内镜黏膜下剥离术在消化道肿瘤治疗中的应用

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）在治疗消化道肿瘤中的应用价值。方法收集近2年电子胃肠镜发现的15例胃与大肠黏膜及黏膜下肿瘤,内镜超声检查和/或病理活检进一步明确病灶大小,位置及性质,ESD操作步骤;黏膜下注射液体以抬高病灶,接着预切开病灶周围黏膜,之后使用Hook刀或IT刀沿病灶黏膜下层完整剥离病灶。结果 15例患者均顺利完成ESD治疗,病变直径1.0～3.5cm,平均2.3cm,ESD手术时间30～175min,平均73min,ESD治疗过程中创面均有少量出血,均经电凝或金属钛夹止血,无术后延迟出血发生,穿孔发生率为6.7%（1/15）,术后随访1～8个月,未见肿瘤残留或复发。结论 ESD作为一种内镜微创治疗,能实现较大病灶的完全剥离,为临床提供完整的病理学资料,也为消化道早期黏膜及黏膜下肿瘤的治疗开辟了新的治疗途径。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗胃巨大平坦病变

目的 探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）治疗胃巨大平坦病变的应用价值。方法 对胃镜发现≥2cm的胃平坦病变应用头端弯曲的针形切开刀进行ESD治疗，其操作步骤为：①黏膜下注射0．9％氯化钠溶液抬高病变，使病变与肌层相分离；②预切开病变周围黏膜；③剥离病变下方黏膜下层结缔组织，完整切除病变。结果 5例胃平坦病变中，3例位于胃窦，1例位于胃体，1例位于胃角。病变直径2．0～5．0cm，全部1次大块、完整剥离成功。ESD手术时间为80～120min。术中出血量平均为100ml．均经电凝、氩离子血浆凝固和止血夹成功止血，未出现需再次内镜下治疗的出血。术后出血1例。无一例发生消化道穿孔。所有病变均经病理确诊，基底和切缘未见病变累及。术后随访1～6个月，创面基本愈合，无一例病变残留和复发。结论 ESD是治疗胃巨大平坦病变的新方法，不仅能完整切除较大的病变，还能提供完整的病理学诊断资料。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗食管早期癌及癌前病变

目的 探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗食管早期癌及癌前病变的应用价值.方法 对胃镜发现的食管早癌和上皮内瘤变、深度未超越黏膜卜层者15例进行ESD治疗:(1)黏膜下注射生理盐水抬高病变;(2)预切开病变周围黏膜;(3)沿病变下方黏膜下层完整剥离病变.结果 15例食管早癌和上皮内瘤变病变,最大卣径2.5～4.5 cm(平均3.2 cm).14例病变成功完成ESD治疗,ESD成功率93.3%(14/15).所有剥离病变全部得到病理确诊,基底和切缘未见病变累及.ESD手术时间(白黏膜下注射至完整剥离病变)45～150 min,(平均75 min).术中出血量平均30 ml,均经电凝、氙离子凝固术和止血夹成功止血,未出现需再次内镜下治疗的出血;ESD穿孔发生率0(0/15).术后随访14例,随访期6～18个月(平均11.5个月),创而完全愈合,无一例病变残留和复发.结论 ESD是治疗食管早癌和癌前病变的新方法,不仅能完整切除较大的病变,还能提供完整的病理学诊断资料.     

内镜黏膜剥离术治疗消化道黏膜及黏膜下病变

目的探讨内镜下黏膜剥离术(endoscopic gubmucosal disseetion,ESD)治疗消化道黏膜及黏膜下病变的疗效、安全性及并发症防治。方法回顾性分析ESD方法治疗37例消化道黏膜及黏膜下病变的内镜下手术情况、并发症及治疗、预后情况。结果术中出血3例,术后出血2例,均内镜下成功止血;术中穿孔2例,均予内镜下金属夹夹闭后内科保守治疗成功,未有中转外科手术;l例直肠类癌及1例食管重度异型增生术后切缘病变组织残留,2~6月后复查未见明显复发迹象。结论 ESD治疗消化道黏膜及黏膜下病变安全、有效,可以一次性完整切除较大病变,提供完整的病理学资料,且术后不易复发。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗消化道固有肌层肿瘤

