火焰原子吸收光谱法测定野生羌活和宽叶羌活不同部位中的微量元素

目的:测定野生羌活和宽叶羌活根、茎、叶、叶柄和种子中Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn 6种微量元素的含量。方法:采用空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收光谱法测定不同部位微量元素的含量,应用SPSS 16.0分析软件对结果进行统计分析。结果:相同部位不同元素的含量存在差异,野生羌活和宽叶羌活同一部位均以Ca元素含量最高,Cu、Zn元素含量最低。同种元素在不同植物不同部位中的含量也有差异,野生羌活Ca元素以叶片中含量最高,种子中含量最低;Mg、Cu、Zn元素以叶柄中含量最高,根和种子中含量最低;Fe元素以茎中含量最高,叶柄中含量最低;Mn元素以叶片中含量最高,茎中含量最低。野生宽叶羌活Ca元素以叶片含量最高,根中含量最低;Mg、Mn、Zn元素的含量以叶片中最高,茎中含量最低;Cu元素以叶中含量最高,根和叶柄中含量最低;Fe元素以根中含量最高,茎和种子中含量最低。结论:从微量元素角度分析,野生羌活和宽叶羌活的叶片、叶柄和种子等部位具有潜在的药用价值,可为综合开发利用有限的野生羌活药材资源提供一定的参考。     

空气—乙炔火焰原子吸收光谱法测定抗风湿类蒙药中8种微量元素北大核心CSCD

目的:测定抗风湿8种蒙药额日敦—乌日勒、额勒吉根—楚斯-25、嘎日迪-15、那如-3、森登-4、查干古古勒-10、五味润僵汤、巴斯布如-5汤中8种微量元素K、Na、Cu、Fe、Zn、Ca、Mg、Mn的含量。方法:采用空气—乙炔火焰原子吸收光谱法测定药品中微量元素。用标准加入法进行回收率测定。结果:8种抗风湿蒙药中的微量元素含量存在一定差异。8种蒙药中K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe元素的含量均高,Mn和Zn的含量较低,Cu元素的含量最低;Ca元素在额日敦—乌日勒中的含量明显高于其他7种蒙药。同种元素在不同蒙药中的含量明显不同。K元素在查干古古勒-10中的含量最高,在嘎日迪-15中的含量最低。Na元素在额勒吉根—楚斯-25中的含量最高,在那如-3中最低。Ca元素在那如-3中含量最低。Mg元素在查干古古勒-10的含量最高,而在森登-4中的含量较低。Fe元素的含量在嘎日迪-15中最高,森登-4中最低。Mn元素在额日敦—乌日勒中的含量最高,在五味润僵汤中的含量最低。Zn在嘎日迪-15中的含量最高,在额日敦—乌日勒中最低。结论:不同抗风湿蒙药中微量元素含量的差异与不同抗风湿蒙药的不同治疗作用有一定关联,分析结果对进一步阐明微量元素在抗风湿蒙药中的生物活性及作用机理提供实验依据。     

原子吸收光谱法测定不同生长期不同品种芦荟中微量元素

目的：利用原子吸收光谱法测定不同生长期不同品种芦荟中微量元素Mg、Ca、Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn、Co、Ni、Pb、Cd、Cr的含量。方法：以体积比为4：1的硝酸和高氯酸在常压微沸条件下消解芦荟样品，采用空气-乙炔火焰的原子吸收光谱法。结果：对不同生长期不同品种芦荟中微量元素的含量进行了分析比较，11种元素含量在中华芦荟中依次为：多年生〉2年生〉1年生；在多年生不同品种中含量总趋势为：木立芦荟〉库拉索芦荟〉中华芦荟。结论：芦荟中Mg、Ca、Zn、Fe含量丰富，而且不同生长期不同品种芦荟中的微量元素含量存在差异。     

240例婴幼儿血清微量元素测定结果分析

目的：观察婴幼儿血清微量元素含量。方法：用微量检测仪对我院240例门诊及住院婴幼儿血清Zn,Fe、Cu、Ca、Mg 5种微量元素进行测定，并做统计学分析。结果：Zn、Fe、Cu、Ca在各个年龄组中的缺乏率都较高，分别为42.5％、42．5％,25.0％,22．5％,Mg在各个年龄组中的含量基本正常；婴儿时期（0～1组）的缺乏率最高，分别为Zn72．2％、Ca50．0％，Cu41．7％。结论：应特别注意婴幼儿时期微量元素的补充。     

