凶险型前置胎盘并胎盘植入的诊治研究

目的探讨凶险型前置胎盘并胎盘植入的诊断及如何减少手术出血量和降低子宫切除率的方法。 方法收集广东省佛山市妇幼保健院自2008年1月至2012年10月收治的52例凶险型前置胎盘患者的临床资料,对胎盘植入发生率、诊断和处理方法进行回顾性分析。 结果(1)52例凶险型前置胎盘并胎盘植入19例,发生率36.5%;穿透性胎盘植入8例,发生率15.4%。(2)术前彩色多普勒超声诊断胎盘植入10例,诊断率52.6%。(3)当有胎盘植入侵及膀胱时,膀胱镜下观察膀胱黏膜下血管有明显增生扩张。(4)保留子宫48例(占92.3%),切除子宫4例(占7.7%)。 结论(1)彩色多普勒检查和膀胱镜检查可提高凶险型前置胎盘的诊断率。(2)选择胎盘边缘切口结合结扎子宫动脉上行支、髂内动脉和子宫B-Lynch缝合术可有效地减少术中出血,降低子宫切除率。     

凶险性前置胎盘并胎盘植入危险因素及不同影像学方式诊断价值探究

目的:探究凶险性前置胎盘并胎盘植入危险因素,并评估磁共振成像(MRI)与彩色多普勒超声两种不同影像学检查方法对凶险性前置胎盘并胎盘植入的诊断价值。方法:收集2017年11月至2019年11月河南省人民医院收治的凶险性前置胎盘并胎盘植入患者(植入组)103例和单纯凶险性前置胎盘患者(非植入组)144例,患者产前均进行MRI与彩超检查。采用单因素以及多因素logistics回归分析凶险性前置胎盘并胎盘植入发生的危险因素。以手术病理结果为诊断标准,分析MRI与彩超对凶险性前置胎盘并胎盘植入的诊断价值。结果:多因素logistic回归分析显示,患者年龄≥35岁、孕产次、剖宫产次、剖宫产史≥2次、中央型胎盘以及胎盘主体附着前壁是凶险性前置胎盘并胎盘植入发生的影响因素(P<0.05)。与手术病理诊断结果比较,MRI产前诊断胎盘植入116例,非胎盘植入131例,其中23例误诊胎盘植入,10例胎盘植入未检出;彩超产前诊断胎盘植入122例,非胎盘植入125例,其中39例误诊胎盘植入,20例胎盘植入未检出。MRI诊断凶险性前置胎盘并胎盘植入的灵敏度、特异度、准确率、阳性预测值和阴性预测值均高于彩超诊断,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。MRI对粘连型胎盘的检出率66.67%(20/30)高于彩超40.00%(12/30)(P<0.05),对植入型胎盘的检出率87.69%(57/65)与彩超81.54%(53/65)无明显差异(P>0.05),对穿透型胎盘的检出率100.00%(8/8)高于彩超62.50%(5/8)(P>0.05);MRI对胎盘附着前壁并植入的检出率90.63%(58/64)与彩超87.50%(56/64)无明显差异(P>0.05),对胎盘附着后壁并植入的检出率81.48%(22/27)高于彩超55.56%(15/27)(P<0.05),对胎盘附着侧壁并植入的检出率83.33%(10/12)高于彩超41.67%(5/12)(P<0.05)。结论:患者高龄、多次妊娠及分娩、剖宫产史≥2次、中央型胎盘以及胎盘主体附着前壁是影响凶险性前置胎盘并胎盘植入的危险因素,需加强此类患者孕期监护,MRI对粘连型凶险性前置胎盘,主体附着于后壁、侧壁并植入型前置胎盘具有更高的检出率,可作为彩超的补充检查手段。     

