锌离子污染对膨润土一维压缩特性影响试验研究

为研究锌离子对膨润土重塑土压缩特性的影响,对人工制备的受不同浓度Zn2+污染的高含水率膨润土开展一维压缩、自由膨胀率、物理化学性质和扫描电镜试验。试验结果表明,在竖向压力低于某临界值（200 kPa）时,相同压力下随着Zn2+浓度增大,膨润土的孔隙比和压缩指数均降低,但当Zn2+浓度高于某临界值（0.02 mol/L）时,继续增加污染浓度膨润土的孔隙比基本保持不变,压缩指数略有降低。当竖向压力超过该临界值（200 kPa）后,膨润土的孔隙比基本不受孔隙液物理化学性质影响,仅由竖向压力决定。此外,随着孔隙液Zn2+浓度增大,膨润土的孔隙液pH值和土样比表面积减小,颗粒直径增大,膨润土中蜂窝状结构遭到破坏,黏土矿物片逐渐团聚成大直径颗粒,小孔隙消失,生成一些大的团粒间孔隙。     

离子土固化剂固化淤泥的微观机理研究

采用离子土固化剂对武汉典型淤泥进行化学加固,通过阿太堡界限试验获得不同配合比加固土的塑性指数;对离子土固化淤泥前后的样品开展了压缩性能、微观结构、比表面积、化学成分、能谱分析和阳离子交换等试验,研究离子土固化剂对淤泥加固的宏观表现与微观作用机理。试验结果表明:经离子土固化剂处理后的淤泥压缩性减小,孔隙变小,离子土固化剂促使土颗粒之间聚集、凝结,团聚体明显增大,比表面积减小,比表面能降低,土体结构更致密。淤泥固化前后其化学成分并没有发生改变,离子土固化剂与淤泥胶体颗粒表面的反离子层发生了阳离子交换反应,固化剂稀释液中部分K+、Na+离子被淤泥土截获吸附,黏土颗粒表面的Ca2+、Mg2+离子被解析出,使扩散层厚度变薄,ξ电势降低,黏土胶体颗粒聚结,提高了土颗粒之间的联结强度和稳定性,从而达到土壤改性加固的目的。     

盐分对黏性土的沉积特性与表面电位影响研究

为了明晰黏土矿物和盐分浓度在沉积过程中所起的作用及物理机制,选取高岭土、膨润土及两者组成的混合土进行粒径分析试验、沉积试验和Zeta电位测试。结果显示,盐分环境下高岭土和膨润土的平均粒径增大,部分黏粒组向粉粒组转化。高岭土在蒸馏水环境下和盐水环境下,最终都形成土-水的稳定分界面,但是絮凝稳定时间在盐分环境下更短。膨润土在蒸馏水环境下处于稳定的分散体系中,在盐水环境下迅速絮凝沉积。混合土在蒸馏水环境下,上部澄清层和下部沉淀层之间存在土颗粒的悬浮层,且该层的高度最终稳定;盐水环境下,混合土则迅速的发生土水分离。随着NaCl浓度增加,膨润土和高岭土的Zeta电位绝对值降低,因此胶粒组的絮凝行为对平均粒径产生影响,进而影响其沉积特性。     

离子类土壤固化剂对高温冻土工程性质改良试验研究

为了研究离子类土壤固化剂对青藏高原高温冻土工程性质的改良效果,分别选用酸性和碱性离子类土壤固化剂对冻结青藏粉质黏土进行了改良测试。塑性指数测试表明,两种固化剂的最优含量为0.2%。固化剂含量小于0.3%时,冻结温度相对原状土样没有明显的下降。对不同含量碱性和酸性固化土力学性质进行了测试,无侧限单轴抗压强度相对原状土样整体增大,碱性和酸性固化土抗压强度最大分别提高了78.7%和46.6%,最优配比（0.2%）的碱性和酸性固化土体积压缩系数随养护龄期增大而减小,两种固化土的体积压缩系数相对原状土样最大分别下降了80.0%和38.5%,固化效果明显。碱性固化土力学性质变化更显著,说明其更适合对青藏黏土进行改良。     

