanical model and curve fits were validated by means of 3D finite element modelling. Using the curve fits, a probabilistic approach was followed by means of a Monte Carlo method to calculate the probability of failure of the pipeline system. The effect of joints is that the pipe stresses are reduced as the joints absorb a part of the soil displacement. For the probability of failure, the pipe stresses have a larger contribution than the joint rotation, as the joint rotation remains small compared to the maximum allowable joint rotation. 相似文献
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Environmental change in karst areas 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
D. C. Ford 《Environmental Geology》1993,21(3):107-109