地层元素测井中中子-伽马能谱解析理论与方法

对在模型中进行地层元素中子伽马能谱测井实验和中子伽马谱解析方法进行了研究，即对非弹伽马谱与俘获伽马谱解析方法进行了研究。理论上推导出分别用非弹谱和俘获谱求出地层元素质量分数的公式。采用两谱联合分析及归一的方法，求出岩石骨架和孔隙流体整个地层中元素的质量分数。并在油田进行了实际应用，应用结果显示该方法是成功的     

膨润土性能温度效应研究进展

通过文献调研、资料总结和分析,阐述了温度对膨润土诸多性状的影响.膨润土中孔隙水的化学成分因温度变化而发生改变,温度的增加使膨润土中内水、外水的含量发生改变,从而影响土的水合力大小.以OPHELIE膨润土实验为例,介绍了温度对膨润土内部孔隙大小的影响.此外,还对目前膨润土持水能力与膨胀力的温度效应进行了阐述.     

BaF2探测器测量α粒子的时间分辨随温度变化研究

本工作对用于测量α粒子的BaF2探测器的时间分辨随温度变化情况进行了实验研究.实验选用退激Y射线能量较高的237Npα源,利用α粒子与退激Y射线的时间关联性得到时间谱,在不改变任何条件的情况下对BaF:晶体加热,加热到设定温度后保持恒温,在BaF:晶体达到热平衡后开始测量时间谱,由该时间谱上读出的半高宽与标准偏差的线性关系得出α粒子的时间分辨随温度变化的情况.测量结果显示,时间分辨随温度变化在目前实验条件下较为明显,这为未来快时间分辨α粒子探测器的选择和优化使用提供了依据.     

原位X射线荧光测井井液的影响与校正

本文研究原位X射线荧光测井探测中探测装置与井壁间井液厚度变化对测量结果的影响,通过对测量谱线特征参数的获取提出了一种新的井液校正方法.实验结果表明,这是一种对高含量样品有效、快速、实用的校正方法,校正后目标元素特征X射线峰峰面积与实测没有井液干扰时的峰面积的偏差小于5%.     

基于核磁共振测井和毛管压力的储层渗透率计算方法

针对利用核磁共振测井数据计算储层渗透率的SDR模型和Tim-Coates模型在实际应用中存在的参数确定方面的困难,基于核磁共振测井T₂分布和毛管压力曲线均反映储层孔隙结构的事实,提出了基于核磁共振测井和毛管压力计算储层渗透率的方法。通过对比31块同时进行了压汞和核磁共振测井实验的岩心样品,建立了Swanson参数与渗透率之间的对应关系模型。针对压汞数据受岩心样品数量限制的问题,提出了利用核磁共振横向弛豫时间T₂几何平均值（T_2lm）与Swanson参数之间的相关性,求取Swanson参数,从而计算储层的渗透率。通过对A井实际数据的处理,计算得到的渗透率与岩心分析的空气渗透率之间吻合较好,验证了该方法的准确性。     

松辽盆地南部海里吐地区泉头组砂岩型铀矿化特征

通过分析测试海里吐地区铀矿化岩石样品,结果表明该区铀成矿作用独特.铀矿化虽然产于有机炭和硫质量分数较低泉头组一段紫红色细砂岩中,但该区泉头组下部为含煤层,烃类物质可通过断裂进入到岩石裂隙中.矿石富含烃类物质,岩石粒问孔隙中普遍存在以液烃为主的油气包裹体.烃类中的CH4间接参与了铀的沉淀反应,促使铀的成矿作用发生.     