离子土壤固化剂改性膨胀土的试验研究

利用离子土壤固化剂（ionic soil stabilizer,简称ISS）对河南安阳地区膨胀土进行化学改性试验研究,通过不同配比的自由膨胀率试验结果,结合施工成本,得出ISS溶液改良膨胀土的最优配合比为1:350。对ISS溶液最优配合比改性后土体进行收缩试验、膨胀性试验、固结快剪、高压固结及水浸泡试验。试验结果表明,改性土线缩率减小,膨胀性指标降低,抗剪强度增大,土体由亲水性变成憎水性,且能达到较好的水稳定性,即膨胀土经化学改性为非膨胀土。ISS改性膨胀土的机制可解释为,通过ISS溶液与土粒离子进行强烈的交换作用,打开土粒与水分子之间的“电化键”,降低土颗粒表面吸附水膜厚度,包裹在黏粒颗粒表面的疏水基团覆盖膜使土对水的敏感性减弱,从根本上减少了土体吸水性和膨胀性。     

电提取离子法中离子运移机理初探

首先讨论了大量离子系统的初值问题,随后介绍了６个基本概念,估算了地层中离子的平均热运动速度。导出了离子散射的指数规律,得出离子的平均自由时间的数值等于散射几率的倒数;离子的平均漂移速度和电场强度成正比,离子淌度与平均自由时间成正比,与有效质量成反比;介质的电导率和离子浓度、平均自由时间成正比,与有效质量成反比的结论有有关公式、表达式。指出了离子的运移机理是,运移－散射－再运移－再散射,直到离子被吸     

联合机制下黏土垫层多离子扩散模型

扩散是工程领域中的一种重要现象,尤其是针对填埋场底部的压实黏土垫层。扩散过程受多种因素影响,如离子种类、离子价态和离子浓度等,因此建立准确的扩散模型对填埋场垫层系统设计和评估具有极其重要的意义。引入简化的Guntelberg活度系数表示真实溶液与理想溶液浓度值的偏差,采用化学势和扩散势共同表征多离子扩散的驱动力,并考虑黏土介质特有的半透膜性能对离子扩散规律的影响,建立了复杂机制联合作用下多组分并存时离子在黏土垫层中的扩散模型。采用多物理场仿真软件COMSOL Multiphysics对所建扩散模型进行数值求解,结果表明,黏土半透膜效应、溶液非理想性和扩散势均显著影响多离子扩散行为,考虑黏土半透膜效应及溶液非理想性条件下,多离子扩散进程明显减缓,考虑扩散势时,阳离子扩散速度显著提高。复杂机制联合作用下,多离子扩散规律并非单一影响机制的简单叠加,各机制之间相互制约共同影响多离子扩散行为。     

水化学腐蚀对砂板岩力学性能影响的试验研究

考虑酸性化学溶液和浸泡时间的影响,对砂板岩进行了不同水化学溶液侵蚀作用下的单轴压缩试验。研究了不同水化学环境侵蚀作用对砂板岩试样的相对质量、变形和强度特性的影响规律。监测浸泡过程中溶液的pH值和Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)浓度变化。结合扫描电镜试验,探讨了水化学作用下砂板岩的腐蚀机制。结果表明:随着溶液酸性的增强,砂板岩受腐蚀程度逐渐增大;砂板岩的变形特性在水化学作用下表现为受腐蚀软化,并且随着溶液酸性的增强和浸泡时间的延长越发明显;砂板岩的峰值强度在水化学作用下降低,并且浸泡时间越长,强度下降越大;不同水化学环境中水-岩化学作用的类型和程度不同,从而导致岩石微细观结构变化也不相同,中性溶液以岩石内部胶结物质流失为主,酸性溶液中大粒径的矿物集合体也会发生大量溶蚀。     

碱金属离子及碱溶液对膨润土性能影响的研究进展

基于前人有关膨润土在碱性环境下的室内试验和数值模拟的研究结果 ,重点阐述了碱金属离子及碱溶液对膨润土矿物成分、微观结构、膨胀性和渗透性等方面的影响,讨论了温度、pH值与溶液浓度等对上述过程的影响。碱金属离子及碱性溶液不仅可交换膨润土中蒙脱石层间阳离子,而且可溶解膨润土中的蒙脱石,生成非膨胀性矿物,并随着温度和pH值升高,蒙脱石被溶解程度增加,从而导致了膨润土膨胀力减小,且随着温度、溶液浓度及pH值的增加,膨胀力削弱程度加强;同时,膨润土与碱金属离子及碱溶液接触时孔隙增多,进而渗透性增强,随着温度和溶液浓度增加,渗透性也明显增强。数值模拟可实现膨润土与碱性溶液长期接触时发生的矿物成分及渗透性变化的预测。高温、不同pH值的低碱性溶液及其耦合作用对膨润土的矿物化学成分、微观结构、膨胀力和渗透性的影响及机理研究应该是今后研究的重点。     