产前超声与MRI对凶险性前置胎盘合并胎盘植入的诊断价值

目的:探讨凶险性前置胎盘合并胎盘植入孕妇的产前超声与MRI诊断准确性及临床价值。方法:选取2017年4月至2020年4月于贵州省人民医院诊断为凶险性前置胎盘合并胎盘植入的32例孕妇,分别予以产前超声诊断、产前MRI诊断、手术诊断和(或)病理诊断,根据诊断标准进行各项指标观察,分析图像特点,对比产前超声与MRI两种检查方法的诊断灵敏度、特异度及准确率。结果:产前超声检查对凶险性前置胎盘合并胎盘植入的诊断灵敏度89.66%,特异度66.67%,准确率87.50%。产前MRI检查对凶险性前置胎盘合并胎盘植入的诊断灵敏度93.10%,特异度66.67%,准确率90.63%。两种检查方法的诊断准确性无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:产前超声和MRI检查对凶险性前置胎盘合并胎盘植入的诊断准确性高,与MRI相比,超声具有更广的临床实用性与适用性。     

凶险型前置胎盘6例临床分析

目的探讨凶险型前置胎盘临床处理策略及预后。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2012年3月民航总医院收治的6例凶险型前置胎盘患者的临床资料,分析其临床特点、围手术期情况及预后。结果6例凶险型前置胎盘患者均为完全性前置胎盘,其中5例伴有胎盘植入,1例胎盘粘连;6例患者术中出血量为I500-3000ml,产后24h出血量为1800-4440ml。6例患者均进行介入治疗,其中3例髂总（或髂内）动脉球囊阻断术或髂内动脉栓塞术后行单侧或双侧子宫动脉栓塞术,3例单纯子宫动脉栓塞术。I例子宫动脉栓塞术后因产后大出血、继发DIC行子宫切除术;2例胎盘植入面积较大、部分胎盘残留者继发产褥感染,再次行子宫动脉栓塞术,术后行清官术清除残留胎盘组织。结论凶险型前置胎盘覆盖子宫瘢痕,其胎盘植入发生率高,往往发生严重的产科出血、休克及DIC等,增加围生期的子宫切除率,应重视预防和早期诊断和治疗。     

凶险型前置胎盘植入原位保留：如何判断和产后处置

凶险型前置胎盘植入原位保留是凶险型前置胎盘的一种保守性治疗手段,可降低子宫切除、输血、弥漫性血管内凝血的发生率。如何正确地判断是否原位保留植入的凶险型前置胎盘,及时的产后处理是产科医生日益重视的问题。     

凶险型前置胎盘剖宫产术中采用胎盘边缘切口的26例临床分析

近年,随着剖宫产率的升高,凶险型前置胎盘的发生率显著增加.1993年,Chattopadhyay等[1]首次报道并定义凶险型前置胎盘,是指既往有剖宫产史,此次妊娠为前置胎盘,且胎盘附着于原子宫瘢痕部位者.凶险型前置胎盘常伴胎盘植入,剖宫产术中易出现难以控制的大出血,严重危及孕妇及胎儿生命安全.我院在剖宫产术中采用子宫胎盘边缘切口,取得良好的临床效果,现报道如下.     

磁共振成像技术在凶险型前置胎盘评估中的应用价值

凶险型前置胎盘指继发于剖宫产后覆盖子宫瘢痕的前置胎盘。其胎盘植入发生率高,是导致产前、产时、产后严重出血的主要原因之一。以往超声检查一直作为诊断前置胎盘及胎儿产前筛查的首选方法,而近年来随着磁共振成像（MRI）技术的发展,MRI检查越来越多地应用到胎儿的产前检查中,特别在超声诊断不明确或诊断困难时,MRI具有独特的优势。未来的趋势将逐渐朝向功能性MRI发展。胎盘MRI检查将成为胎盘疾病诊断中一个非常重要且不可或缺的方法。     

凶险型前置胎盘27例临床分析

目的:分析凶险型前置胎盘的临床特点,以提高对凶险型前置胎盘的认识.方法:比较27例凶险型前置胎盘与81例普通型前置胎盘病例的临床资料.结果:凶险型组与普通型组发生产前出血时间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);产后出血、术中出血量、胎盘植入、子宫切除及输血凶险型组均明显高于普通型组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组新生儿结局比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:凶险型前置胎盘产后出血、胎盘植入发生率高,术中出血量大,子宫切除率高,对孕产妇有极大的威胁.     