原子吸收分光光度法测定马蹄甲中8种元素含量

目的:应用原子吸收分光光度法对马蹄甲中8种元素进行分析。方法:采用原子吸收分光光度法进行测定。结果:Na、K、Mg、Ca、Mn、Zn、Fe、Cu在马蹄甲中Ca的含量最高,含量大小依次为Ca、Mg、Zn、Fe、Mn、K、Na、Cu。结论:马蹄甲中除含有丰富Ca、Mg、Zn外,还有较为丰富的Fe、Mn、K、Na、Cu这些元素在其药效发挥中起着不可替代的作用。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法分析中药红曲中微量元素的含量

目的：分析中药红曲中微量元素的含量。方法：应用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定红曲中Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Mg、Ca微量元素的含量,并用SPSS10．0统计分析软件进行聚类分析。结果和结论：不同产地红曲中Cu、Fe、Ca、Mg含量有显差异,Mn、Zn含量差异不显;不同种红曲霉对红曲微量元素含量的影响较产地和工艺等因素的影响要小。     

骨肿瘤患者血清Zn、Cu、Fe、Ca、Mg含量及其临床诊断价值

研究微量元素在某些肿瘤发病、诊断及预后方面的意义,已引起国内外学者的关注。本文通过对73例骨肿瘤患者血清Zn、Cu、Fe、Ca、Mg元素含量(SZL、SCL、SFL、SCaL、SML)的观察,试就骨肿瘤与血清zn、Cu、Fe、Ca、Mg元素的关系及其临床诊断价值分析报告如下。     

乳腺癌与微量元素关系的研究分析

目的分析血中微量元素和乳腺癌的相关性。方法用原子吸收光谱法测定51例健康女性（对照组）、56例乳腺癌手术前（术前组）和46例乳腺癌手术后患者（术后组）血中Ph、Zn、Cu、Fe、Ca、Mg等微量元素的含量。结果乳腺癌患者血中Ph、Zn、Cu、Fe的含量明显高于对照组，而Ca、Mg含量则低于对照组；血中Ph、Zn、Cu、Fe的含量乳腺癌手术前患者明显高于乳腺癌手术后患者，而Ca、Mg含量手术后患者高于手术前患者；Cu／Zn比值从高到低依次为乳腺癌术前组、乳腺癌术后组、正常对照组，说明随着手术治疗病情好转。结论微量元素和乳腺癌的发生、发展及手术疗效、预后判定有一定关系。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定不同批次良附丸中17种无机元素的含量

目的：测定不同批次良附丸中17种无机元素的含量。方法：采用微波消解法对样品进行处理,电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测定中药成方制剂良附丸中无机元素含量。结果：不同批次良附丸中Na、Mg、K、Ca、Mn、Cr、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Sr、Mo、Cd、Pb、Hg平均含量（mg·kg^-1）分别为741.57,1214.16,12157.06,99.83,185.46,2.85,678.00,3.00,4.49,27.93,0.47,0.09,6.56,0.10,0.11,1.32,0.02。结论：良附丸中富含Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu等人体必需的微量元素,含有少量Ni、Se等人体必需的微量元素,Pb、Cd、Hg、As等有害元素的含量在限度范围内,不同批次的无机元素含量差异较小,为进一步研究无机元素与其药效间的内在关联奠定了基础。     

微量元素测定对肝癌患者的临床意义

目的:探讨微量元素锌(Zn2+)、铁(Fe2+)、镁(Mg2+)、钙(Ca2+)、铜(Cu2+)的测定对肝癌患者的临床意义.方法:应用原子吸收光谱法测量人体Zn2+、Fe2+、Ca2+、Cu2+、Mg2+五种元素的含量,并与正常健康人做对照.结果:肝癌患者全血中Zn2+、Fe2+、Mg2+、Ca2+与正常人对照含量减少(P<0.01),而Cu2+的水平则显著升高(P<0.01),Cu2+/Zn2+孙比值也显著升高(P<0.01).结论:肝癌患者血中微量元素Zn2+、Fe2+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Cu2+明显异常,通过对这些微量元素的检测对肝癌的诊断和治疗具有重要临床意义.     