目的 探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗来源于消化道固有肌层黏膜下肿瘤(SMT)的疗效和安全性.方法 对内镜发现的消化道SMT进行超声检查,对来源于固有肌层的SMT应用头端弯曲的针形切开刀进行ESD治疗:(1)黏膜下注射生理盐水;(2)预切开病变周围黏膜;(3)剥离黏膜下层组织显露病变,一次性完整切除病变.结果 来源于固有肌层的消化道SMT 10例,术后病理诊断为食管平滑肌瘤1例,胃平滑肌瘤1例,胃间质瘤6例,直肠平滑肌瘤和间质瘤各1例.病变最大直径0.5～3.0 cm(平均1.4 cm).9例病变一次性完整剥离,1例创面肿瘤残留接受外科手术.ESD手术时间30～150 min(平均73.5 min).1例术中出现消化道穿孔,应用金属夹成功闭合,未转开腹手术修补.术中平均出血量约40 ml,术后均未出现出血,亦未出现其他并发症.结论 ESD治疗来源于固有肌层的消化道SMT安全、有效,大多可以一次性完整切除病变,提供完整的病理学诊断资料,达到外科手术同样的治疗效果.     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗直肠累及齿状线的侧向发育型肿瘤疗效分析

目的探讨直肠累及齿状线的侧向发育型肿瘤（laterally spreading tumor,LST）的特点,评估内镜下黏膜剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）治疗直肠累及齿状线LST的疗效及安全性。 方法收集2012年10月至2014年10月湖北省肿瘤医院内镜科采用ESD术治疗的45例直肠累及齿状线的LST的临床资料,回顾性分析病变类型、大小、手术时间、一次性完整切除率、并发症的发生、病理诊断、随访情况等。 结果45例直肠累及齿状线的LST,肿瘤直径12 mm~66 mm,平均28±15 mm,45例（100%）均一次性完整切除,ESD手时间45 min~240 min,平均100±25 min。迟发性出血6例,发生率13.3%（6/45）,均行内镜下止血成功,发生术中穿孔2例,发生率4.4%（2/45）,经止血夹夹闭创面后内科治疗后痊愈。术后病理诊断低级别上皮内瘤变37例,高级别上皮内瘤变8例,病变均局限于黏膜层。45例患者平均随访时间30.2个月（10~46个月）,所有患者均无肿瘤复发或残留,术后排便功能正常。 结论ESD治疗直肠累及齿状线的LST切除彻底,安全性好,复发率低,对肛管排便功能无明显影响。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术在治疗胃肠道黏膜切除术后残留和复发病灶中的应用

目的 探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗胃肠道黏膜切除术(EMR)后残留、复发病变的疗效和安全性.方法 自2006年6月至2007年11月对EMR术后内镜随访发现的15例残留和复发病变进行ESD治疗,先于黏膜下注射生理盐水以抬高病变,接着预切开病变周围黏膜,再沿病变下方黏膜下层进行剥离,对瘢痕形成部位直接应用Hook刀沿瘢痕基底切线方向进行切开.结果 15例EMR术后残留和复发病变,位于胃6例、结肠3例、直肠6例,病变直径0.8～3.5 cm,平均2.3 cm.所有病变抬举征(一).14例病变成功完成ESD治疗,成功率93.3%(14/15),13例术后病理切缘和基底无肿瘤累及,完整切除率86.7%(13/15).ESD手术时间60～155 min,平均87 min.治疗中创面均有少量出血,全组未出现术后出血.2例治疗中局部剥离较深、腹腔出现游离气体,成功保守治疗,未转外科手术,ESD穿孔发生率13.3%(2/15).术后平均随访13个月,无复发.结论 ESD治疗EMR术后残留和复发病变相对安全、有效,不仅能完整切除残留和复发病变,还能提供完整的病理诊断资料.     