穿透入膀胱的凶险型前置胎盘处理决策

随着孕妇妊娠年龄的增加,以及剖宫产后再次妊娠数量的增加,凶险型前置胎盘合并胎盘植入已经成为相对常见的严重并发症之一。其中临床处理最困难的情况往往是前置胎盘合并胎盘植入并穿透子宫浆膜层侵及膀胱后壁,一般称为“穿透入膀胱的凶险型前置胎盘”。文章基于近期相关病例报道和综述性文献的收集,就穿透入膀胱的凶险型前置胎盘的孕期处理、术前诊断、围手术期的准备以及不同手术方式的介绍、保守性治疗方案等关键问题进行了阐述,提出目前该种病例的诊治尚没有统一的临床指南或规范,往往强调个体化的诊治思路。即以保证孕妇生命安全和生活质量为底线,兼顾胎儿生存,减少术中出血,最大可能保护再生育能力为原则。诊治工作重在预防和早期识别,充分的产前评估及术前准备以及正确的手术策略选择是诊治成功与否的关键。     

前置胎盘：我们面临的挑战

 前置胎盘是产科严重出血和子宫切除的主要原因。由于十几年来我国初次剖宫产率非常高,随着二胎政策的开放,产科出现一个不得不面对的严重临床问题：“瘢痕子宫覆盖其上的前置胎盘”,即凶险型前置胎盘。除了关注“前置胎盘”+“剖宫产史”引起的凶险型前置胎盘以外,还需关注孕前进行子宫肌瘤剔除术尤其是肌瘤剔除时进入宫腔的孕妇,如果胎盘着床在瘢痕之处,也要关注胎盘植入问题。凶险型前置胎盘常常会伴有胎盘植入子宫肌层甚至会累及膀胱、肠管等周围器官,在产前、产时和产后发生严重出血,在临床处置时常常需要其他学科的支持（如泌尿外科、普外科、ICU等）,若处理不当会引起严重不良结局,故而给产科临床带来巨大的挑战。     

Antenatal diagnosis of placenta previa accreta in patients with previous cesarean scar

AIM: To determine the accuracy of transabdominal and transvaginal gray-scale and color Doppler in diagnosing placenta previa accreta in patients with previous cesarean sections. METHODS: Twenty-one patients who had undergone previous cesarean sections and were confirmed to have partial or total placenta previa in the current pregnancy were subjected to ultrasound examinations after the 28th week of gestation. Specific ultrasound features were looked for on gray-scale ultrasound and color Doppler examination of the placenta and its interphase with the uterus and the bladder. RESULTS: Seven of the 21 patients had ultrasound evidence of placenta accreta and all were later confirmed to have placenta previa accreta intraoperatively. The gray-scale positive findings were present in six out of the seven patients. The most prominent gray scale feature to suggest placenta accreta was the presence of multiple lakes that represent dilated vessels extending from the placenta through the myometrium. All seven patients had features of placenta accreta when examined with color Doppler. The most prominent color Doppler feature present in all seven patients was the presence of interphase hypervascularity with abnormal vessels linking the placenta to the bladder. The sensitivity and specificity of antenatal ultrasound diagnosis of placenta previa accreta was 100%. CONCLUSION: Antenatal diagnosis of placenta previa accreta can be made with a thorough ultrasound examination of the placenta in patients with previous cesarean scar and placenta previa.     

