Experimental and numerical simulations of bottom hole temperature and pressure distributions of supercritical CO2 jet for well-drilling

The supercritical carbon dioxide （SC-CO2） drilling is a novel drilling technique developed in recent years. A detailed study of temperature and pressure distributions of the SC-CO2 jet on the bottom of a well is essensial to the SC-CO2 drilling. In this paper, the distributions of pressure and temperature on the bottom of the hole during the SC-CO2 jet drilling are simulated experimentally and numerically, and the impacts of the nozzle diameter, the jet length, and the inlet pressure of the SC-CO2 jet are analyzed. It is shown that, the bottom hole temperature and pressure increase with the increase of the nozzle diameter, and the bottom hole temperature reduces and the pressure increases first and then decreases with the increase of the jet length, indicating that the jet length has an optimum value. The increase of the inlet pressure can increase the temperature and pressure on the bottom, which has a positive effect on the drilling rate.     

DETERMINATION OF ROCK-BREAKING PERFORMANCE OF HIGH-PRESSURE SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE JET

In this study, a well-designed experimental setup is used to determine the rock-breaking performance of a high-pressuresupercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) jet. Its rock-breaking performance is first compared with that of a high-pressure water jetunder the same operation conditions. The effects of five major factors that affect the rock-breaking performance of the high-pressureSC-CO2jet, i.e., the nozzle diameter, the standoff distance, the jet pressure, the rock compressive strength and the jet temperature areexperimentally determined. The experimental results indicate that the rock-breaking performance of the SC-CO2jet is significantlyimproved over the high-pressure water jet. It is also found that the rock-breaking performance of the SC-CO2jet is improved with theincrease of the nozzle diameter or the standoff distance, until the nozzle diameter or the standoff distance reaches a certain criticalvalue and after that it begins to deteriorate. The rock-breaking performance of the SC-CO2jet improves monotonically with theincrease of the jet pressure, while it shows a monotonic deterioration with the increase of the rock compressive strength. In addition,it is found that, under the same working conditions, the SC-CO2jet can always provide a better rock-breaking performance than thesubcritical liquid CO2jet.     

Numerical simulation of the abrasive supercritical carbon dioxide jet: The flow field and the influencing factors

The supercritical carbon dioxide(SC-CO_2) jet can break rocks at higher penetration rates and lower threshold pressures than the water jet. The abrasive SC-CO_2 jet, formed by adding solid particles into the SC-CO_2 jet, is expected to achieve higher operation efficiency in eroding hard rocks and cutting metals. With the computational fluid dynamics numerical simulation method, the characteristics of the flow field of the abrasive SC-CO_2 jet are analyzed, as well as the main influencing factors. Results show that the two-phase axial velocities of the abrasive SC-CO_2 jet is much higher than those of the abrasive water jet, when the pressure difference across the jet nozzle is held constant at 20 MPa, the optimal standoff distance for the largest particle impact velocity is approximately 5 times of the jet nozzle diameter; the fluid temperature and the volume concentration of the abrasive particles have modest influences on the two-phase velocities, the ambient pressure has a negligible influence when the pressure difference is held constant. Therefore the abrasive SC-CO_2 jet is expected to assure more effective erosion and cutting performance. This work can provide guidance for subsequent lab experiments and promote practical applications.     

高压旋喷锚杆在软土深基坑支护设计中的应用研究

以三门核电二期泵房软土基坑支护工程为背景,对基坑支护结构体系进行介绍,并通过现场试验对高压旋喷锚杆的应用效果进行了研究。结果表明,(1)采用重力挡墙和桩锚联合支护体系,能够确保基坑施工过程中的安全稳定;(2)高压旋喷锚杆能够有效地提高锚固体截面面积,提高抗拔力是影响基坑支护结构安全稳定的关键;(3)旋喷锚杆施工过程中,喷射压力、钻进速度、喷嘴孔径是确保锚固段直径的关键参数,喷射压力越大、钻进速度越慢、喷嘴孔径越大,锚固体直径越大。     

