S135钻杆钢预腐蚀后的弯曲疲劳性能

目的考察有机盐钻井液对S135钻杆材料腐蚀及疲劳性能的影响。方法首先利用高温高压釜模拟有机盐钻井液井筒的工况环境,对疲劳试样进行预腐蚀,通过点蚀仪测定试样表面的腐蚀状况;然后利用旋转弯曲疲劳试验机在不同弯曲应力条件下对预腐蚀试样和未腐蚀试样的疲劳性能进行测试,算得不同存活率下的疲劳强度,并绘制不同存活率下的S-N曲线。用体视显微镜和扫描电镜观察预腐蚀试样和未腐蚀试样的疲劳断口形貌,进而得出S135钻杆材料表面腐蚀对其疲劳寿命的影响程度和影响机制。结果经过腐蚀的试样表面有较多腐蚀坑,腐蚀坑深度在0.4~0.7 mm之间。未腐蚀试样的疲劳强度为553 MPa,其疲劳断口只观察到单个疲劳裂纹源;腐蚀试样的疲劳强度为409 MPa,其疲劳断口观察到多个疲劳裂纹源。S135钻杆材料腐蚀疲劳开裂敏感性指数为26%。结论经过高温高压有机盐钻井液环境腐蚀后,试样表面点蚀严重,腐蚀坑底部存在应力集中并导致裂纹源的形成,多个裂纹源的同时生长加快了裂纹的扩展,最终降低S135钻杆钢的疲劳强度。     

高速列车车轴用EA4T钢腐蚀疲劳性能研究

目的 研究腐蚀环境中EA4T车轴钢疲劳性能,为车轴的腐蚀检测和使用寿命评估提供依据.方法 采用旋转弯曲疲劳试验机,在人造雨水模拟的腐蚀环境和空气环境中,对EA4T车轴钢试样进行疲劳试验,以获得不同环境下试样的疲劳S-N曲线、表面损伤以及裂纹扩展规律.然后对扩展裂纹进行概率统计,通过扫描电镜对疲劳失效的断口进行观察,并分析对比不同环境中裂纹扩展门槛值的变化.结果 空气环境中,试样的疲劳极限为355 MPa,而在腐蚀环境中,试样不存在疲劳极限,107循环周次对应的疲劳强度降低到245 MPa,相比空气环境中降低了31％.Gumbel分布统计与Weibull双参数分布统计相比,更适合描述EA4T车轴钢试样表面腐蚀裂纹长度随加载次数的变化.腐蚀环境中,疲劳裂纹萌生于表面腐蚀坑,并存在多个裂纹源.腐蚀环境显著降低了试样裂纹扩展门槛值,空气环境下,该值为6.29 MPa·m1/2,腐蚀环境下降低到4.1 MPa·m1/2.结论 腐蚀环境降低EA4T钢疲劳寿命的主要原因是,腐蚀环境降低了裂纹扩展门槛值,加快了裂纹萌生以及短裂纹扩展.而当裂纹达到一定长度时,腐蚀环境对裂纹扩展几乎没有影响.     

表面脱碳对S135钻杆服役性能的影响

针对表面脱碳对S135钻杆的显微组织、拉伸性能及疲劳寿命的影响进行了研究。结果表明,表面脱碳层会导致钻杆材料硬度大幅度下降,但对钻杆整体拉伸性能的影响不明显。随着脱碳层深度的增加,疲劳裂纹萌生时间逐渐缩短,当脱碳层深度达到一定深度后,疲劳裂纹萌生时间将大幅度缩短。表面脱碳层的存在会促进钻杆表面腐蚀坑的形成,加速服役过程中疲劳裂纹的萌生,降低钻杆服役寿命。为了控制表面脱碳对钻杆服役寿命的不利影响,建议严格控制表面脱碳层的深度。     

CO2腐蚀对钻杆材料多冲疲劳性能的影响

目的探究CO_2腐蚀对钻杆材料多冲疲劳性能的影响规律,分析表面腐蚀产物对多冲性能是否有严重影响。方法利用自主研发的多冲疲劳断裂试验机,测试V150和S135钻杆材料在常温常压下饱和CO_2溶液中浸泡腐蚀不同时间后的冲断累积能量,利用失重法计算各试样的腐蚀速率,并用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察腐蚀后的表面形貌及冲断后的断口形貌,用XRD测试了腐蚀产物的主要成分。结果两种材料在CO_2腐蚀环境中的腐蚀速率均达到了0.05 mm/a以上,属于中度腐蚀,但S135材料的腐蚀速率略低于V150。随着腐蚀时间的增加,两种材料的冲断累积能量均不断下降,但腐蚀速率稍低的S135材料的冲断累积能量下降率(19.68%)低于V150(22.54%)。CO_2腐蚀使钻杆材料表面产生了龟裂状形貌和结晶状腐蚀产物,其主要成分为Fe(HCO_3)_2。CO_2腐蚀并未对内部组织结构造成较大影响,未造成钻杆材料的脆断。结论在CO_2腐蚀环境下的钻杆材料,尽管腐蚀速率较高,但CO_2腐蚀对材料多冲疲劳性能的影响小于H2S腐蚀,腐蚀速率不是影响材料多冲性能的关键因素。     