无源效率刻度法测量高浓铀浓缩度

利用HPGe谱仪测量了高浓铀样品γ谱,分析γ谱中235U的特征γ射线163和186 keV以及238U的特征γ射线1 001 keV的峰面积。利用ISOCS软件建立测量模型,对这几条γ射线进行了无源效率刻度。实验结果显示,测量值与参考值相差+1.1%,其误差主要来源于无源效率刻度计算和峰面积计算。     

基于SAXS方法的核石墨微孔结构的温度影响

X射线小角散射(Small Angle X-ray Scattering,SAXS)是研究纳米尺度微观结构的重要手段。本文利用同步辐射SAXS技术测量了25oC、100oC、200oC、300oC和400oC时,IG-110和NBG-18核石墨在纳米尺度范围内孔隙的数量分布及其分形特征的变化。实验结果表明,IG-110和NBG-18核石墨的微观结构中存在微小尺寸上的不均匀区域,且核石墨孔隙的固气结构具有明锐的界面。但随着温度的升高,固气界面的变化并没有呈现出明显的规律性。此外,在纳米尺度上,IG-110和NBG-18核石墨的孔隙数量随温度呈现增加的趋势,且IG-110核石墨孔隙数量的增加幅度大于NBG-18核石墨,其平均孔隙尺寸的减小幅度大于NBG-18核石墨。在核石墨的微孔结构内,其固气界面的分形维数随温度升高逐渐减小,且NBG-18核石墨分形维数的变化幅度小于IG-110核石墨。这表明核石墨的分形结构随温度的升高逐渐光滑。     

致密油岩心孔隙度核磁共振实验测量的杂质信号处理方法

核磁孔隙度的测定是核磁共振岩心分析的重要内容和基础性工作。通过5块致密油岩心的核磁共振测量发现,核磁孔隙度明显高于质量孔隙度。分析原因主要是致密油岩心洗油难度大、部分含氢物质未能洗去,存在较强的杂质测量信号。为了消除杂质信号对测量核磁孔隙度的影响,提出了谱差值法和差值谱法,给出了两种方法的实验测量和数据处理方法,并通过实验数据分析了两种处理方法的适用性。差值谱法的处理结果表明,5块致密油岩心的核磁孔隙度与质量孔隙度比值的平均值由1.660变为1.196,明显减小了核磁孔隙度的测量误差;采用差值谱法处理致密油岩心的核磁共振实验数据可有效地提高核磁孔隙度的测量精度。     

基于实验室条件下的核磁共振测井束缚水饱和度计算方法研究

选取四川盆地须家河组54块砂岩岩样进行了核磁共振实验测量。通过T2谱面积比值法、称重法、SBVI法、统一T2截止值法和综合物性参数统计模型法确定了束缚水饱和度,对比分析了这五种方法,认为称重法和T2谱面积比值法可以作为建立束缚水饱和度模型的基础数据;统一T2截止值法和综合物性参数统计模型法效果优于SBVI法,可以用这两种方法来确定须家河储层的束缚水饱和度模型。根据压汞毛管压力测量结果,考察了核磁实验所得到的束缚水饱和度的应用条件。研究认为,对于渗透率大于1×10-4μm2的样品,0.6897 MPa的驱替压力可以将全部可动水驱替干净,核磁实验测得的束缚水饱和度即为严格意义上的束缚水饱和度。对于渗透率小于1×10-4μm2的岩样,0.6897 MPa的驱替压力不能将可动水全部驱出,核磁实验测得的束缚水饱和度只是一定驱替条件下的含水饱和度。     

低渗透含铀砂岩压力梯度-黏度-化学耦合渗流规律实验研究

研究低渗透性含铀砂岩物理化学耦合作用下的渗流规律,可为地浸工艺参数的设计提供可靠依据。本文选取我国新疆某铀矿山砂岩样品,用自制的渗透性测定实验装置,开展了含铀砂岩原样的物理化学渗流规律的实验研究。结果表明:该低渗透性矿岩存在3个渗流阶段,即启动压力阶段、非线性渗流阶段和线性渗流阶段;改变流体的黏度,可改变流体流通空隙所占的百分比,进而整体上改变矿岩渗透性能;在物理化学渗流前期,矿岩介质与溶浸剂发生化学反应后,使某些较小半径的孔隙变成可连通的,进而使砂岩介质的渗透系数整体变大;在物理化学渗流后期,由于压力和化学耦合作用,孔隙结构进一步演变,当压力梯度敏感度大于化学反应敏感度时,其渗透系数变大,反之变小。     

