新疆阿尔泰南缘冲乎尔一带多重地层划分对比研究

通过1:5万区域地质矿产调查,对研究区地层进行了多重地层划分与对比研究.岩石地层划分为喀纳斯群、康布铁堡组、阿勒泰组等1群2组3个正式地层单位和4个非正式段;生物地层新建双壳:Pterinopecten-Ptychoptedria(Cornellites?)组合带,研究了化石生态地层学特征,新建双壳Pterinopecten-Cypricardinia-Paracyclas群落.讨论了研究区内震旦-寒武系、泥盆系年代地层系统,新厘定了下泥盆统(未分)和新近系.根据化学元素特征将研究区地层划分为6段.     

新疆西昆仑神仙湾地区多重地层划分与对比

2012~2014年,笔者参加了新疆西昆仑神仙湾地区1∶5万区调,以岩石地层单位为基本填图单位,测制了系统地层剖面,收集了区内地层的岩性岩相、岩石组合、变形变质、接触关系及空间变化等资料,采获了大量古生物化石,通过综合研究,结合1:25万区调资料,对岩层地层、生物地层和年代地层为主的多重地层进行了划分,重新厘定了研究区综合地层序列,共建立组级岩石地层单位18个、段级岩石地层单位8个,其中新建组9个;首次在该区划分出22个生物地层单位,年代地层划分到系和统,在此基础上进行了多重地层对比研究,极大地提高了该区域的地质研究程度。     

华北地台晚古生代含煤地层多重划分

以６０个大体均匀分布于华北地台的地层剖面为基础,以晚古生代聚煤盆地的整体性为依托,对华北晚古生代地层进行多重划分研究,在岩石地层方面,研究了地层分区、划分了１８个岩石地层单位“组”,分析了组的穿时性,在生物地层方面,重点介绍了蜒、古植物和孢粉生物地层,划分了各个组合带、延限带和顶峰带,分析了生物演化系列,空间展布和对比,提出了多方面的新认识,在年代地层方面,应用界线层型概念以及与首要门类生物地层单     

赣北上二叠统多重地层划分研究

在开展赣西１∶５万区调中,对上石炭统至下侏罗统开展了岩石地层、层序地层、生物地层、生态地层、年代地层及旋回地层和同位素地层研究,本文即是部分成果的总结。依据岩石特征,将赣北上二叠统分为６个岩石地层区,并创竹亭组代表其深水相沉积。依据七宝山、枣木两剖面资料,进行了生物地层、生态地层及年代地层划分,提出长兴阶顶界位于青龙组底部、底界位于长兴组下部的结论,并对吴家坪阶底界的优选点进行了探讨。通过生态地层     

新疆喀喇昆仑山地区泥盆纪地层划分与特征

在新疆西昆仑地区1∶5万区域地质调查中,对分布于喀喇昆仑山地层区中的泥盆纪地层,开展剖面测量和区域填图,系统收集其岩性岩相、岩石组合、分布特征、接触关系、生物化石、基本层序等资料,并展开了多重地层划分与对比研究。研究表明区内泥盆纪地层由中下统大王顶组,中统黄羊滩组、落石沟组和上统天神达坂组组成,各组之间均为整合接触关系,除天神达坂组未获生物化石外,其他层位均获有丰富的古生物化石。其中新建大王顶组和黄羊滩组2个岩石地层单位,以及腕足类3个、珊瑚类1个、菊石类1个、三叶虫类1个,共计6个生物地层单位。全面系统厘定和完善了区内泥盆纪的岩石地层序列、生物地层序列和年代地层序列,黄羊滩组是重要的铜矿和石膏矿赋矿层位。从而极大地提高了喀喇昆仑山地区泥盆纪地层研究程度,也为本区地质构造演化和成矿规律分析提供了必要地史资料。     

贵州寒武纪地层的划分和对比

通过对贵州寒武纪地层的清理，现保留２２个岩石地层单位（组），４４个生物地层单位和继续沿用１３个年代地层单位。本文着重对２２个岩石地层单位的命名、涵义和顶、底界线及层型剖面地点进行了论述，进一步明确了各个组的涵义。此外，分区列述了生物地层单位，将扬子区划分为１９个生物地层单位，过渡区划分为１８个生物地层单位，江南区（中、上寒武统）划分为７个生物地层单位。在沿用我国所通用的年代地层单位中包括３个统和１０个阶。经过进一步的清理，基本上理顺了贵州寒武纪岩石地层、生物地层和年代地层的关系，并进行了对比（详见表１、表２）。     

安徽省华北型石炭—二叠纪地层多重划分与对比

安徽省华北型石炭—二叠纪地层的划分与对比一直存在着不同的观点。在《中国地层指南及中国地层指南说明书》（2001）思想框架下,采用多重地层分类原则,对区内岩石地层、生物地层、年代地层和层序地层进行划分对比研究。岩石地层可划分为本溪组、太原组、山西组、下石盒子组、上石盒子组和孙家沟组,其中山西组和上石盒子组为主要含煤地层;在生物地层方面,建立2个组合带和5个植物组合带;区内石炭纪地层仅发育上石炭统,二叠纪地层齐全;区内石炭二叠系含煤地层划分为6个三级层序。通过多重地层划分与对比,突出了不同地层单位的属性特征,优化了区域等时地层格架,有助于煤炭资源的预测与评价。     

江苏地层清理后的一个岩石地层单位——龙潭组①

介绍清理后的一个地层单位--龙潭组.江苏地层清理项目组以现代地层学理论为指导,经3年多工作,搜集了江苏近100年来大量新太古代至第三纪地层资料.以岩石地层为主与生物、年代地层等进行多重划分对比研究,从近300个地层单位名称中,经清理筛选确定采用105个岩石地层单位和4个非正式岩石地层单位,重编了地层表,并建立了地层库,使江苏地层划分由统一划分发展到多重划分阶段.     

江苏地层清理后的一个岩石地层单位—龙潭组

介绍清理后的一个地层单位———龙潭组。江苏地层清理项目组以现代地层学理论为指导 ,经 3年多工作 ,搜集了江苏近 10 0年来大量新太古代至第三纪地层资料。以岩石地层为主与生物、年代地层等进行多重划分对比研究 ,从近 3 0 0个地层单位名称中 ,经清理筛选确定采用 10 5个岩石地层单位和 4个非正式岩石地层单位 ,重编了地层表 ,并建立了地层库 ,使江苏地层划分由统一划分发展到多重划分阶段。     

庐山地区第四纪岩石地层单位划分

庐山地区第四纪地层发育，成因类型复杂，岩性岩相变化大，我队在１：５万区调中以沉（堆）积物为客观实体，应用多重地层划分理论，进行了岩石地层单位的划分与填图，并对气候地层、年代地层、生物地层进行了划分与对比，初步建立了庐山地区第四纪地层层序。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).