稀土相与表面处理对Ti-60钛合金疲劳源的影响

对Ti-60高温钛合金的疲劳断口进行了扫描电镜（SEM）、二次电子像（SEI）背散射电子像（BEI）分析,根据疲劳裂纹源所在位置的不同研究了Ti-60高温钛合金的疲劳裂纹源位置。结果表明,疲劳裂纹源在表面未强化试样表面稀土相处萌生,而对表面强化试样而言,疲劳裂纹源在表面强化层下稀土相处或滑放区萌生。用疲劳裂纹萌生的微细观过程理论对疲劳裂纹萌生的条件及疲劳强度的影响进行了分析。     

核电用GH4169合金棒材315℃高周疲劳性能

采用轴向力控制方法测试了核电堆芯用GH4169合金棒材在315℃下的高周疲劳性能。采用两种数据据统计分析方法得出GH4169棒材315℃下高周疲劳强度平均值相近,为662 MPa,由此得出了不同存活率下合金的条件疲劳极限。试验测定315℃下棒材的S-N曲线符合lgN=9.457-0.003S方程。660 MPa和900 MPa应力幅下疲劳断口形貌SEM观察表明:660 MPa下,棒材疲劳裂纹萌生于试样表面的缺陷,900 MPa下裂纹萌生于棒材近表面夹杂处。沿着裂纹扩展方向,裂纹扩展区分布有典型的外凸疲劳条纹,660 MPa下GH4169合金棒材的疲劳断裂特征是延性断裂,而900 MPa下是韧窝和准解理的混合断裂。     

DD98M镍基单晶高温合金900℃高周疲劳行为

研究了无Re第二代单晶高温合金DD98M在900℃时的高周疲劳性能.结果表明:该合金的疲劳寿命随着应力水平的升高而减小,且缺口降低了合金的疲劳强度和疲劳寿命,900℃时光滑和缺口试样的疲劳强度分别为574和360 MPa;利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察疲劳试样的断口形貌,发现缺口试样为多裂纹源断裂,裂纹主要萌生于缺口根部应力集中区域,而光滑试样为单一裂纹源断裂,裂纹源起始于试样表面、次表面疏松处或碳化物处;利用透射电镜(TEM)观察疲劳变形后的位错组态,发现光滑试样中主要以基体通道中的位错滑移为主,高应力水平下会出现位错对切割γ′相,而缺口高周疲劳在高应力下主要变形机制为不全位错切割γ′相形成层错.     

316LN不锈钢管状试样高温高压水的腐蚀疲劳行为

设计了一种管状疲劳试样,高温高压水流经试样内部,试样外部与空气接触。利用管状试样研究了316LN不锈钢高温高压水腐蚀疲劳性能,重点关注了应变速率对其疲劳性能的影响。实验结果表明,高温高压水环境降低了316LN不锈钢的疲劳强度,且疲劳寿命随应变速率降低而降低;管状试样与标准棒状试样获得的疲劳寿命相差不大,表明利用管状试样研究核电结构材料高温高压水环境疲劳性能是合理可行的。在低应变速率条件下,疲劳裂纹源区域为典型的扇形花样,呈现准解理开裂特征。疲劳裂纹扩展区为典型的疲劳辉纹特征。疲劳裂纹萌生阶段高温高压水环境效应更加显著。同时讨论了316LN不锈钢在高温高压水环境中的疲劳损伤机理。     

环境对双相钢疲劳性能的影响

本文研究了自来水和3.5％NaCl水溶液分别在全浸和干湿交替状态下对热轧双相钢疲劳性能的影响.结果表明:与空气中的疲劳寿命相比,腐蚀环境有不同程度的降低作用,并以喷雾盐水影响最大.在相同腐蚀条件下,环境的影响随应力幅的降低而增强.马氏体抗疲劳断裂的能力高于铁素体.试样表面和断口的观察结果发现,腐蚀疲劳裂纹萌生与腐蚀坑密切相关,蚀坑以阳极溶解方式形成.     