垂直射流冲刷砂床的喷嘴间距试验研究

疏浚工程中常利用射流进行河道清淤和冲砂施工。为探究喷嘴间距对射流冲刷的影响,开展了一系列不同靶距、速度和间距的双喷嘴冲刷粗砂、中砂砂床试验,分析了冲刷坑形、冲坑深度和冲坑截面积的变化特性,得到了各工况下的最优喷嘴间距L_B和不利喷嘴间距L_N。结果表明,对于同一粒径砂床,改变靶距和速度冲刷时的L_B和L_N值变化较小,而与粗砂砂床相比,冲刷中砂砂床时的L_B和L_N值均有所增加。研究成果可供疏浚工程中射流系统设计作为参考。     

Flow field simulation of supercritical carbon dioxide jet: Comparison and sensitivity analysis

As a new jet technology developed in recent years, the supercritical carbon dioxide(SC-CO2) jet technology enjoys many advantages when applied in oil and gas explorations. In order to study the properties and parametric influences of the SC-CO2 jet, the flow fields of the SC-CO2 jet are simulated using the computational fluid dynamics method. The flow field of the SC-CO2 is compared with that of the water jet. The influences of several parameters on the flow field of the SC-CO2 jet are studied. It is indicated that like the water jet, the velocity and the pressure of the SC-CO2 jet could be converted to each other, and the SC-CO2 jet can generate a significant impact pressure on the wall, the SC-CO2 jet has a stronger impact pressure and a higher velocity than those of the water jet under the same conditions, the maximum velocity and the impact pressure of the SC-CO2 jet increase with the increase of the nozzle pressure drop, under the stimulation condition of this study, the influence of the SC-CO2 temperature on the impact pressure can be neglected in engineering applications, while the maximum velocity of the SC-CO2 jet increases with the increase of the fluid temperature. This paper theoretically explores the properties of the SC-CO2 jet flow field, and the results might provide a theoretical basis for the application of the SC-CO2 jet in oil and gas well drillings and fracturing stimulations.     

高压水射流除垢机理研究

本文根据流体力学的基本方程－积分形式的能量方程、连续性方程和动量方程，推导出高压水射流作用在管壁污垢上的应力计算公式，从理论上分析了高压水射流除垢机理，提出了根据不同管垢的耐压强度极限应力设计喷嘴结构及射流压力选择的理论方法，对现场应用具有重要指导意义，本文所述理论方法及计算公式未见有公开文献报道。     

高压喷嘴流场及熵产数值研究

为解决喷嘴高压射流过程中的综合性能问题,探索高压水流动物理场,利用计算流体力学理论,改变主动流体的压强,对高压嘴进行数值计算。结果表明:内部产生的熵产值占全部熵产总和的2.64%,熵产产生一种"壁面现象";内部产生的湍流动能值占全部湍流动能总和的13.9%;湍流动能在渐缩段2、3的表面加大,在渐缩段1的增加值较大;且湍流动能随入口压力的增大而增大。在喷口直径范围内,水流动压、出口速度基本都在一个恒定值。轴向动压、速度在渐缩段1、渐缩段2梯度较大,渐缩段3梯度较小,在稳流段1、2梯度最小。     

双射流流动结构实验研究

应用PIV实验方法对由直射流和同心的环状旋转射流组成的双射流流场进行了测量，并分析研究了流场的速度和旋度变化规律。分析表明，双射流等速核长度较小，仪约为5倍喷距；随喷距的增加其多股射流特性逐渐减弱，其主要原因为直射流和旋转射流在交界面上很强的剪切作用；旋转射流的径向发展因受直射流吸附作用的影响而减小，相应直射流速度在喷嘴轴线上的衰减则增加。在4-6倍喷距间的旋转射流速度突然下降和相应位置处旋度场的涡环都显示该处可能存在较强的空化现象，而大大提升双射流的能力。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF HORIZONTAL BUOYANT WALL JET

This article applies the realizable k-ε model to simulate the buoyant wall jet and gives the results of cling length,centerline trajectory and temperature dilutions at certain sections.The comparison between the numerical results and Sharp's experimental data indicates that the model is effective in estimating velocity distribution and temperature dilutions.The velocity profiles at the cental plane and z-plane both show a strong similarity at certain distance from the nozzle,and the distributions of velocity and temperature dilutions also exhibit a similarity along the axial direction at centerline in the near-field.Based on the results,the article gives the corresponding relationships between the distance and the dilutions of velocity and temperature,which is useful in predicting the behavior of the wall buoyant jet.     