25例消化道病变ESD治疗体会

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)处理消化道病灶的实用性及安全性。方法对7例消化道早期癌肿及18例深度未超过黏膜下层的黏膜下肿瘤共25例行ESD治疗。结果 25例患者均一次性完整切除病灶。所有治疗中均伴有术中出血,用ESD专用热止血钳、APC、金属止血夹成功止血,未发生术后迟发出血。术中穿孔1例,穿孔率为4%(1/25),以金属夹成功夹闭,无术后迟发穿孔。术后随访20例(包括7例消化道早期癌肿及13例黏膜下肿瘤),随访期为7～17个月(平均12.2个月),随访创面均完全愈合,未见复发病灶。结论ESD作为一种微创治疗方法,对于浸润深度不超过黏膜下层的病灶可以一次性大块剥离,从而获得完整的病理学诊断资料,安全性较好。但操作过程复杂,技术难度高。     

大型低位直肠肿瘤的内镜下黏膜切除术与内镜黏膜下层剥离术的临床对比研究

目的 对比观察内镜下黏膜切除术（endoscopic mucosal resection，EMR）与内镜黏膜下层剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection，ESD）对大型低位直肠肿瘤的治疗效果。方法选择肿瘤直径大于3．0cm，肿瘤下缘距肛缘齿状线小于5cm，有内镜治疗适应证的56例低位直肠肿瘤，应用EMR或ESD进行治疗，其中EMR治疗36例，ESD治疗20例，术后3～18个月行内镜随访确认有无残留，以评价切除效果，记录术中及术后发生的并发症及处理情况，并分析切除标本的病理组织学结果。结果 接受EMR治疗的36例中，35例经首次或再次EMR治疗病变完整清除，肛门功能完好，保肛治愈率为97．2％，术后病理报浸润癌（SM癌）再追加外科Mile’s根治手术者1例（2．8％）；接受ESD治疗的20例中，11例经首次或再次ESD治疗完整清除病变，肛门功能完好，治愈率55．0％，ESD治疗未成功改行EMR成功清除病变6例（30．0％），肛门功能均完好，全组保肛治愈率为85．0％，ESD组因严重并发症（迟发性大出血）转外科行Mile’s手术者2例（10．0％），因病变残留转行外科Mile’s手术者1例（5．0％）。并发症：EMR组术中平均出血20ml，最大出血160ml，均无需输血治疗，无穿孔发生，无术后并发症。ESD组平均术中出血150ml，最大术中出血量800ml，均内镜下止血成功，但3例患者需接受输血400ml，另有2例于术后26h及44h发生迟发大出血，内镜下止血失败转行外科手术。结论EMR是一种安全微创的内镜治疗手段，对大多数平坦型大肠肿瘤能达到完全切除效果，与EMR相比，ESD对低位直肠病变切除的效果不及EMR术，且手术风险更大。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗消化道病变

目的探讨内镜下黏膜剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)治疗消化道病变的疗效、安全性及并发症防治。方法回顾性分析ESD方法治疗29例(共31块)消化道病变的内镜下手术情况、并发症及治疗、预后情况。结果术中出血2例,1例创面小动脉出血,内镜下钛夹止血,另1例胃黏膜下持续出血,形成血肿,中转开腹行胃窦切除术;1例直肠管状腺瘤ESD术后7天大出血,经肛门缝扎止血;术中发现肠壁穿孔1例,中转开腹行肠壁修补术。29例患者均痊愈出院,无1例留下后遗症,平均住院时间5 d。随访2～27个月未见复发。结论 ESD治疗消化道病变是安全的,可以一次性完整切除较大病变,提供完整的病理学资料,且术后不易复发。缺点是操作时间长,技术难度较大,并发症较EMR多。     

Endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer: Current and original devices

Compared with endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is easier to perform and requires less time for treatment. However, EMR has been replaced by ESD, because achieving en bloc resection of specimens > 20 mm in diameter is difficult with EMR. The technique of ESD was introduced to resect large specimens of early gastric cancer in a single piece. ESD can provide precise histological diagnosis and can also reduce the rate of recurrence, but has a high level of technical difficulty, and is consequently associated with a high rate of complications, a need for advanced endoscopic techniques, and a lengthy procedure time. To overcome disadvantages in both EMR and ESD, various advances have been made in submucosal injections, knives, other accessories, and in electrocoagulation systems.     

Technical tips for endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy

Interventional procedures using endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) have recently been developed. For biliary drainage, EUS-guided trans-luminal drainage has been reported. In this procedure, the transduodenal approach for extrahepatic bile ducts is called EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy, and the transgastric approach for intrahepatic bile ducts is called EUS-guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUS-HGS). These procedures have several effects, such as internal drainage and avoiding post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis, and they are indicated for an inaccessible ampulla of Vater due to duodenal obstruction or surgical anatomy. EUS-HGS has particularly wide indications and clinical impact as an alternative biliary drainage method. In this procedure, it is necessary to dilate the fistula, and several devices and approaches have been reported. Stent selection is also important. In previous reports, the overall technical success rate was 82% (221/270), the clinical success rate was 97% (218/225), and the overall adverse event rate for EUS-HGS was 23% (62/270). Adverse events of EUS-biliary drainage are still high compared with ERCP or PTCD. EUS-HGS should continue to be performed by experienced endoscopists who can use various strategies when adverse events occur.     