304不锈钢微尺度试样的腐蚀疲劳性能

用新组建的微尺寸试样腐蚀疲劳实验平台研究了304不锈钢微试样在腐蚀性介质(0.9%NaCl溶液)和实验室空气中的疲劳性能.结果表明:预腐蚀后,微试样表面腐蚀形貌为均匀腐蚀,没有发现明显的点蚀特征.微试样在空气中的疲劳寿命为107次,是腐蚀介质中疲劳寿命的10-100倍.腐蚀疲劳过程中伴随着最大载荷的降低.且在疲劳断裂前很短的时间内,最大载荷急剧降低.腐蚀疲劳断口上没有明显的腐蚀疲劳长裂纹出现.     

2A12铝合金动态腐蚀-疲劳耦合失效机理研究

目的 针对某飞机吊挂结构用2A12铝合金开展预腐蚀后的动态腐蚀-疲劳耦合试验,很快发生断裂行为,寻找失效原因并提出解决措施.方法 利用自制的卧式动态腐蚀-疲劳试验装置,开展2A12铝合金预腐蚀后的腐蚀-疲劳协同试验直至样品断裂.同时,对比开展2A12铝合金腐蚀与疲劳交替试验,分析断口腐蚀形貌、元素含量、价态变化,获得2A12铝合金在两种试验方法下的腐蚀疲劳机理.结果 2A12铝合金主要由铝基体以及弥散分布其中的多种合金强化相组成.当有预裂纹时,2A12铝合金在腐蚀与疲劳交替作用下,很快发生疲劳断裂,且裂纹几乎贯穿整个断面,在整个裂纹附近存在较多的腐蚀产物Al2O3.2A12铝合金在预腐蚀后,基体与其表面的氧化膜之间形成腐蚀电池,初期的点蚀孔快速发展成明显腐蚀坑并产生大量腐蚀产物Al2O3,腐蚀坑底部由于应力集中现象而成为裂纹源,在动态腐蚀-疲劳耦合作用下快速萌生裂纹并呈放射状扩展,很快发生疲劳断裂行为,同时裂纹扩展区无腐蚀产物.结论 2A12铝合金用作飞机吊挂结构件时,必须进行表面防腐处理,避免形成腐蚀坑,减缓吊挂结构发生腐蚀-疲劳断裂进程.     

喷丸对预腐蚀后铝合金疲劳性能的影响

目的分析喷丸对铝合金腐蚀损伤构件疲劳性能的影响,为飞机构件的维修提供有效指导。方法以未喷丸、三面喷丸、三面喷丸腐蚀后再三面喷丸3类不同表面状态的7075铝合金试样为研究对象,改变Na Cl溶液质量分数、时间、温度,获得两种程度不同的腐蚀损伤,通过疲劳寿命、断裂位置、断口形貌,分析表面喷丸状态对铝合金疲劳性能的影响。结果腐蚀损伤较轻时,喷丸试样的疲劳寿命为未喷丸试样的7.84倍,喷丸试样腐蚀后若再喷丸处理,疲劳寿命是不再喷丸试样的1.62倍。未喷丸试样的断裂位置位于截面突变颈部区域,另两类喷丸试样的断裂位置则在夹持段前端。未喷丸试样的裂纹在断口表面的边缘位置形成,喷丸试样的中心区域形成光滑平整的稳态扩展区。腐蚀损伤严重时,喷丸处理仍然会提高铝合金的疲劳寿命,但3类不同表面状态试样的疲劳寿命差距会缩小;从试样断裂位置、断口形貌看,3类试样的差异也会弱化。结论铝合金腐蚀损伤件若腐蚀前进行表面先喷丸处理,疲劳性能会有明显提升;若腐蚀后再喷丸处理,疲劳性能还会进一步提升;喷丸处理还会削弱铝合金外形截面突变处的应力集中,抑制疲劳裂纹在构件表面的萌生及延伸。     

拉-拉载荷下2195-T8铝锂合金在N2O4中的预腐蚀疲劳研究

液体导弹在长期加注贮存的状态下,弹体与贮箱结构常因腐蚀损伤从而导致疲劳裂纹的产生乃至断裂等问题。采用疲劳寿命测试、扫描电镜以及能谱分析等方法,研究了2195-T8铝锂合金在N₂O₄中预腐蚀180天后的疲劳裂纹萌生、扩展和断裂机理,并与未腐蚀试样进行对比。结果表明：两种环境下试样的疲劳极限为145Mpa、118Mpa,循环应力降低比值约为18.62%；试样在预腐蚀的过程中,由于形成“闭塞区”,同时与富铜相粒子形成原电池,进一步加速腐蚀历程,形成多源裂纹萌生的特征,且更易从非金属夹杂区域起裂；受到晶粒间的位错、堆积等因素的影响,发现了垂直于疲劳辉纹、穿越大晶粒及途经小角度晶界的二次裂纹；两种环境中的疲劳瞬断区的断口形貌呈现出典型的沿晶韧窝和韧性断裂的特征。     