离子土固化剂加固滑坡滑带土的试验研究

研究开发快速经济和行之有效的滑坡治理方法与理论, 一直是各国滑坡防治研究工作的重点.本试验研究使用一种经济适用的离子土固化剂(Ionic Soil Stabilizer, 简称ISS) 对提高滑带土的抗剪强度进行了探索.滑带土首先通过ISS不同配比水溶液的处理, 然后进行阿太堡试验、剪切试验、固结试验和自由膨胀率试验.试验结果表明: 滑坡滑带土在加入离子土固化剂后, 土的塑性指数降低, 粘聚力提高, 孔隙比和自由膨胀率减小.其机理为: 在以粘性土为主的滑带土中加入离子土固化剂, 通过物理化学原理, 它能取代吸附在粘土表面的可交换性阳离子, 改变粘土颗粒表面的双电层结构, 减小结合水膜厚度, 将滑带土的亲水性改为憎水性, 从而提高滑带土的抗剪强度.      

冻土与盐溶液系统中热质迁移及变形过程试验研究

用1.2MPa外载固结并冻结的高岭粘土与2mol浓度的氯化钠低温溶液相接触,由于冻土与盐溶液间的水势梯度,引起等温条件下,水分和盐分从溶液向冻土中迁移。冻土中部分区段由于含盐浓度增高,冰点下降、冻土融化并产生吸热效应。融化界面以上的冻土中,由于水分积聚,冰分凝,形成条带状构造并产生放热效应。冻土出现以冻胀为主的变形。水、盐迁移通量及变形量随时间按指数规律衰减并随外载增大和温度降低而减小。     

Copper(II) humate mobility in kaolinite soil

An investigation of the influence of humate on the mobility of copper(II) ions in a kaolinite soil using leaching tests and electrokinetic experiments is reported. The data are interpreted in terms of humate–copper–clay interactions and humate electrical charge. Humate is mostly immobile below pH8 but is more mobile in alkaline conditions (sorption to kaolinite reduces its mobility in neutral conditions). Copper humate complexes are mobile in both acidic and alkaline conditions, but not in neutral conditions where they are sorbed. The dissolved copper humate complexes that form in acidic conditions are positively charged. The net effect of humate is to increase cupric ion mobility in kaolinite soil, especially in alkaline conditions.     

Compressibility of cement-stabilized zinc-contaminated high plasticity clay

The presence of heavy metals at high concentrations (percent levels) in soils has been a growing concern to human health and the environment, and the cement stabilization is considered to be an effective and practical approach to remediate such soils. The compressibility of such stabilized soils is an important consideration for redevelopment of the remediated sites for building and/or roadway construction. This paper investigates the effects of high levels of zinc concentration on the compressibility of natural clay stabilized by cement additive. Several series of laboratory compression (oedometer) tests were conducted on the soil specimens prepared with the zinc concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, and 2 %, cement contents of 12 and 15 %, and curing time of 28 days. The results show that the yield stress and compression index at the post-yield state decrease with an increase in the zinc concentration regardless of the cement content. The observed results are attributed to the decrease in the cement hydration of the soil. Overall, this study demonstrates that the cementation structure of the soils is weakened, and the compressibility increases with the elevated zinc concentration, particularly at relatively high levels of zinc concentration.     

Compressibility and permeability of sand–kaolin mixtures. Experiments versus non‐linear homogenization schemes

This study deals with the behaviour of mixtures of sand and saturated kaolin paste considered as composite materials made of permeable and deformable (with non‐linear behaviour) matrix (the kaolin paste) with rigid and impervious inclusions (the sand grains). Oedometric and permeability tests highlight the key role of the state of the clay paste, and show the existence of a threshold of sand grain concentration above which a structuring effect influences both compressibility and permeability. At the light of these experiments two homogenization schemes (with simplifying assumptions to make the problem manageable) are considered to model these two parameters. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons with experimental data point out their respective domain of interest and limitations: a tangent homogenization scheme is shown to be sufficient to describe the macroscopic properties for dilute sand concentration; above the concentration threshold, the structuring effect is captured by the new homogenization scheme developed in this paper. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

