石油化工生产过程中废气废水处理方案研究

石油化工生产中产生的废水、废气毒性大、污染大,本文针对目前石油化工生产过程中废水废气处理过程存在的问题。总结归纳出废水、废气的化学、生物、物理处理方案,并对废水降解、废气处理方案的研究方向展开讨论,期望对石油化工生产过程中废气废水处理起到一定的帮助。     

盐酸生产过程中废气处理改进措施

盐酸的生产、排气、罐装过程中都会产生氯化氢气体,未能妥当治理废气将会造成环境污染,也会对周围管路与设备造成污染。该文探讨了当前的氯化氢回收方法,分析了化工企业的常用盐酸生产工艺,阐述了废气处理中存在的问题,提出相应措施来减少废气的产生,最后结合案例论述了盐酸生产过程中的废气与废水的处理措施。     

某大型涂料企业废水污染物分析及废水处理

涂料生产过程中产生的废水会污染环境,通过对废水污染源、污水排放量及主要成分进行分析,得到污染物产生情况。提出废水处理的简易流程,通过生产废水的预处理、生化处理、三级处理、淤泥处理等方式完成处理过程,通过处理后的废水满足水质标准的要求,可直接接入污水管网,减少对环境的污染。     

食品废水的深度处理工艺

食品工业中产生的水质恶劣,废水量大,对环境的污染严重。食品工业废水的主要来源包括食品发酵废水以及玉米、乳制品加工及肉类中的废水。本文主要对论酵母处理法和膜技术两种废水处理方法,并对酵母处理法和膜技术处理食品废水的应用前景进行了大胆预测。     

粘胶生产中废水的工艺处理

粘胶纤维是我国化纤行业中仅次于涤纶的一个重要品种,在其生产中废水可生化性较差对环境有一定污染。本文分析了废水来源及构成,并结合实际阐述了洗布废水及纺丝后处理废水回用的循环技术,供生产应用。     

粘胶纤维工业废气处理分析

粘胶纤维生产中会产生工业废气,对环境造成一定的污染。本文分析了废气的主要来源和成份构成,并以冷凝法技术为例阐述了两种不同的废气治理技术,供同行参考。     

浅谈重金属废水处理技术和资源利用

重金属废水一直都是对环境产生重大污染的污染源之一,目前,我国重金属废水污染很严重,形势十分严峻,而这些污染的主要来源就是采矿、金属加工、化工、印染和电镀等一系列行业。对低浓度重金属废水经常采用的处理方法就是吸附法、离子交换法等,但是应用这类方法在处理重金属废水时,还是会存在一些问题,使最终的处理效果大打折扣。因此,该文在此基础上提出了一种可利用纳米吸附剂处理重金属废水的设备及方法,并与其他重金属处理方法进行简要的对比。     

农林废弃物吸附废水中重金属Pb~(2+)的性能及机理研究进展

人体Pb~(2+)超标会造成贫血、肾功能衰竭、内分泌系统和中枢神经系统紊乱等症状。Pb~(2+)可通过含Pb~(2+)废水、废渣等形式对环境造成污染,其中含Pb~(2+)废水不仅对水源造成直接污染,同时也会在流经区域土壤形成Pb~(2+)富积而造成土壤重金属污染,因此对含Pb~(2+)废水的无害化处理刻不容缓。废水中Pb~(2+)的去除方法主要包括离子交换法、化学沉淀法、电化学法、膜过滤法和吸附法等,其中,吸附法因具有效率高、方便操作和成本低等优点而被广泛应用。商业活性炭吸附废水中Pb~(2+)的效果很好,但是高成本限制其使用,因此寻找活性炭替代吸附剂是吸附法处理含Pb~(2+)废水技术发展的关键。农林废弃物(AFW)因其来源广泛、种类繁多、成本低廉、吸附效果好、吸附材料可再生等诸多优势,被广泛应用于废水中Pb~(2+)的去除。可通过酸碱盐改性、结构改性、炭化改性、有机溶剂改性和复合改性等对AFW进行处理,以提高其吸附效率。同时,Pb~(2+)初始浓度、吸附剂量、p H值、温度和时间等因素对AFW吸附Pb~(2+)的效率有较大的影响。AFW可通过离子交换、络合作用、物理吸附、化学沉淀等多重作用机制实现Pb~(2+)的高效吸附,其吸附动力学一般符合准二级动力学模型,吸附热力学一般符合Langmuir热力学模型或Freundlich热力学模型。本文综述了AFW吸附废水中Pb~(2+)的研究现状与进展,从AFW改性、Pb~(2+)吸附影响因素及其作用机制等方面进行了讨论。最后,对AFW吸附Pb~(2+)研究中存在的问题进行了分析,并对其未来的研究方向进行了展望,以期为制备稳定可循环的AFW提供参考。     

钢铁行业焦化废水处理系统技术初探

焦化污染问题已经成了不可回避的社会问题.其污染物不仅是气体及粉尘的污染,更重要的是废水的污染.论文首先分析了焦化废水的定义及主要来源,并分析了焦化废水处理技术的发展近况及存在的问题,最后提出了焦化废水的深度处理新技术.     