High cycle fatigue and fracture behavior of 2124-T851 aluminum alloy

The high cycle fatigue properties and fracture behavior of 2124-T851 aluminum alloy were investigated roundly, including the fatigue crack growth rate, fracture toughness and fatigue S--N curve. Furthermore, the fatigue crack growth rate was analyzed by fitting the curves. And the microstructure of the alloy was studied using by optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscop1/2 The results show that the fatigue strength and the fracture toughness of 2124-T851 thick plate are 243 MPa and 29.6 MPa.m at room temperature and R=0. 1, respectively. At high cycle fatigue condition, the characteristics of fatigue facture were observed obviously. And the higher the stress amplitude, the wider the space between the fatigue striations, the faster the rate of fatigue crack developing and going into the intermittent fracture area and the greater the ratio between the intermittent fracture area and the whole fracture area.     

Effect of Temper Condition on the Corrosion and Fatigue Performance of AA2219 Aluminum Alloy

The effect of temper condition and corrosion on the fatigue behavior of alloy AA2219 has been investigated in different temper conditions (T87 and T851). Corrosion testing was performed by exposing the tensile specimens to 3.5% NaCl solution for different time periods, and the corrosion damage was quantified using a 3D profilometer. The exposure-tested specimens were subjected for fatigue testing at different stress levels, and the reduction in fatigue life was measured along with detailed fracture morphology variations. The results indicated that the alloy in both tempers suffers localized corrosion damage and the measured corrosion depth was 120 and 1200 µm, respectively, for T87 and T851 conditions. The loss in fatigue strength was found to be high for T851 (67%) when compared to that of T87 temper condition (58%) for a pre-corrosion time of 15 days. In both cases, fatigue crack initiation is associated with corrosion pits, which act as stress raisers. However, the crack propagation was predominantly transgranular for T87 and a mixed transgranular and intergranular fracture in the case of T851 temper condition. This was shown to be due to the heterogeneous microstructure due to the thermomechanical working and the delay in quench time imposed on the alloy forging in T851 temper condition. The findings in this paper present useful information for the selection of appropriate heat treatment condition to facilitate control of the corrosion behavior which is of great significance for their fatigue performance.     

涡轮机叶片早期断裂原因分析

采用金相、扫描电镜等手段分析了某企业 1Cr13钢涡轮机叶片过早断裂原因。结果表明,在裂纹起始部位,断口以沿晶断裂为主,间或少量穿晶解理或准解理。综合考虑送检叶片的介质条件和应力条件,认为其过早断裂系应力腐蚀所致。应力腐蚀裂纹形成后,除裂纹继续以应力腐蚀方式扩展外,还将叠加有疲劳扩展的成分。晶粒粗大提高了 1Cr13钢对应力腐蚀的敏感性,同时降低了材料的疲劳性能。     

Corrosion fatigue behavior of a steel with sprayed coatings

This paper describes the corrosion fatigue behavior and fracture mechanisms of a steel with different sprayed coatings. Rotating bending fatigue tests were conducted in 3% NaCl solution using specimens of a medium carbon steel with sprayed coatings of a ceramic (Cr₂O₃), a cermet (WC-12%Co) and two metals (Ni-11 % P and Al-2% Zn). The corrosion fatigue process was basically the same for ceramic, cermet, and Ni-11 % P sprayed specimens. That is, the corrosive media could be supplied from the specimen surface to the substrate through cracks initiated during fatigue cycling and/or pores in the coatings, and thus corrosion pits were generated followed by subsequent crack initiation and growth in the substrate. The corrosion fatigue strength of ceramic sprayed specimens was slightly improved compared to that of the substrate steel because the under-coating (Ni-5%A1) could impede the penetration of the corrosive media although the ceramic coating had a poor resistance to cracking under cyclic loading. Cermet sprayed specimens also exhibited improved corrosion fatigue strength because of the high resistance to cracking and the low volume fraction of pores of the coating. In Ni-11 % Psprayed specimens, cracks were initiated in the coating even at low stress levels; thus the corrosion fatigue strength was the same as that of the substrate. Anodic dissolution took place in Al-2 % Zn coating because the coating was electrochemically poor, and thus the substrate was cathodically protected. Therefore, the corrosion fatigue strength of Al-2 % Zn sprayed specimens was enhanced to as high as the fatigue strength of the substrate in room air. Based on the experimental results, a dual-layer coating consisting of WC-12%Co and Al-2%Zn was fatigue tested. The coating was effective at low stress levels and exhibited long life under conditions where corrosion fatigue strength was critical.