海洋平台射流辅助沉桩试验研究

为探寻海洋石油平台桩基高效的建设方法,针对停锤后打桩困难甚至出现拒锤现象,提出高压水射流辅助沉桩的技术设想,并设计了海洋平台射流辅助沉桩模型试验装置,测试了6种不同形状喷嘴产生的射流对土塞表面的作用力。同时,通过对土体内应力分布状态进行数值模拟,得到6种喷嘴射流作用下土塞内的最大应力和最小应力,验证了模型试验结果。结果表明海洋平台桩基建设过程中,采用高压水射流辅助沉桩提高桩基建设效率是完全可行的,且6种喷嘴中等变速型喷嘴有限喷距最长,作用在土塞表面中心处的压力也最大。研究结果为海洋平台射流辅助沉桩原理样机采用等变速喷嘴试制提供了重要依据。     

运行参数对自激脉冲射流装置性能影响的试验研究

运用自行研制的自激脉冲射流装置就其运行参数对装置性能的影响进行了试验研究。在自激脉冲射流装置结构参数一定的情况下,分析了工作压力、工作流速、靶距等运行参数与脉冲射流装置性能之间的关系,初步得出自激脉冲射流装置的最佳运行参数范围,为工程应用提供了依据。     

不同动力环境下孔间距对双孔射流特性的影响

为研究孔间距对双孔射流运动和稀释特性的影响,采用粒子图像测速技术(PIV)和激光诱导荧光技术(PLIF)分别对静水、横流和波浪环境下双孔射流的速度场和浓度场进行测量,对比分析了孔间距为5倍、10倍和15倍射流孔直径时双孔射流的轴向速度、横断面垂向速度、轨迹线及浓度场分布情况。结果表明:在静水环境下,孔间距较小时双孔射流的轴向速度衰减较单孔射流慢,随着孔间距的增大双孔射流轴向速度衰减的程度逐渐趋近于单孔射流。在横流环境下,随着孔间距的增大,前方射流对后方射流的遮掩作用不断减小,而后方对前方射流的卷吸作用也有所减弱,导致前方射流弯曲程度的增大和后方射流上升高度的降低。在波浪环境下,孔间距较小时,两孔中间存在一个独立的高浓度区;孔间距增大后,浓度等值线逐渐呈"凸"形分布。为降低双孔射流相互作用对射流初始稀释的影响,建议在波浪和横流环境下双孔射流的孔间距不宜小于射流孔直径的10倍。     

静水条件下垂直圆管负浮力射流的数值模拟

建立了静水条件下垂直圆管负浮力射流的三维水动力数学模型和物理模型,两者的无量纲垂向速度吻合较好;对静水条件下垂直圆管负浮力射流的水动力特性进行了研究。结果表明：随着射流初始速度的增加,射流初始密度和喷口直径的减小,射流最大上升高度和稳态高度均增加。射流初始速度和射流初始密度对最大上升高度时刻中轴线垂向速度衰减早晚和衰减率的影响不大;随着射流初始密度的增加,稳态高度时刻的射流中轴线上垂向速度衰减较晚,衰减率增加;射流量一定时,随着喷口直径的增加,最大上升高度时刻和稳态高度时刻射流中轴线上垂向流速衰减较早,衰减率减小。分别建立了密度弗劳德数表达的无量纲最大上升高度和稳态高度线性关系式;本研究中射流最大上升高度和稳态高度比值趋近于常数1.52,与密度弗劳德数基本无关。研究结果可以为静水条件下垂直圆管负浮力射流的设计和工程应用提供一定的参考依据。     

环空流体吸入式自激振荡脉冲射流调制元件结构优选研究

为充分利用井底水力能量提高破岩钻井效率,提出了环空流体吸入式自激振荡脉冲射流钻井技术。将数值模拟和试验研究相结合,分析了环空流体吸入式自激振荡脉冲射流调制元件结构参数的变化对射流破岩性能的影响。对比分析了调制元件的环空吸入量、出口流速、振荡腔负压值和进出口压差与射流破岩效果之间的关系,结果发现调制元件进出口的压差越大,射流破岩效果越好,二者呈显著线性相关。以调制元件进出口压差为优选依据,采用正交试验法,进行了数值模拟试验,优选了调制元件的结构参数,数值计算与试验结果吻合良好,表明分析环空流体吸入式自激振荡脉冲射流性能,优选调制元件结构的方法可行。所得结论可作为射流调制元件结构设计和优化的依据。     