Does endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage really have clinical impact?

The well established, gold standard method for treatment of obstructive jaundice involves biliary drainage under endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) performed by pancreatobiliary endoscopists. Recently, interventions using endoscopic ultrasound(EUS) have been developed not only for obtaining cytological and histological diagnosis, but also for biliary drainage as alternative method. EUS-guided biliary drainage(EUSBD) was first reported by Giovannini et al. EUS-BD broadly includes EUS-guided rendezvous technique, EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy, and EUS-guided hepaticogastrostomy. More recently, EUS-guided antegrade stenting and EUS-guided gallbladder drainage have also been reported. many case reports, series, and retrospective studies on EUS-BD have been reported. However, because prospective studies and comparisons between the different biliary drainage methods have not been reported, the technical success, functional success, adverse events, and stent patency with long-term follow up of EUS-BD are still unclear. Therefore, prospective, randomized controlled studies addressing these issues are needed. Despite this, EUSBD undoubtedly is clinically useful as an alternative biliary drainage method. EUS-BD has the potential to be a first-line biliary drainage method instead of ERCP if results of clinical trials are favorable and the technique is simplified.     

超声内镜对食管静脉曲张结扎术前后侧枝循环变化的临床研究

目的 应用Fujinon SP-701小探头超声内镜观察食管静脉曲张结扎术(EVL)前后曲张静脉及侧枝循环的变化，分析影响疗效的原因。选择合理的治疗方法。方法 对60例单纯食管静脉曲张出血患者依超声检查结果分为3组：Ⅰ组为单纯食管静脉曲张(EV)；Ⅱ组为合并有食管旁静脉(PEV)，但无交通枝(PV)；Ⅲ组合并有食管旁静脉及交通枝。患者EVL术后4、8、12周行超声内镜检查，观察及测量EV、PEV、PV的变化情况，分析影响疗效的原因。结果 Ⅰ组显效率75％，复发率16％，疗效最佳；Ⅲ组显效率0％，复发率100％，疗效最差。Ⅰ组24例中出现PEV者12例；Ⅱ组20例PEV全部增宽，11例出现PV；Ⅲ组全部有PEV增宽、PV增多增宽表现。结论 超声内镜对食管静脉曲张出血治疗方法的选择有指导意义。单纯食管静脉曲张EVL可获得满意疗效，但是伴PEV及PV者不是EVL适应证，建议采用其他方法治疗。     

ERCP结合EPT对胆囊切除术后患者诊治价值的探讨

目的 回顾性研究逆行性胰胆管造影（ERCP）结合乳头肌切开术（EPT）对胆囊切除术后患者的诊治价值。方法 170例胆囊切除术后症状再发或反复发作患者，接受ERCP检查和EPT等治疗，诊断结果与B超作对照。同时动态观察内镜下介入诊治术后临床表现的改变。不良反应及血清淀粉酶的变化及高淀粉酶血症的分布情况。结果 经ERCP结合EPT等术后患者临床症状显著改善；与B超对照ERCP对胆囊切除术后胆总管残余结石的诊断率显著提高（P＜0．001），对胆总管扩张程度的诊断价值显著优于B超（P＜0．05），并能发现许多B超检查不能发现的胆胰病变；术后主要不良反应表现为出血、高淀粉酶血症，ERCP结合EPT等治疗组高淀粉酶的发生率显著高于单纯ERCP操作组（P＜0．01）。经积极地处理后短期内出血控制，血清淀粉酶多在3日内转为正常。结论 对胆囊切除术后患者，ECRP结合EPT不失为一项非常有价值、安全的诊治措施。     

Endoscopic polypectomy： A promising therapeutic choice for esophageal carcinosarcoma

Esophageal carcinosarcoma is a rare malignant tumor composing of both carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements. Endoscopic therapy is less invasive and may represent an alternative to esophagectomy for superficial esophageal carcinosarcoma. Here, we report a 61-year-old male who was diagnosed as esophageal carcinosarcoma and underwent endoscopic polypectomy with well tolerance and favorable prognosis. We also present a brief review of the literature.     