Safety assessment of poloxamers 101, 105, 108, 122, 123, 124, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 212, 215, 217, 231, 234, 235, 237, 238, 282, 284, 288, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338, 401, 402, 403, and 407, poloxamer 105 benzoate, and poloxamer 182 dibenzoate as used in cosmetics

Poloxamers are polyoxyethlyene, polyoxypropylene block polymers. The impurities of commercial grade Poloxamer 188, as an example, include low-molecular-weight substances (aldehydes and both formic and acetic acids), as well as 1,4-dioxane and residual ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Most Poloxamers function in cosmetics as surfactants, emulsifying agents, cleansing agents, and/or solubilizing agents, and are used in 141 cosmetic products at concentrations from 0.005% to 20%. Poloxamers injected intravenously in animals are rapidly excreted in the urine, with some accumulation in lung, liver, brain, and kidney tissue. In humans, the plasma concentration of Poloxamer 188 (given intravenously) reached a maximum at 1 h, then reached a steady state. Poloxamers generally were ineffective in wound healing, but were effective in reducing postsurgical adhesions in several test systems. Poloxamers can cause hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in animals, but overall, they are relatively nontoxic to animals, with LD(50) values reported from 5 to 34.6 g/kg. Short-term intravenous doses up to 4 g/kg of Poloxamer 108 produced no change in body weights, but did result in diffuse hepatocellular vacuolization, renal tubular dilation in kidneys, and dose-dependent vacuolization of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules. A short-term inhalation toxicity study of Poloxamer 101 at 97 mg/m(3) identified slight alveolitis after 2 weeks of exposure, which subsided in the 2-week postexposure observation period. A short-term dermal toxicity study of Poloxamer 184 in rabbits at doses up to 1000 mg/kg produced slight erythema and slight intradermal inflammatory response on histological examination, but no dose-dependent body weight, hematology, blood chemistry, or organ weight changes. A 6-month feeding study in rats and dogs of Poloxamer 188 at exposures up to 5% in the diet produced no adverse effects. Likewise, Poloxamer 331 (tested up to 0.5 g/kg day(-1)), Poloxamer 235 (tested up to 1.0 g/kg day(-1)), and Poloxamer 338 (at 0.2 or 1.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced no adverse effects in dogs. Poloxamer 338 (at 5.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced slight transient diarrhea in dogs. Poloxamer 188 at levels up to 7.5% in diet given to rats in a 2-year feeding study produced diarrhea at 5% and 7.5% levels, a small decrease in growth at the 7.5% level, but no change in survival. Doses up to 0.5 mg/kg day(-1) for 2 years using rats produced yellow discoloration of the serum, high serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and elevated serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activities. Poloxamers are minimal ocular irritants, but are not dermal irritants or sensitizers in animals. Data on reproductive and developmental toxicity of Poloxamers were not found. An Ames test did not identify any mutagenic activity of Poloxamer 407, with or without metabolic activation. Several studies have suggested anticarcinogenic effects of Poloxamers. Poloxamers appear to increase the sensitivity to anticancer drugs of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. In clinical testing, Poloxamer 188 increased the hydration of feces when used in combination with a bulk laxative treatment. Compared to controls, one study of angioplasty patients receiving Poloxamer 188 found a reduced myocardial infarct size and a reduced incidence of reinfarction, with no evidence of toxicity, but two other studies found no effect. Poloxamer 188 given to patients suffering from sickle cell disease had decreased pain and decreased hospitilization, compared to controls. Clinical tests of dermal irritation and sensitization were uniformly negative. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel stressed that the cosmetic industry should continue to use the necessary purification procedures to keep the levels below established limits for ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,4-dioxane. The Panel did note the absence of reproductive and developmental toxicity data, but, based on molecular weight and solubility, there should be little skin penetration and any penetration of the skin should be slow. Also, the available data demonstrate that Poloxamers that are introduced into the body via routes other than dermal exposure have a rapid clearance from the body, suggesting that there would be no risk of reproductive and/or developmental toxicity. Overall, the available data do not suggest any concern about carcinogenesis. Although there are gaps in knowledge about product use, the overall information available on the types of products in which these ingredients are used, and at what concentration, indicates a pattern of use. Based on these safety test data and the information that the manufacturing process can be controlled to limit unwanted impurities, the Panel concluded that these Poloxamers are safe as used.     

HPLC法测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱

目的 采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱10种活性成分。方法 采用InerSustain AQ-C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相A：乙腈–无水乙醇（80∶20）,流动相B：0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长220 nm,体积流量1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10 μL。结果 木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱分别在2.69～134.50、1.95～97.50、0.63～31.50、0.86～43.00、11.95～597.50、0.59～29.50、6.08～304.00、4.85～242.50、1.66～83.00、19.79～989.50 μg/mL线性关系良好（r≥0.999 3）;平均回收率分别为99.11%、98.23%、96.95%、97.78%、100.02%、97.21%、99.66%、99.52%、98.81%、100.08%,RSD值分别为1.04%、1.23%、1.37%、1.65%、0.70%、1.28%、0.65%、0.81%、1.11%、0.63%。结论 建立的HPLC法可用于抗妇炎胶囊中10种活性成分的测定,作为抗妇炎胶囊质量控制方法。     