关于印刷行业中有机废气治理技术分析

本文结合我国印刷行业有机物废气污染现状,对我国印刷行业中有机废气治理技术进行分析,并着重介绍活性炭纤维吸附废气处理技术和高效干燥固化工艺以及对有机溶解剂挥发浓度的控制。详细探讨热力氧化法、探讨吸附法、等离子体氧化分解法和膜分离法等有机废气末端治理实用技术,为印刷行业中有机废气的治理提供参考。     

汽车排气监测领域气体标准物质质量的评估

叙述了汽车排气的组成、主要污染来源产生的原因和影响因素,汽车排气监测领域标准物质质量评估的分析方法和实验条件.给出了全国该类汽车排气标准物质制备生产厂家的分析评价结果,并对评价过程中存在的问题进行了讨论.     

Anaerobic co-digestion of hazardous tannery solid waste and primary sludge: biodegradation kinetics and metabolite analysis

Generation of solid waste is inherent to manufacture of leather from skin and hide. Solid wastes generated at various unit operations of the tanning process considerably vary in quantity and composition. Fleshing is a type of animal tissue waste generated during the preparatory leather processing stage in relatively larger quantities as compared to other types of solid waste in the tanning industry. Fleshing mainly contains fat and protein and residual chemicals such as lime and sulphide used in the ‘unhairing’ process of beam house operation. Another type of solid waste in tanning industry which requires safe disposal is the primary sludge from tannery wastewater treatment plant. This study shows that both fleshing and primary sludge contains a significant quantity of volatile solids amenable for biodegradation. Different proportions of waste fleshing and primary sludge were subjected to anaerobic digestion. The studies were carried out in a laboratory scale reactor with an aim of developing an appropriate technology for recovery of bioenergy from the waste and subsequently ensure their safe disposal. Volatile solid destruction between 41 and 52%, specific gas production between 0.419 and 0.635 l/g volatile solids feed and methane yield between 71 and 77% were achieved. Further, the biomethanation potential of animal fleshing and substrate specific kinetics of the reaction process were also examined.     

食品软包装材料中残留有害物研究

利用气相色谱-质谱技术,分别对原膜OPP、印刷后的面层OPP/INK、面层与阻隔层复合材料OPP/INK/AD/VMPET、成品膜OPP/INK/AD/VMPET/AD/CPP中残留的有害物成分进行定性定量分析。研究结果表明:固相微萃取、超声提取、索式提取3种样品前处理方法中,超声提取方法既可用于定性分析,又可用于定量分析,而固相微萃取适合作为成品膜的定性分析,故选用超声提取为试样前处理方法;4种萃取溶剂对邻苯二甲酸单乙二醇酯的提取率依次为二氯甲烷正己烷甲醇/乙酸乙酯丙酮;储存时间对面层基材中残留有害物乙酸丁酯的影响较大,对增塑剂邻苯二甲酸单乙二醇酯的影响较小,对印刷后的面层、中间层、成品膜中残留有害物的影响较大;相对含量较高的邻苯二甲酸单乙二醇酯主要来源于OPP/INK/AD/VMPET在干式复合工序中添加的化学助剂和黏合剂,乙酸丁酯主要来自印刷工序油墨中的有机溶剂,成品膜中邻苯二甲酸单乙二醇酯的残留量为38.74 mg/kg,乙酸丁酯的残留量为20.54 mg/kg。     

大气污染与环境的治理迫在眉睫

我们赖以生存的条件——空气,正随着人类无节制地向空气中排放废气和固体废弃物而造成了污染,引起了气候的变化。介绍了大气和大气污染的定义,由人为因素所引起污染的来源、种类,大气污染源形成的主要原因;大气环境、温室气体的影响对人体健康所产生的危害。还介绍了我国关于环境污染监测的相关检测方法及标准的制定情况。阐述了大气环境治理的必要性以及计量对环境污染治理所起的作用。     

Analysis of consecutively sampled headspace and liquid fractions by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

An existing gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) can be used to analyze gas and liquid fractions from the same system within a few minutes. The technique was applied to (a) separate and identify the gaseous components of the products of cracking an alkane, (b) measure trace levels of acetone in ethyl acetate, (c) determine the relative partial pressures over a binary mixture, and (d) identify nine unknown compounds for the purpose of disposal.     

