食用橄榄油贸易促进组织 ——国际橄榄理事会解析

《国际橄榄油和食用橄榄协定》是由联合国主持在橄榄油主要生产国与消费国之间签订的国际商品协定。从1959年到2015年历经五次改版,根据该协议成立的“国际橄榄理事会”（International Olive Council,IOC）总部驻地在橄榄油最大出口国西班牙首都马德里。国际橄榄理事会由成员理事会管理,下设执行秘书处和分委员会负责行业标准制定、国际橄榄油贸易信息统计、橄榄行业推广等事宜。IOC橄榄油贸易标准对初榨橄榄油质量指标的等级界定获得世界普遍认可。对IOC制定的橄榄油各项理化指标和感官分析的测定依据和具体方法进行归纳,并对IOC橄榄油认可实验室进行介绍,以上内容是橄榄油产业融入国际大循环应了解的国际通行基础性贸易约定。     

特级初榨橄榄油基本质量指标及要求

目的 介绍2022年5月1日起实施的GB/T 23347—2021《橄榄油、油橄榄果渣油》,对当前市售进口特级初榨橄榄油质量情况进行评估.方法 采购20种市售标称意大利、希腊、西班牙等国进口的特级初榨橄榄油,检验酸价、过氧化值、消光系数变异值、水分及挥发物和不溶性杂质5个基础项目,对所得数据进行分析.通过与国际橄榄理事...     

Storage-time effects on olive oil DNA assessed by Amplified Fragments Length Polymorphisms

In this study Amplified Fragments Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) analysis was applied on DNA extracted from different monovarietal olive oils. The aim was to study how the length of storage after milling of the oil can affect the use of DNA as an analyte for molecular traceability. Results, all assessed by statistical analyses, showed that the authentication of olive oil with molecular methods should be performed within a month from olive oil production. After this period, a significant decrease of quality of DNA extracted from olive oil was observed, with a consequent loss of information, that can affect the reliability of the results.     

Characteristics and trends in global olive oil research: A bibliometric analysis

Advances in olive oil research have blossomed in recent years, and articles on olive oil have been widely recorded. However, a comprehensive and systematic bibliometric analysis of olive oil research has not been completed. Through a systematic literature search, we consolidated 7003 papers from the Web of Science Core Collection database. This bibliometric analysis was carried out to examine the article growth, geographical distribution, and analysis of journals/research areas/authors/keywords. The results revealed the following: (1) Exponential growth was shown in the annual number of publications (R² = 0.9791). The geographical distribution is biased to a few countries, especially Spain, Italy, and Greece in the Mediterranean region, placing a larger focus on olive oil research. (2) Quality analysis-related research acted as a link between keyword groups, the disease prevention and treatment-related research of olive oil received decreasing interest, while authentication and quality analysis-related research of olive oil showed the opposite trend, by-products-related research of olive oil got waving interests over the whole period. (3) Improvement is needed in the degree of olive oil with international collaboration. This is the first time that hotspots and trends in olive oil research have been shown.     

An Overview of the Authentication of Olive Tree and Oil

Adulteration of virgin olive oil with less expensive oils is a serious problem for the public and quality control evaluators of olive oil. That is why olive oil authenticity has become a major issue for producers, consumers, and policy makers. In order to avoid fraud to consumers, it is crucial to study the traceability of olive oil. This review covers 2 important techniques, analytical, and molecular methods, used to characterize olive oil and detect possible adulteration. Several analytical techniques are discussed for the detection of olive oil adulteration by analyzing minor and major compounds of olive oil. However, the chemical composition of olive oil can dramatically change due to the environmental and processing conditions. For this reason, the DNA‐based technologies are gaining greater attention now because they are not influenced by environmental conditions and provide an opportunity for direct comparison of different genetic materials. In this review, we emphasize the great potential of different authenticity methods and discuss their practical implementation in olive oil traceability.     

1种检测橄榄油掺假的新方法——PCR-CE-SSCP法

橄榄油真伪鉴别问题一直是食品真伪鉴别及食品安全的难题。试验以橄榄和其它6种常见油料为主,建立了PCR-CE-SSCP法鉴定橄榄油真伪的新方法。通过利用自行设计的uni4通用引物,用常规PCR对叶绿体上一段71bp大小基因进行扩增,并用基因分析仪分析得出7种油料的SSCP图谱,结果表明,采用PCR-CE-SSCP法能够区分橄榄及其它6种常见油料,可用于橄榄油真伪鉴别。     

The Role of an Independent Netherlands Laboratory in the Trade and Industry of Edible Oils and Fats（网络首发、推荐阅读）

在食用油脂贸易中,独立实验室主要负责货物质量检测。在装卸时对货物样品进行采样,随后按照合同约定的质量条款及分析方法进行测试。独立实验室由贸易组织认定,并且每年评估其检验资质。此外,基于贸易国和国际法规的强制要求,农药残留等污染物的分析检测需求日益增加。独立实验室应配备最先进的仪器,采用最新的分析方法,以满足低水平污染物的检测需求。综述荷兰独立实验室概况、油脂贸易协定中约定的检测指标、重要品质参数、重点污染物（包括农药残留、多环芳烃、矿物油、塑化剂、二英、氯丙醇等）以及三大类指标的分析方法,以期为读者呈现国际标准化组织（ISO）和欧盟（EU）等组织对油脂贸易中货物质量的品质控制和技术进展,为促进技术交流提供参考。     