Arformoterol: (R,R)-eformoterol, (R,R)-formoterol, arformoterol tartrate, eformoterol-sepracor, formoterol-sepracor, R,R-eformoterol, R,R-formoterol

Sepracor in the US is developing arformoterol [R,R-formoterol], a single isomer form of the beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist formoterol [eformoterol]. This isomer contains two chiral centres and is being developed as an inhaled preparation for the treatment of respiratory disorders. Sepracor believes that arformoterol has the potential to be a once-daily therapy with a rapid onset of action and a duration of effect exceeding 12 hours. In 1995, Sepracor acquired New England Pharmaceuticals, a manufacturer of metered-dose and dry powder inhalers, for the purpose of preparing formulations of levosalbutamol and arformoterol. Phase II dose-ranging clinical studies of arformoterol as a longer-acting, complementary bronchodilator were completed successfully in the fourth quarter of 2000. Phase III trials of arformoterol began in September 2001. The indications for the drug appeared to be asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, an update of the pharmaceutical product information on the Sepracor website in September 2003 listed COPD maintenance therapy as the only indication for arformoterol. In October 2002, Sepracor stated that two pivotal phase III studies were ongoing in 1600 patients. Sepracor estimates that its NDA submission for arformoterol, which is projected for the first half of 2004, will include approximately 3000 adult subjects. Sepracor stated in July 2003 that it had completed more than 100 preclinical studies and initiated or completed 15 clinical studies for arformoterol inhalation solution for the treatment of bronchospasm in patients with COPD. In addition, Sepracor stated that the two pivotal phase III studies in 1600 patients were still progressing. In 1995, European patents were granted to Sepracor for the use of arformoterol in the treatment of asthma, and the US patent application was pending.     

欧洲刺柏（Juniper）

活性成分与药理作用欧洲刺柏药用部位是其浆果，具有促水排泄、防腐、抗胃肠胀气和抗风湿作用，还可改善胃功能。用作促水排泄药可增加尿量（水丢失），但不增加钠排泄。成分萜品烯-4-醇可增加肾小球滤过率，但刺激肾。欧洲刺柏浆果对单纯疱疹病毒体外显示抗病毒活性，并具抗真菌活性。动物实验显示，欧洲刺柏浆果提取物具有堕胎、抗生育、抗炎、抗胚胎植入、降血压、升血压和降血糖作用。欧洲刺柏浆果油具有兴奋子宫的活性，以及利尿、胃肠道抗菌和刺激作用，该油对平滑肌有阻止解痉作用。     

Oral Presentations (LDD, LPES, LNM, LPAT, LNT, LPPT, LPM)

Probiotic microorganisms have been shown to provide specific health benefits when consumed as food supplements or as food components. The main problem of such products is the poor survival of the probiotic bacteria in the low pH of gastric fluid. However the use of synthetic excipients for enteric coating to prevent the exposure of microorganisms to gastric fluid is limited in food supplementary industry. Therefore the aim of this study was to develop an enteric coating formulation containing shellac as a natural polymer. Shellac possesses good resistance to gastric juice; the major disadvantage of this polymer is its low solubility in the intestinal fluid [1, 2]. Thus films containing different ratios of shellac and water-soluble polymers (sodium alginate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP)) or plasticizers (glycerol and glyceryl triacetate (GTA)) were prepared in order to analyse the films’ melting temperatures (T_m), the changes in enthalpy (ΔH), their capability of taking up water, and their solubility in different media. The release characteristics of the films were studied by loading pellets with Enterococcus faecium M74 and coating them with formulations containing different amounts of shellac and polymer or plasticized shellac. Using dissolution tests, performed according to USP XXXI paddle method, the resistance of the coatings to simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) and the release of cells in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 6.8) was investigated.The trials showed that an increasing amount of plasticizer results in a decrease of T_m and ΔH of the films whereat glycerol had a superior plasticization effect to GTA. The compatibility of films made of water-soluble polymers and shellac was also concentration dependent. HPMC and PVP showed superior compatibility with shellac compared to sodium alginate, since films containing shellac and more than 10% [w/w] sodium alginate tended to separate into two phases. In the end five formulations containing shellac and either 5% [w/w] glycerol, 10% [w/w] PVP, 20% [w/w] PVP, 10% [w/w] HPMC, or 5% [w/w] sodium alginate emerged as feasible for enteric coating purposes.