EVALUATION OF THE CUMULATIVE FORMATION OF HIGH-SPEED LIQUID JETS

1 .　INTRODUCTIONHigh speedliquidjetsareoftenseeninrainerosionsimulationofaircraftandmissiles ,JilbertandField[1] and jetcuttingofmaterials ,Kob ayashi[2 ] .Inthegenerationofjets ,itistechnicallyinterestingtoknowhowtooperatetheexperimen talfacilityattheoptimumconditiontoobtainthejetvelocitymostefficiently .ThisisdescribedbyShiandTakayama[3] ,ShiandItoh[4 ] ,ShiandIt oh[5] .Intheearlieststudyofa pulsedhigh speedliquidjet ,BowdenandBrunton[6 ] puttheliquidinanozzleandthenusedaslugimpact…     

振孔高压旋喷施工技术

针对普通高压旋喷施工防渗墙工序繁琐、质量稳定性不高等情况,研究出一种振孔高压旋喷技术,该技术凭借高桅杆,用振管浆管合一和振动回转的方法高速成孔,当振动成孔达到设计深度后上提即构成二管法的旋喷,成为一种新的施工方法。使用该技术后,施工中可不间断连贯作业,施工效率高出普通高压旋喷2倍左右。同时可以根据工程需要采用不同工艺,修筑厚1.2 m或0.2 m的防渗墙。该技术施工参数大,喷射影响半径远,墙体连续性与防渗性好,在三峡三期围堰防渗墙与三峡电源电站围堰防渗墙的施工中均收到很好的效果。     

微灌用自清洗过滤器自动清洗装置结构的优化

自清洗过滤器是灌溉节水系统的关键设备,随着微灌系统自动化程度的提高,该设备对自动化程度要求也越来越高。为此,在介绍了过滤器特点及原理的基础上,提出了优化方案,即改变排污管、吸管、吸嘴的直径,调整吸管的位置和数量,具体就是按照水流方向逐渐增大排污管直径,减小吸管和吸嘴的直径,增多吸管的数量或者将吸管的位置整体向下移动。通过结构优化,提高了过滤效率,延长了过滤器整体结构的使用寿命,为今后研制和开发更加新型自清洗过滤器提供了多样性选择。     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE FLOW FIELD CHARACTERISTICS IN THE MIXING REGION OF TWIN JETS

Twin jets flow, generated by two identical parallel axisymmetric nozzles, has been experimentally investigated. The dimensionless spacing (B) between two nozzles were set at 1.89, 1.75 and 1.5. Measurements have been carried out at several free-stream velocities ranging from 10 m/s to 25 m/s or Reynolds numbers (based on the nozzle diameter of 44 mm) ranging from 3.33×104 to 8.33×104. The results show that the twin jets attract each other. With the increasing Reynolds number, the turbulence energy grows, which indicates that the twin jets attract acutely. The jet flow field and the merging process of two jets vary with B. The width of the twin jets flow spreads linearly downstream and grows with B. The merging between two jets occurs at the location closer to the nozzle exit for the cases with smaller spacing between nozzles and higher Reynolds number.     

振孔高喷灌浆在三峡工程中的应用

三峡工程电源电站施工围堰防渗采取了振孔高喷防渗墙的形式。振孔高喷防渗墙是采用高压喷射注浆技术构筑的连续板墙状凝结体结构。振孔高压喷射注浆是一种钻喷一体化的高喷灌浆技术，以大功率的振动锤将带有特制喷嘴的高喷杆快速向下振孔，同时用高压设备使浆液、水及气成为高压流从喷嘴中喷射出来，冲击、破坏土体。当钻杆到达预定岩面后．以一定速度向上提升钻杆．使浆液与风化砂强制混合，待浆液凝固后，便形成了防渗墙。检测表明，三峡工程电源电站施工围堰高喷防渗墙施工质量优量．各项性能均满足设计要求．