Analysis of base content in in-service oils by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

An automated FTIR method for the determination of the base content (BC(pKa)) of oils at rates of > 120 samples/h has been developed. The method uses a 5% solution of trifluoroacetic acid in 1-propanol (TFA/P) added to heptane-diluted oil to react with the base present and measures the ν(COO(-)) absorption of the TFA anion produced, with calibrations devised by gravimetrically adding 1-methylimidazole to a heptane-TFA/P mixture. To minimize spectral interferences, all spectra are transformed to 2(nd) derivative spectra using a gap-segment algorithm. Any solvent displacement effects resulting from sample miscibility are spectrally accounted for by measurement of the changes in the 1-propanol overtone band at 1936 cm(-1). A variety of oils were analyzed for BC(0.5), expressed as mEq base/g oil as well as converted to base number (BN) units (mg KOH/g oil) to facilitate direct comparison with ASTM D2896 and ASTM D974 results for the same samples. Linear relationships were obtained between FTIR and D2896 and D974, with the ASTM methods producing higher BN values by factors of ~1.5 and ~1.3, respectively. Thus, the FTIR BC method correlates well with ASTM potentiometric procedures and, with its much higher throughput, promises to be a useful alternative means of rapidly determining reserve alkalinity in commercial oil condition monitoring laboratories.     

Assessing the effect of hydrocarbon oil type and thickness on a remote sensing signal: A sensitivity study based on the optical properties of two different oil types and the HYMAP and Quickbird sensors

We measured the light absorption properties of two naturally occurring Australian hydrocarbon oils, a Gippsland light crude oil and a North West Shelf light condensate. Using the results from these measurements in conjunction with estimated sensor environmental noise thresholds, the theoretical minimum limit of detectability of each oil type (as a function of oil thickness) was calculated for both the hyperspectral HYMAP and multispectral Quickbird sensors. The Gippsland crude oil is discernable at layer thickness of 20 µm or more in the Quickbird green channel. The HYMAP sensor was found to be theoretically capable of detecting a layer of Gippsland crude oil with a thickness of 10 µm in approximately six sensor channels. By contrast, the North West Shelf light condensate was not able to be detected by either sensor for any thickness up to 200 µm. Optical remote sensing is therefore not applicable for detecting diagnostic absorption features associated with this light condensate oil type, which is typical of the chemistry of many hydrocarbon oils found in the Australian Northwest Shelf area and condensates world wide. We conclude that oil type is critical to the applicability of optical remote sensing for natural oil slick detection and identification. We recommend that a sensor- and oil-specific sensitivity study should be conducted prior to applying optical remote sensors for oil exploration.The oil optical properties were obtained using two different laboratory methods, a reflectance-based approach and transmittance-based approach. The reflectance-based approach was relatively complex to implement, but was chosen in order to replicate as closely as possible real world remote sensing measurement conditions of an oil film on water. The transmittance-based approach, based upon standard laboratory spectrophotometric measurements was found to generate results in good agreement with the reflectance-based approach. Therefore, for future oil- and sensor-specific sensitivity studies, we recommend the relatively accessible transmittance-based approach, which is detailed in this paper.     

海面溢油的可见光波段地物光谱特征研究

通过对试验获得的原油、柴油和润滑油的可见光近红外波段地物光谱特征曲线进行处理、对 比、分析,揭示和总结了3种油随厚度变化的光谱特征、油水反差规律及吸收特征参数:3种油反射 总体趋势是柴油随厚度增加而增大,润滑油和原油随厚度增加而减小。柴油的反射率远高于海水, 润滑油在蓝绿光波段反射率高于海水,而原油与海水反差在蓝绿光波段最低等,可为识别油膜厚 度、区分油膜与海水和鉴别油种提供帮助,从而使通过卫星遥感手段实时监测海面溢油成为可能。     

智能化石油含水测量仪

以８０３１单片机为核心的智能化石油多参数含水测量系统，可对石油管道及油样中原油的含水率等多种参数进行实时监测。由于采用了温度分区修正法以及一套较完善的抗干扰措施，从而有效地提高了仪表的精确度和稳定性。     

Microfluidic switch based on combined effect of hydrodynamics and electroosmosis

This paper presents theoretical and experimental investigations on valveless microfluidic switch using the coupled effect of hydrodynamics and electroosmosis. Switching of a non-conducting fluid stream is demonstrated. The first part of the investigation focused on flow switching of a non-conducting fluid, while the second part focused on switching of aqueous liquid droplets in a continuous oil stream. Two sheath streams (aqueous NaCl and glycerol) and a sample stream (silicon oil) are introduced by syringe pumps to flow side by side in a straight rectangular microchannel. External electric fields are applied on the two sheath streams. The switching process using electroosmotic effect for different flow rate and viscosity of sample stream is investigated. The results indicate that the switching response time is affected by the electric fields, flow rate, and viscosity of the sample. At constant inlet volumetric flow rates, the sample streams or droplets can be delivered to the desired outlet ports using applied voltages.     