Irradiation experiments related to reactor safety in particular pressure vessel steels

The dependence of neutron induced embrittlement of reactor pressure vessel steels on irradiation temperature and neutron exposure was investigated for steels with different copper content. A pronounced increase of the ductile to brittle transition temperature shift with decreasing irradiation temperature was found and quantitatively determined. The influence of the neutron energy spectrum and flux density on the embrittlement was not significant.Rigs for irradiating assemblies of fracture mechanics specimens (CT and WOL) up to 100 mm thickness and also for irradiation experiments under cyclic loading were developed. Irradiation experiments with these rigs are in progress.Creep experiments on canning tubes under different load conditions (uniaxial load and biaxial load under internal and external overpressure) as well as an irradiation device for investigating defective PWR fuel rods are briefly reported.     

载体孔结构对Pt/疏水陶瓷催化剂性能的影响

选用五种不同孔结构疏水陶瓷载体,采用浸渍-气相还原法制备用于水-氢交换的Pt/疏水陶瓷催化剂,经X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、H_2-程序升温还原法(H_2-TPR)及CO脉冲吸附等物性表征及催化剂催化活性(以催化交换活性kya表征)测试来考察载体孔结构对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,随着平均孔径的降低,载体比表面积增加,催化剂铂粒子分散度提高,在30~70nm平均孔径范围内,催化剂活性随载体孔径的下降而得以提升;当平均孔径小于20nm时,反应气难以在较短时间内扩散至载体孔道内,相同时间内参与反应的活性位点总数较少,从而使得其催化活性有所下降。此外,载体孔隙率过高虽有助于提升比表面积,却使得载体结构较为疏松,在催化剂制备过程中载体孔结构易被破坏,对提升催化活性无利。平均孔径为37.5nm、载体比表面积为111.01m2/g、孔隙率为68.76%的载体可获得最优的催化效果,催化剂测试用量为4.5mL、氢气流速为4.23L/min时,其催化交换活性可达6.45s~(-1)。     

低密度氘代对二乙烯基苯泡沫的研制

通过魏梯希-霍恩(Wittig-Horneew)反应合成了氘代对二乙烯基苯,并利用红外、核磁共振和质谱对其结构及氘代率进行了表征。同时利用高内相乳液法(HIPE)制备了低密度全氘代对二乙烯基苯泡沫。泡沫氘代率、形貌结构和力学性能表征结果表明,材料氘代率为95%,密度为25 mg/cm3时平均孔径为6μm,弹性模量为2.58 MPa。     

Biaxial behavior of plain concrete of nuclear containment building

To provide biaxial failure behavior characteristics of concrete of a standard Korean nuclear containment building, the concrete specimens with the dimensions of 200 mm×200 mm×60 mm were tested under different biaxial load combinations. The specimens were subjected to biaxial load combinations covering the three regions of compression–compression, compression–tension, and tension–tension. To avoid a confining effect due to friction in the boundary surface between the concrete specimen and the loading platen, the loading platens with Teflon pads were used. The principal deformations in the specimens were recorded, and the failure modes along with each stress ratio were examined. Based on the strength data, the biaxial ultimate strength envelopes were developed and the biaxial stress–strain responses in three different biaxial loading regions were plotted. The test results indicated that the concrete strength under equal biaxial compression, f₁=f₂, is higher by about 17% on the average than that under the uniaxial compression and the concrete strength under biaxial tension is almost independent of the stress ratio and is similar to that under the uniaxial tension.     

Simple Method for Evaluation of [lbar] Used for Kinetic Calculations of One Point Reactor Model

Graphite Material has been widely used as first wall material in present large tokamak devices. However, overall evaluation with respect to vacuum engineering properties, interactions with plasmas, and thermal and mechanical properties has not been systematically performed so far, though these properties much depend on the kind of the graphite material. For the overall evaluation of the graphite as fusion first wall material, the “Graphite Project” was organized in 1986 under the support of the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture. More than 20 institutions participated in this project and 27 graphite material (isotropic graphite, pyrolytic carbon, C/C composite) supplied from 8 graphite manufactureres of Japan were characterized as “common samples”.