偏高岭土协同石灰钝化红黏土水敏性的机制

红黏土水敏性强,添加石灰等碱性材料处治后,能获得即刻的改良效果,但由于红黏土呈弱酸性,石灰改良后其长期性能会衰减。为提高石灰稳定红黏土（简称La+L）的长期性能,添加偏高岭土（4%）协同石灰（5%）稳定红黏土（简称La+L+MK）,改善其水敏性和酸?碱互损作用。制备8种初始含水率的压实试样（初始孔隙比相同）,养护到预定时间后开展无侧限抗压强度试验,同时,测定试样的钙离子浓度、电导率和pH值。结果表明：初始含水率为26%左右时,改良土的无侧限抗压强度最高,初始含水率偏高或偏低都不利于改良土的强度增长。究其原因,试样偏干时,缺少水分,石灰水化不充分,不能形成游离态钙离子,无法进行火山灰反应,颗粒之间无法形成胶结;试样偏湿时,火山灰反应形成的胶结强度不及过量水分引起的基质吸力丧失量。试样的钙离子浓度和电导率变化规律,证实了以上原因解释的猜想。当然,添加偏高岭土后,能够显著改善偏湿状态下的石灰土强度。即使浸水饱和后,相对石灰改良土,也能够保持较高的强度,充分证明偏高岭土能够有效降低石灰土水敏性,提高其耐久性。偏高岭土直接提供了大量硅、铝氧化物,且将土体pH值降到有利于硅、铝氧化物溶解的碱性范围,加速火山灰反应,缓减或抑制石灰?红黏土的互损作用。     

Leaching behavior of lignite fly ash with shake and column tests

The maximum concentration of the majority of the trace metals in the leachates from shake and column test of lignite fly ash (LFA) was within the prescribed limits; however, total dissolved solids, total hardness, cations and anions (except K⁺), being above the prescribed limits, may lead to the increase in the hardness and salinity in the soil on the disposal of LFA. Present generation of huge amount of fly ash from thermal power plants (TPPs) is a big challenge concerning contamination of soil, crop produce and surface and ground water bodies due to the presence of some of the toxic trace metals in it. The leaching behavior of alkaline LFA (pH, 10.94), from TPP of Neyveli Lignite Corporation (NLC), India, was investigated by shake and column tests using water and sodium acetate buffer. The leaching of trace metals from LFA was governed by their concentrations, association with the ash particles, leaching duration and pH of the leachate (most influencing parameter). The leaching of metals followed the order: buffer column > aqueous column > aqueous shake > buffer shake test.     

An experimental study on diffusion characteristics of hardened liner materials to inorganic chemicals

For materials of very low hydraulic conductivity used in the landfill liner systems, e.g., natural clay liners, soil-cement liners, etc., diffusion characteristics should be evaluated, as the transport mechanism of contaminant through them is diffusion controlled. Studies on the diffusion characteristics of the hardened liner materials, such as the soil cement, are relatively few compared with those of clayey soils. In this paper, diffusive characteristics of hardened liner materials (HLMs) applied to the liner system of Sudokwon Metropolitan Landfill in Korea, were studied. Laboratory pure diffusion column tests in the pure- and the advection-diffusion status were performed for the chemicals, NaCl, KCl, and CaCl₂. To evaluate the diffusion coefficient of a HLMs system, a one-dimensional numerical transport program was developed for use in a multi-layered HLMs system. The range of dispersion coefficients of advection diffusion column tests was a little narrower than that of diffusion coefficients of pure diffusion tests, although the two coefficients were quite close. The effective diffusion coefficients of chloride ions of a HLMs were about a half of those in clayey soil due to the high density by compaction and curing. Diffusion coefficients of chloride ions in this study were correlated closely with hydraulic conductivities of the materials tested and were consistent with work in the literature.     

水溶液中草酸漂白高岭土细尾矿的研究

研究了用草酸在不同溶液中漂白高土细尾矿的反应动力学。考察了ＰＨ值,温度、浸出液初始浓度等因素对反应的影响。结果表明,ＰＨ值的降低、反应温度和浸出液浓度的提高有利于高岭土中氧化铁的浸出,该反应是草酸根与铁的摩尔比为３：１的络合反应,在草酸溶液中铁的溶出符合一级反应动力学。     

A kinetic study of copper cementation with zinc in aqueous solutions

Cementation of copper from zinc containing copper solutions using metallic zinc was studied in this work. The effect of copper, zinc and ammonium chloride concentration, stirring speed, pH and temperature on the cementation of copper was determined. Cementation rate increased with initial copper concentration, stirring speed and temperature. pH variation from 1 to 4 increased the cementation rate but at higher pH, the rate was not significantly effected. The cementation rate of copper increased with Zn²⁺ ion concentration. However, the rate of this rise was slightly less compared to the rise that occurred in the Zn²⁺ ions free copper solution.