The Role of an Independent Netherlands Laboratory in the Trade and Industry of Edible Oils and Fats

The task of an independent laboratory within the trade of edible oils and fats is to determine the quality of shipped goods. Samples of the cargo are taken upon loading and discharge of a vessel and tested for the contractual quality specifications. The testing is performed according to contractual agreed methods of analyses. The laboratory should be recognised by the trade organisations and be tested every year on its performance. Also there is an increasing demand for analyses on contaminants, e.g. pesticide residues. This is enforced by national and international legislation. Therefore, the laboratory should be equipped with the newest analytical instruments in order to detect the requested low levels of contaminants and should keep up with the latest methods of analyses. A brief introduction of the independent laboratory in the Netherlands, the main analytical indexes agreed in the contract in the oil and fat trade, the important quality parameters, the key pollutants(including pesticide residues, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, mineral oil, phthalate, dioxin, monochloropropane, etc.) are summarized in this paper, in order to make readers understand the quality control and technical progress of the goods in the oil and fat trade by the International Organization for Standardization(ISO) and the European Union(EU), provide some references for facilitating technology exchange.     

《2015年国际橄榄油和食用橄榄协定》解析

《2015年国际橄榄油和食用橄榄协定》（International Agreement on Olive Oil and Table Olives, 2015）是国际商品协定的一种,由联合国于2015年10月9日在日内瓦万国宫谈判后通过。基于此组建的国际橄榄理事会（International Olive Council）是全球橄榄贸易领域的权威组织。该协定最早版本于1959年首签,2015年第六版有效期至2026年12月31日。本文介绍协定内容并就以下方面进行解释：国际橄榄理事会的工作目标,橄榄油和食用橄榄的有关名词术语,成员理事会的组成方式和行政机构,各成员国在理事会的参与份额计算方式。截止2020年成员国方面的变动为伊拉克退出,增加巴勒斯坦、格鲁吉亚两个国家,文中所列成员参与份额为2020更新的数据。另外2021年毛里塔尼亚有望同意签署2015年版本协定,正式加入该组织。了解和熟悉国际橄榄油和食用橄榄协定是中国橄榄油行业融入世界贸易外循环的前提条件。作为国际大宗初级产品的主要进口和出口国,本文介绍的橄榄油和食用橄榄协定的一般原则与组织方式值得借鉴,我国应当在其它初级产品贸易规则的标准制定方面掌握主动,发出更多中国声音,为完善全球治理做出中国贡献。     

Application of real-time PCR on the development of molecular markers and to evaluate critical aspects for olive oil authentication

Olive oil authentication using DNA-based markers is becoming very important. qRT-PCR was an efficient tool in investigating the utility of PCR primers for olive oil authentication allowing to discard primers with low PCR efficiency. It also allows investigating of the relative effectiveness among four DNA isolation methods and therefore qRT-PCR would be useful for further optimisation of the DNA extraction protocols. The number of target molecules for the amplification of 80 bp amplicons was higher than that of 200 bp. Therefore the amplicon size should be optimised for olive oil authentication since the higher the number of templates the greater the probability of successful amplification. On conclusion, qRT-PCR is a useful tool in the development of molecular markers for olive oil authentication and it should be used for the optimisation of critical parameters such as the amplicon size and the DNA extraction method.     

橄榄油市场需要理性发展

<正>橄榄油是从新鲜油橄榄果实中通过冷榨方法加工提取的一种天然、营养型高档食用植物油。优质橄榄油中的不饱和脂肪酸含量接近90%,并且脂肪酸平衡模式接近人体所需。橄榄油中含55%～83%油酸、3.5%～21%亚油酸和0.3%～1.5%亚麻酸,油中的饱和脂肪酸(15%)、单不饱脂肪     

反向传播神经网络算法结合拉曼荧光光谱法定量检测特级初榨橄榄油掺假

目的 建立基于反向传播神经网络算法结合拉曼荧光光谱技术定量检测低等级橄榄油掺假特级初榨橄榄油的分析方法。方法 制备11种不同掺伪浓度的特级初榨橄榄油混合油样各10份，在相同时间、空间及目标的前提下，使用同台光谱探测系统，采集样品的拉曼光谱和荧光光谱。经过卷积神经网络去除拉曼光谱的基线，实现拉曼光谱和荧光光谱的数据预处理。根据分子光谱与电子光谱的特征差异，人为干预并设定拉曼光谱的权重，建立低等级橄榄油掺假特级初榨橄榄油的反向传播神经网络回归模型。结果 综合评估了反向传播神经网络回归模型的评价参数，特级初榨橄榄油掺假的反向传播神经网络模型的测试集决定系数为0.9716，均方根误差为0.0569，模型预测效果较好。结论 本研究提出的反向传播神经网络算法结合拉曼光谱与荧光的探测方法，满足快速检测低等级橄榄油掺假特级初榨橄榄油的定量分析需求，为评价或跟踪特级初榨橄榄油的品质提供了一种无损伤、高效率、低成本的新检测思路。     

