Ce4+引发丙烯酸甲酯在玉米淀粉上接枝共聚反应的研究

淀粉与乙烯基单体接枝共聚是淀粉化学改性的重要方法，该聚合物具有合成和天然高分子的优良性能，在生物降解塑料中有很好应用。本文以硝酸铈铵为引发剂，引发丙烯酸甲酯与玉米淀粉的接枝共聚反应，重点研究了引发剂浓度、单体浓度、反应温度、反应时问对接枝共聚反应的影响规律。用红外光谱来测定反应产物的结构，α淀粉酶测定接枝共聚物的生物降解性能。实验结果表明：丙烯酸甲酯的浓度为1．20mol／L，引发剂硝酸铈铵的浓度为3．5mmol／L，最佳反应温度为34℃，反应时间在3．0-3．5h。     

接枝法亲水改性腈纶的研究

采用两步法接枝共聚改性工艺实现腈纶织物亲水改性。通过探索溶胀剂、乳化剂、引发剂的种类和用量,以及活化预处理接枝共聚反应的工艺,确定接枝改性的最佳条件。结果表明:在溶胀剂氯苯7．0g／L, 乳化剂壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(OP)2．1g／L,引发剂过氧化二苯甲酰(BPO)2．5g／L,亲水性酰胺类单体质量分数 2．0％,活化预处理温度75℃,活化时间30 min,接枝共聚反应温度85℃,反应时间60min,再经浓度为2．0g／ L碳酸钠溶液处理,腈纶织物的吸湿率达到7．0％。     

一步法制备硬脂酸盐改性的氢氧化镁及其性能

以硫酸镁、氢氧化钠和硬脂酸盐类表面改性剂为原材料,80℃反应3 h,一步合成了表面改性的氢氧化镁粉体颗粒。XRD和TEM分析表明颗粒为规则的六方片状结构,TGA测定热分解温度最高可达387.7℃,吸水率低达1.9%,且与有机基质有良好的相容性。在硬脂酸锌、硬脂酸镁、硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸钠和硬脂酸5种改性剂中,硬脂酸锌的改性效果最好,硬脂酸的最差。当w(ZnSA)=3.15%时,氢氧化镁的吸水率为1.984%,TEM表明含有棒状晶体结构,长径比约为11∶1。     

纳米氢氧化镁粉体制备研究

以六水氯化镁为原料,利用氨水和氢氧化钠混合溶液为沉淀剂,采用直接沉淀法制备纳米氢氧化镁。其最佳反应条件为温度60℃,反应时间90 min,氯化镁浓度0.5 mol/L,体积比为1∶1乙醇和水为混合溶剂,表面活性剂聚乙二醇-400用量为六水氯化镁质量的3%,烘干温度为80℃。实验得到粒径分布窄、分散性好的氢氧化镁粉体,对纳米氢氧化镁的工业化生产有重要意义。     

木薯淀粉与醋酸乙烯酯的接枝共聚研究

以木薯淀粉为接枝骨架,过硫酸铵为引发剂,醋酸乙烯酯(VAC)为接枝单体,进行接枝共聚。研究了单体浓度、引发剂浓度、反应时间、反应温度对淀粉醋酸乙烯酯接枝共聚反应的影响,并通过正交试验,确定了最佳反应条件。结果表明:当单体浓度为1.1mol/L、引发剂浓度为18.3×10-3mol/L,反应温度60℃、反应时间3~3.5h时,可得到高的单体转化率、接枝效率和接枝率,并用SrectrumOne红外光谱对接枝物的化学结构进行了分析。     

氢氧化镁晶须制备表征及改性研究

以碱式硫酸镁晶须(MHSH)和氢氧化钠为原料通过水热合成法制备出氢氧化镁晶须。实验确定了制备氢氧化镁晶须的适宜条件:n(碱式硫酸镁晶须)∶n(氢氧化钠)=1∶2,反应温度为200℃,反应时间为3 h,碱式硫酸镁晶须料浆质量分数为4%,氢氧化钠浓度为0.3 mol/L。对氢氧化镁晶须进行扫描电镜、X射线衍射及热分析得出,制备的氢氧化镁晶须为扇状,直径为1～2μm,长度为100～200μm,长径比为100～200。利用硅烷KH-550、硬脂酸、十二烷基苯磺酸钠、硬脂酸钠、油酸钾等表面改性剂对氢氧化镁晶须进行表面改性。结果表明:用油酸钾作表面改性剂,在氢氧化镁晶须料浆质量分数为5%、改性时间为30 min、改性温度为90℃、油酸钾用量为5%(质量分数)条件下可获得较好的改性效果,改性后晶须的活化指数达到99.48%。     

正交试验优化筛选淀粉接枝丙烯酸的工艺条件

本文以过硫酸钾-亚硫酸钠为引发剂引发木薯淀粉与丙烯酸接枝共聚反应,对影响淀粉与丙烯酸接枝反应的5个因素：反应的温度,反应的时间,引发剂的浓度,单体的浓度,以及中和度进行了研究,选取了各因素的不同水平进行了5因素4水平的正交试验,以接枝率为主要考查对象,接合单体转化率和接枝效率,筛选了淀粉接枝丙烯酸的最佳工艺条件：丙烯酸的浓度1．0mol／L,温度为35℃,反应时间为3h,引发剂的浓度3．0mmol／L,中和度70％。     

球形纤维素珠体-AN-AM接枝共聚物的制备

以球形纤维素珠体为原料,丙烯腈(AN)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为单体,硝酸铈铵和过硫酸钾(KPS)为引发剂,制备纤维素珠体-AN-AM接枝共聚物,并通过正交单因素实验,研究了反应温度、引发剂用量、单体用量、反应时间等因素对接枝效果的影响。实验结果表明:当反应温度为60℃,引发剂硝酸铈铵用量为20%,KPS用量为15%(引发剂与单体AN的质量百分比),单体AN浓度为0.75 mol/L,AM浓度为0.28 mol/L,硝酸浓度为0.14 mol/L,反应时间为3 h时,接枝效果最好。此条件下,AN、AM与纤维素的接枝率可达259.4%,接枝效率可达49.40%。     

氯化聚丙烯／MMA／BA／MAA接枝共聚物的合成

采用溶液法用混合单体甲基丙烯酸甲酯（MMA）、丙烯酸丁酯和2-甲基丙烯酸（MAA）对氯化聚丙烯（cmm）进行接枝改性，考察了反应温度、反应时间、引发剂浓度和单体浓度等因素对接枝率的影响，并对接枝产物进行了傅立叶变换红外光谱分析。确定了理想的工艺条件：反应温度为105℃，反应时间为5h，m（CPP）／m（单体）／m（BPO）为1：0．3：0．0：3。     

紫外辐照接枝甲基丙烯酸对无纺布性能影响的研究

以二苯甲酮作为光引发剂,利用紫外辐照法引发单体接枝聚合反应,将亲水性单体甲基丙烯酸接枝在无纺布表面对其进行改性。通过测定接枝率,评价聚合物在无纺布表面的接枝程度;通过测定未改性及改性无纺布的膜通量,考察了改性无纺布表面的透水性;通过ATR-FTIR红外光谱和扫描电镜(SEM)对改性前后无纺布进行结构表征。实验结果表明:单体体积分数20%,辐照距离20cm,辐照时间40min,光引发剂二苯甲酮浓度0.1mol/L时,接枝率和膜通量达到最大值,分别为20%和1387L/m2·h。ATR-FTIR红外光谱分析表明无纺布表面负载了亲水性-COOH。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.