内镜下圈套结扎在治疗上消化道小平滑肌瘤中的应用

目的 探讨应用内镜下皮圈结扎的方法来治疗上消化道的小平滑肌瘤，并评价这种方法的安全性和疗效。方法 通过内镜、内镜超声及内镜超声下穿刺细胞学检查确定了59例上消化道小平滑肌瘤患者，共发现64处平滑肌瘤。在这64处平滑肌瘤中，50处为食管平滑肌瘤，12处为胃平滑肌瘤，2处为十二指肠平滑肌瘤。对所有平滑肌瘤进行皮圈套扎治疗，术后2周开始，每周做胃镜检查观察结扎处的变化，直至创面完全愈合。结果 64处病变中50处食管平滑肌瘤被完全去除，创面的平均愈合时间为3．1周。12处胃平滑肌瘤中9处被完全去除，其余3例由于结扎不彻底，仍有残余瘤组织，平均愈合时间为4.5周。2例十二指病变被完全去除，平均愈合时间4．5周。全部患者无一例发生出血、穿孔。结论 内镜下圈套结扎术是治疗上消化道小平滑肌瘤安全、有效的方法。     

Endoscopic treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD): a systematic review

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease represents an extremely common disorder which has a substantial impact on patients' quality of life and use of health care resources. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease is a chronic relapsing disease for which a lifelong solution is needed. Until now the two competing therapeutic modalities have been the medical and surgical therapies. Quite recently a third option has become available. A number of endoscopic anti-reflux procedures have been described, with the common goal of creating an anti-reflux barrier, thus obviating long-term proton pump inhibitors and the cost and potential risk of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. In this review the different techniques are thoroughly examined and the results are critically evaluated, giving special emphasis to efficacy, safety and durability of these new anti-reflux procedures. Available data show that these anti-reflux techniques produce significant improvement in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease symptomatology and quality of life as well as reduce the use of anti-reflux medication, without causing serious morbidity or mortality. However, the majority of these techniques have failed to adequately control oesophageal acid reflux. Endoscopic anti-reflux therapies therefore sound very attractive-being less invasive than surgery-and show a significant promise, but are still in the early stages of assessment. Large-scale randomized multi-centre trials comparing control groups with sham procedures are essential to confirm their efficacy. Further studies are also necessary to determine what modifications these techniques require in order to produce maximum clinical efficacy and durability. However, considering that current therapies (both medical and surgical) of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease are highly effective, the need for such new endoscopic modalities may be questionable. Moreover, appropriate trials in dedicated centres should be carried out to assure that the enthusiasm commonly associated with new technology is justified and can be generalized to open-access endoscopists.     

内镜下治疗非壶腹部早期十二指肠癌的疗效分析

目的　评估内镜下治疗非壶腹部早期十二指肠癌的临床疗效。方法　以2015年1月—2021年1月在首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院接受内镜下治疗的非壶腹部早期十二指肠癌患者为研究对象,回顾性研究患者基线信息、内镜治疗方式、创面封闭方式、病理分析和并发症的发生与转归等资料。结果　47例患者资料入选并均成功完成内镜下治疗,其中内镜黏膜切除术（endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR）17例,内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）5例,ESD+EMR 7例,因ESD剥离困难转为ESD+EMR 6例,耙状金属夹闭合系统（over?the?scope clip system,OTSC）辅助的全层切除4例,分片内镜黏膜切除术（piecemeal EMR,EPMR）8例。47例早期癌病变中,整块切除率83.0%（39/47）,完全切除率85.1%（40/47）。全组47例中,围手术期发生穿孔并发症4例（8.5%）,均发生于降部,其中2例（4.3%）经内镜治疗后好转,另外2例（4.3%）内镜治疗效果不佳,经外科手术治疗后好转。围手术期未出现术后出血、感染等并发症。结论　内镜下治疗非壶腹部早期十二指肠癌是安全有效的,可根据病灶的位置、大小及个体情况选择有针对性的治疗方案。对于十二指肠降段的操作,要更加警惕穿孔并发症的发生。