A tunable optofluidic lens based on combined effect of hydrodynamics and electroosmosis

This paper presents theoretical and experimental investigations on valveless microfluidic switch using the coupled effect of hydrodynamics and electroosmosis. Switching of a non-conducting fluid stream is demonstrated. The first part of the investigation focused on flow switching of a non-conducting fluid, while the second part focused on switching of aqueous liquid droplets in a continuous oil stream. Two sheath streams (aqueous NaCl and glycerol) and a sample stream (silicon oil) are introduced by syringe pumps to flow side by side in a straight rectangular microchannel. External electric fields are applied on the two sheath streams. The switching process using electroosmotic effect for different flow rate and viscosity of sample stream is investigated. The results indicate that the switching response time is affected by the electric fields, flow rate, and viscosity of the sample. At constant inlet volumetric flow rates, the sample streams or droplets can be delivered to the desired outlet ports using applied voltages.     

山茶油掺假大豆油中红外检测仪的研制

为了实现对山茶油掺假的快速无损检测,基于中红外LED光源和MSP430F149研制了一种便携式山茶油掺假检测仪。为了验证仪器的精准度,将滤光片组合下采集到的样品吸光度作为原始参数,利用Matlab仿真平台、采用多元线性回归算法和偏最小二乘法,建立了山茶油掺假大豆油浓度的红外光谱定量模型。经对山茶油掺入大豆油的检测表明,该检测仪实际应用效果良好,能够满足现场品质分析的需求。     

变压器油中微水含量在线监测系统研究

传统的测量变压器油中微水含量的方法存在着设备昂贵、准确度低等缺陷,在深入研究油中微水含量与相对湿度关系之后,提出了利用油的相对湿度间接测量油中微水含量的方法,并基于此方法设计了变压器油中微水含量在线监测系统。经过大量的稳定性与准确性实验,证明本测试仪测量精度高,操作简单,不需要任何试剂,符合现场实际运行的要求,为变压器维护人员分析变压器的运行状态提供可靠的依据。     

一种级联过程神经网络动态预测模型及其应用

针对非线性动态系统分阶段指标预测问题,提出了一种基于级联过程神经元网络和相空间重构技术的动态预测模型和方法。考虑实际系统各个变量在运行过程中不同阶段可能具有不同的作用关系和信息变换机制,以及各阶段系统状态的连续性,采用若干过程神经元子网络构成级联结构建立系统动态预测模型;同时,为弥补实际采样数据的不足和提高数据信息的利用率,利用相空间重构理论构造训练样本集。给出了预测模型的信息处理机制和学习算法,以油田开发三次采油过程仿真为例,实验结果验证了模型和方法的有效性。     

改进神经网络在芝麻油掺伪检测中的应用

研究芝麻油掺伪检测问题,提高检测精度。由于成分复杂,掺伪后化学成分变化,直观难以检测。传统物理或化学芝麻油掺伪检测方法操作复杂,设备昂贵,存在不同程度缺陷。结合近红外光谱技术和神经网络优点,提出一种RBF神经网络-近红外光谱的芝麻油掺伪检测方法(NIR-RBF)。首先采用近红外光谱提取芝麻油样本的光谱信息,然后采用主成分分析提取光谱信息主要有效成分,最后将主要有效成分输入到神经网络进行学习,得到芝麻油掺伪检测结果。采用建立的模型对掺入不同类型植物油的芝麻油进行检测,结果表明,相对于其它芝麻油掺伪检测方法,NIR-RBF提高了检测精度和速度,降低了检测误差,是一种快速、有效的芝麻油掺伪检测方法。     

基于遗传BP网络的变位储油罐识别模型

针对储油罐变位会导致罐容表读数失真的问题,采用微元法的思想建立积分模型,得到油的体积与油位高度及纵向倾斜角、横向偏转角的函数关系式;利用最小二乘法和Matlab软件确定出变位参数。为了提高精度,分别采用遗传算法和BP神经网络对变位角进行修订,同时给出了变位后的罐容表标定值;利用采样数据进行了检验,结果表明该模型具有一定的推广性。     

面向原油总氢物性预测的数据扩增预处理方法

针对原油总氢物性回归预测中核磁共振光谱数据不足的问题,结合深度学习相关理论,提出一种光谱数据扩增预处理方法.根据样本输入和标签的相关系数,在原始样本中加入随机噪声以生成虚拟样本;处理样本数据结构以利于卷积神经网络特征提取,并加入数据冗余改进该结构以进一步提高数据特征提取的完整性;搭建实现原油总氢物性回归预测的卷积神经网络(Regression forecasting convolutional neural network,RF-CNN).实验结果表明,对于总氢物性的回归预测,该数据扩增预处理方法不但可以解决原始数据训练中的过拟合现象,而且相比于传统的偏最小二乘(PLS)回归方法,更具稳定性和精确性.     