Comparison of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a gas chromatographic procedure for the determination of molinate residues

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was compared to a gas chromatographic method for the analysis of the thiocarbamate herbicide molinate (S-ethyl hexahydroazepine-1-carbothioate). Apparent recoveries from water spiked at 1 ppb to 1 ppm levels were comparable when liquid-liquid extraction was used. Solid-phase extraction was also examined and apparent recoveries by both ELISA and gas chromatography (GC) were comparable to each other as well as to the liquid-liquid extraction method. Methanol, acetonitrile, and ethyl acetate were equally effective in eluting molinate from solid-phase columns. An excellent correlation was obtained between the ELISA and GC method for field-treated water samples extracted by using the solid phase method and either ethyl acetate or methanol as the eluting solvent. Air and soil samples from this same study correlated well when analyzed by ELISA or GC, but ELISA results for soil were generally higher than GC data and of slightly lower precision than GC. Tests with a coated plate, pipettors, and the plate reader amounted to 8.0% error, the majority of which was attributable to the coating antigen binding and to antigen-antibody reactions.     

Distillery spent wash: treatment technologies and potential applications

Distillery spent wash is the unwanted residual liquid waste generated during alcohol production and pollution caused by it is one of the most critical environmental issue. Despite standards imposed on effluent quality, untreated or partially treated effluent very often finds access to watercourses. The distillery wastewater with its characteristic unpleasant odor poses a serious threat to the water quality in several regions around the globe. The ever-increasing generation of distillery spent wash on the one hand and stringent legislative regulations of its disposal on the other has stimulated the need for developing new technologies to process this effluent efficiently and economically. A number of clean up technologies have been put into practice and novel bioremediation approaches for treatment of distillery spent wash are being worked out. Potential microbial (anaerobic and aerobic) as well as physicochemical processes as feasible remediation technologies to combat environmental pollution are being explored. An emerging field in distillery waste management is exploiting its nutritive potential for production of various high value compounds. This review presents an overview of the pollution problems caused by distillery spent wash, the technologies employed globally for its treatment and its alternative use in various biotechnological sectors.     

具有催化与渗透汽化双功能的纳米TiO2和Al2O3填充复合膜性能

采用聚丙烯腈(PAN)中空纤维超滤膜作为支撑底膜,经戊二醛(GA)表面交联的聚乙烯醇(PVA)作为渗透汽化层,以及纳米TiO2或Al2O3填充的全氟磺酸树脂(PFSA)作为催化层,制备了催化与渗透汽化双功能复合膜,考察了其亲水性能、对乙酸乙酯塔顶粗酯的渗透汽化分离性能、催化酯化反应性能以及机械性能.实验结果表明:催化与渗透汽化双功能复合膜具有良好的亲水性和机械性能,渗透通量可达到179g/(m2.h),相对应的分离系数为95,渗透物中不含乙酸乙酯,同时可显著缩短酯化反应达到相同转化率的时间.     

燃料电池电极板材料工艺发展趋势

电极板是燃料电池的关键核心部件,起到分隔气体、提供反应界面、传导电流的作用。根据燃料电池应用工况的不同,电极板的材料选择与制造工艺路线也有所不同。材料工艺是决定燃料电池设计、质量、成本的核心要素。着重论述了金属、石墨、树脂作为电极材料的工艺路线。针对金属电极板材料,论述了车载、航空航天2种工况下不锈钢、钛材的成形设计准则、工艺路线、产品性能,并分析比较了不同成形方法中设备、模具工装和工艺路线的适用性。针对石墨电极材料,对比了硬石墨一次模压成形和柔性板石墨模压成形2种工艺,并根据各自的基材状态选择了合适的工艺路线,同时根据工艺路线的特点分析了产品的优缺点。在复合材料中主要选择了金属、石墨、树脂3种材料,根据制备原理,复合材料双极板有结构复合电极、材料复合电极和工艺复合电极3个研究方向。在结构复合电极方面,主要论述了石墨与金属复合的设计思路和结构特点;在材料复合电极方面,主要论述了热固性树脂和热塑性树脂与石墨复合的工艺路线和产品特点;在工艺复合电极方面,主要论述了微型燃料电池极板的制造理念和方法,并借鉴了微机械加工工艺路线,设计制造了复合工艺极板。最后展望了燃料电池电极板的箔材研发方向、级...     

Environmental management plan for port and harbour projects

Port activities can cause deterioration of air and marine water quality in the surrounding areas due to multifarious activities. Hence, for the determination of levels of pollution, identification of pollution sources, control and disposal of waste from various point and non-point sources and for prediction of pollution levels for future, regular monitoring and assessment are required during the entire construction and operation phase of a major port. It is extremely essential that port and harbour projects should have an environmental management plan (EMP), which also incorporates monitoring of air and marine water quality along with the collection of online meteorological data throughout the life of the project. This paper presents the environmental impacts due to various port activities and their sources and also discusses the EMP for different pollution prevention, protection and control measures.