Elaboration of Four Olive Oil Certified Reference Materials: InterOleo-CRM 2006 Certification Study

The study for the elaboration and certification of four olive oil reference materials covering all the physical–chemical characteristics, defined in Commission Regulation (EC) 1989/2003, is reported herein. The different steps of the process, preparation of reference materials, homogeneity and stability studies, and characterization study have been carried out for 14 laboratories from five European countries. The certificate of analysis for these certified reference materials (CRMs) provide assigned values for concentrations of more than 50 parameters or characteristics of olive oils in compliance with the European legislation about the labeling of food products. The certified values and its corresponding uncertainties were obtained applying robust statistics to the raw data provided by the laboratories taking part in the interlaboratory study. The certificate is valid for a maximum period of 18 months from the elaboration date. These four CRMs are intended for use as a primary material for quality control and for validation of analytical methods for measurements in authentication and adulteration problems of olive oils.     

橄榄油中角鲨烯组分功能特性及其研究进展

角鲨烯是一种重要生物活性物质,被广泛应用于功能食品、医药产品和化妆品的开发。该文简述不同生物质中角鲨烯的来源及分析检测方法,橄榄油中角鲨烯动态变化特点,将橄榄油中角鲨烯与其他油品中角鲨烯的含量进行比较,并着重对橄榄油中角鲨烯的生物活性研究新进展进行概述。     

NMR技术在橄榄油品质快速检测中的 应用研究进展

随着人们对橄榄油的质量安全和营养价值的重视, 对其检测技术的要求也越来越高。核磁共振技术是近年来蓬勃发展起来的一种快速检测手段, 具有快速、高效、无污染、无需繁琐的前处理、重现性高等优点, 在许多领域得到广泛应用。本文介绍了国内外运用核磁共振技术(1H, 13C, 31P)对橄榄油进行品质评价(包括储存历史、氧化稳定性、风味营养品质等)及其掺伪检测的研究现状, 并且分析了该技术应用于橄榄油品质检测时尚存在的问题和今后的研究方向。     

电子舌技术在橄榄油检测中应用研究进展

电子舌技术在橄榄油定性、定量检测应用中有了很大进展。综述了电子舌传感器类型以及电子舌在橄榄油检测中的主要应用,包括橄榄油理化性质与感官评价、橄榄品种、源产地鉴别与掺假识别、生物活性成分预测等,并对上述技术、方法、应用进行了归纳,最后对电子舌技术在橄榄油检测中存在的问题进行分析,并对电子舌技术在橄榄油检测中的研究方向进行了展望。     

Discourses of Distinction in Contemporary Palestinian Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Production

This article shows how Palestinian producers, faced with an “existential threat” to their own physical locality, seek to re-qualify their goods such as olive oil not only as elite goods based on the discourse of distinction of taste, but also in politically-inflected global discourses of distinction that attend to how the product is sourced, produced, and exchanged. Palestinian entrepreneurs and NGO-sponsored agricultural professionals are making olive oil “distinctive,” thereby seeking to locate these Palestinian products as elite goods within a global space of circulation and distinction. To produce this kind of extra-virgin olive oil, production practices must change and new skills must be inculcated, like organoleptic “tasting practices.” Ethical consumerism is promoted through fair trade strategies which seek to connect producer with consumer, embedding Palestinian olive oil with a “taste of solidarity.” “Quality” is perceived as a tool to gain international recognition of its olive oil and, by proxy, of Palestine itself.     

橄榄油掺假鉴别技术研究进展

本文简要介绍橄榄油掺假的现状,从常规理化检测法、色谱法、光谱法、核磁等方面对目前橄榄油掺假检测的国内外研究进展作一综述,并对橄榄油掺假检测技术的研究趋势进行展望。     

橄榄油加工工艺及品质控制的探讨

研究了橄榄油加工新工艺 ,对橄榄油的质量控制进行了深入探讨 ,出油效率平均达84 7% ,产品质量完全达到国内和国际特级初制橄榄油标准 ,并具有良好的稳定性。该工艺技术成熟、可靠 ,有良好的推广应用价值     

Blends of olive oil and sunflower oil: Characterisation and olive oil quantification using fatty acid composition and chemometric tools

A method capable of recognising the percentage of olive oil in a blend is required to verify whether its labelling complies with the statements set out by the Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1019/2002. In this study an analytical methodology was developed in order to define blends of olive oil and sunflower oil, which contain 50% of olive oil, compared to blends with 40% and 60% of it, respectively. Methyl esters of fatty acids were analysed by GC–FID and processed through chemometric tools (PCA, TFA, SIMCA and PLS). A strong differentiation of blends according to the amount of olive oil contained and a quantification model with a standard error of prediction of 1.51% were obtained. As this issue represents a significant analytical challenge, variability associated with the fatty acid composition of olive oil was first studied.