Oil spill detection using marine SAR images

A probabilistic approach to distinguish oil spills from other similar oceanic features in marine Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images has been developed and tested. The method uses statistical information obtained from previous mesurements of physical and geometrical characteristics for both oil spill and natural features. A sample image is evaluated using two different procedures to determine the probability that it is an oil spill, the results of the two procedures are then compared. The classification-algorithm performance was evaluated using a test dataset containing 80 examples that were oil spills and 43 that were natural features exhibiting characteristics similar to oil spills: more than 80% of the samples were classified correctly. The reliability of the method was then determined using a new dataset and similar results were obtained.     

基于C#的饱和烃气相色谱含水指数的计算

在录井分析技术中，利用饱和烃气相色谱来评价含油岩样的含水性，并手动绘制光滑外凸闭合曲线以确定含油岩样的含水性指数。人工绘制图版工作量较大，需要大量人力物力，而且误差较大，因此有必要开发相应的软件以提高效率。以录井分析技术的实践经验为基础，将实际困难和需求进行理论分析，利用凸壳、三次B样条曲线以及插值等算法从理论上提出解决方案，并开发基于C#语言编程计算饱和烃气相色谱含水性评价指数的软件系统。节约人力资源并提高含水性评价指数的精确性。     

利用无背景傅里叶变换红外光谱进行废气检测

提出了采用无背景傅时叶变换红外（ＦＴＩＲ）光谱对多组分气体体系进行定理分析的方法,并用于燃烧废气的检测。得到待测样品吸收光谱的通常方法是,将样品的透射光和不含样品的背景光谱进行差碱计算。而本文提出的方法在缺少背景光谱的民政部下,采用样条插值值法通过数据计算的方法从样品透射光谱中得到吸收光谱,并提取池光谱的一量特征,然后通过神经网络技术得到了谱峰强度和气体浓度之间的非线性映射关系。能够在光谱中含有各     

Towards a global oil palm sample database: design and implications

Global oil palm plantations have expanded in the last few decades, resulting in negative impacts on the environment. Satellite remote sensing plays an important role in monitoring the expansion of oil palm plantations, but requires high-quality ground samples for training and validation. To facilitate the monitoring of oil palm plantations on a large scale, we propose an oil palm sample database that includes the five countries with the largest areas of oil palm plantations: Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria, Thailand, and Ghana. In total, 45,896 samples were collected using a hexagonal sampling design. High-resolution images from Google Earth, the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) images, and Landsat optical images were used to identify oil palm plantations and other types of land cover (croplands, forests, grasslands, shrublands, water, hard surfaces, and bare land). The characteristics of oil palm cover and its environment, including PALSAR backscattering coefficients, terrain, and climate recorded in this database are also discussed. The results indicate that using the PALSAR band algebra threshold alone is not recommended to distinguish oil palm from other land-cover/use types.     

金属包覆多层ATR 生物传感器的理论研究􀀂

利用衰减全反射(ATR)方法进行角度探测,通过改进传统传感器只用单层金属膜激发表面等离子波(SPR)进行探测的结构设计,利用金属包覆波导代替原来的单层的金属膜结构,并从理论上分析了和计算了金属包覆多层ATR生物传感器的检测机理,从而为研制高灵敏度、高解析力的ATR生物传感器提供了理论依据.     

制冷系统中润滑油质量分数的实时测量

根据润滑油和制冷剂对紫外光的不同吸收特性 ,利用GaN基紫外光敏感器件 ,对制冷系统中润滑油质量分数进行实时测量 ,分析了压缩机转速对润滑油质量分数测试结果的影响。通过与标准方法比较 ,证实了这种方法的可靠性     

富含CO2油田气生产甲醇系统模拟和优化(Ⅱ)系统的优化

在全流程模拟的基础上对整个系统进行优化计算,考虑到描述各工段过程的数学上的复杂性,首先对各个单元做了简化处理,用简化的代数代替复杂的微分方程,从而使得优化过程大为简化。优化计算所提取的决策变量分别为：进吸收塔压力ｍ１１,进造气塔压力ｍ２１,水碳比ｍ２２,出压缩机压力ｍ３１,预塔回流比ｍ３２,主塔回流比ｍ３３,计算出了在优化状态下原料油田气消耗量和产品成本,以及此时流程中各个流股值。     

在线蒸气压分析系统样品回收的改进

本文介绍在线蒸汽压分析仪表的应用过程中,由于在线蒸汽压分析系统的样品回收系统存在缺陷,分析之后的残余样品不能及时、安全有效的回收。传统的电动齿轮泵回收系统,在输送轻质油品时易卡泵、泄漏,存在重大安全隐患。针对应用现场实际情况,通过对在线蒸汽压分析系统的样品回收系统改进,采用基于小型LOGO!控制器组成双罐气动回收系统,解决了残余样品回收系统实际应用当中存在的问题。改进后的在线蒸汽压分析系统的样品回收系统,满足在线蒸汽压分析仪表技术要求,确保在线蒸汽压分析仪表长周期运行。