It was found that the vacuum engineering properties such as outgassing, effective surface area and hydrogen permeation significantly depended on the pore structure of the graphite. Both the outgassing quantity and the surface area were observed to be small for the graphite with low density. The mechanism of hydrogen permeability was explained by the molecular flow through the pore structure. The chemical sputtering yield of metal deposited graphite was significantly lower than that of the graphite with clean surface. The hydrogen retention was considerably reduced by the iron or titanium deposition onto the graphite surface. The yield of the radiation enhanced sublimation for the isotropic graphite was measured and the result showed that the yield of the isotropic graphite was quite similar to that of the pyrolytic carbon. The heat load experiments showed that most of the isotropic graphite failed at roughly the same heat load and the fracture toughness was also approximately the same. The C/C composite materials, however, had the thermal shock resistance and the fracture toughness, which were several times larger than that of the isotropic graphite.     

SiO2气凝胶常压制备、表面结构与吸附性质

采用溶胶-凝胶技术,以多聚硅（E-40）为源,通过表面修饰工艺,在常压条件下制备了SiO2气凝胶.采用扫描电镜、13C和29Si核磁共振谱以及孔径分布仪对SiO2气凝胶的微结构进行了表征,并用微量电子真空吸附天平对SiO2气凝胶的吸附特性进行了研究.结果表明：SiO2气凝胶具有纳米多孔结构、较好的疏水和亲水可调性,是一种极好的高吸附材料.     

Numerical study of the effect of hydrogen on the crack propagation behavior of single crystal tungsten

An atomic model of single crystal bcc tungsten containing a pre-existing crack was built and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the crack propagation behavior with and without hydrogen atoms under uniaxial tensile load. Two kinds of crystal orientation were analyzed to study the effect of hydrogen on different crack propagation patterns. The results show that hydrogen can either improve or reduce the ductility of tungsten. High hydrogen concentration could result in the rearrangement of tungsten atoms ahead of the crack tip and reduce the stress concentration in the neighboring area around the crack tip. This will prevent the crack from propagation temporarily and therefore increase the fracture strain. Besides, hydrogen atoms can also facilitate the dislocation emission from the crack tip, which is accompanied by a larger plastic deformation. Both the mechanisms improve the ductility of tungsten. However, a void could be nucleated in a local hydrogen-rich area under tensile load. Its growth and link-up with the main crack will accelerate the crack propagation and speedup the fracture process, which diminishes the ductility of tungsten.     

Evaluation of aseismic integrity in the HTTR core-bottom structure V. On the static and dynamic behavior of graphitic HTTR key-keyway structures

The graphite components in high temperature gas-cooled reactors are connected to each other through a key-keyway structure that has gaps between the key and the keyway to accomodate thermal expansion. Because a dynamic load concentrates on the key-keyway structure during earthquakes, it is considered to be a crucial element for assessing the integrity of the graphite components. A combination of experiments and analyses was employed to investigate the dynamic behavior of the key-keyway structure, i.e. the equivalent stiffness associated with vibrational characteristics of the graphite components and the stress distribution under dynamic loading. The experiments were performed using a graphite scale model and a dynamic photo-elastic method. The analysis was carried out using the finite element method (FEM) code Abaqus, taking account of the contact between the key and the keyway. The following conclusions were derived. (1) The equivalent stiffness of the key-keyway structure shows nonlinearity, owing to the contact deformation. (2) The equivalent stiffness evaluated by the FEM analysis, taking account of the non-inear contact deformation, is applicable for predicting the vibrational characteristics of ky-keyway structure. (3) The stress concentration under dynamic loading is lower than or nearly equal to that under static loading. The maximum stress concentration of the seismic load can be sufficiently evaluated under static loading conditions.