Relationship between first trimester aneuploidy screening test serum analytes and placenta accreta

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine whether there is a relationship between first trimester serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) and free beta human chorionic gonadotropin (fβhCG) MoM values and placenta accreta in women who had placenta previa.

Study design: A total of 88 patients with placenta previa who had first trimester aneuploidy screening test results were enrolled in the study. Nineteen of these patients were also diagnosed with placenta accreta. As probable markers of excessive placental invasion, serum PAPP-A and fβhCG MoM values were compared in two groups with and without placenta accreta.

Results: Patients with placenta accreta had higher statistically significant serum PAPP-A (1.20 versus 0.865, respectively, p?=?0.045) and fβhCG MoM (1.42 versus 0.93, respectively, p?=?0.042) values than patients without accreta.

Conclusions: Higher first trimester serum PAPP-A and fβhCG MoM values seem to be associated with placenta accreta in women with placenta previa. Further studies are needed to use these promising additional tools for early detection of placenta accreta.     

Placenta previa accreta

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of our study was to assess the relationship between previous cesarean section and placenta previa accreta and to estimate the incidence of placenta accreta et previa accreta as the indication for peripartum hysterectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of all patients delivered with the diagnosis of placenta previa accreta during the period from 1992-2002 at Hospital in Chojnice were reviewed. Statistical analyses were carried out to determine the relationship between previous cesarean section and subsequent development of placenta previa accreta. We conducted a retrospective analysis of indications for peripartum hysterectomy. RESULTS: From a total 28,177 women, who delivered at the Chojnice Hospital, 15(0.05%) patients had placenta accreta, 63(0.2%) placenta previa. Among placenta previa deliveries 22(34.9%) patients had previous cesarean section. Out of 15 patients with placenta accreta 10(66.7%) had placenta previa. Incidence of placenta accreta per case of placenta previa was 158.7 per 1000. The incidence of placenta previa accreta significantly increased in those with previous post cesarean scars. This incidence increased as the number of previous cesarean sections increased. The most common indication for peripartum hysterectomy was placenta accreta--48.4%, incidence of placenta previa accreta was accounts for 32.3% of all indications. CONCLUSIONS: The association between placenta previa accreta and prior cesarean section was confirmed. The incidence of placenta accreta increased as the number of previous cesarean sections increased. Patients with an antepartum diagnosis of placenta previa, who have had a previous cesarean section should be considered at high risk for developing placenta accreta. The most common indication for peripartum hysterectomy in this study was placenta previa accreta.     

前置胎盘合并剖宫产史临床分析

目的探讨前置胎盘合并剖宫产史患者的临床特点及处理。方法回顾性分析2003年1月至2011年10月北京协和医院前置胎盘合并剖宫产史（再次剖宫产组,RCS组）患者母婴结局,并与同期前置胎盘行初次剖宫产（初次剖宫产组,FCS组）进行比较。结果 RCS组及FCS组分别有29例及243例患者。两组的平均年龄、孕周差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。RCS组患者手术时间长,产后出血量多,早产、产后出血、胎盘植入、输血、弥漫性血管内凝血和产科子宫切除的发生率均高于FCS组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,RCS组早产儿、新生儿窒息发生率及围产儿死亡率均高于FCS组（P〈0.05）。结论前置胎盘合并剖宫产史更易发生胎盘植入,产后出血、产科子宫切除及围产儿病率高,需要高度重视。     

Can venous ProBNP levels predict placenta accreta?

Aim: Placenta previa (PP) is a potential life-threatening pregnancy complication. Pro-brain natriuretic peptide (ProBNP), creatine kinase (CK), cardiac form of CK (CK-MB) and Troponin I are circulatory biomarkers related to cardiac functions. We aimed to determine whether these biomarkers are related to PP and placenta accreta.

Methods: In this case-control study, fifty-four pregnant women who attended our tertiary care center for perinatology with the diagnosis of PP totalis, and of them, 14 patients with placenta accreta were recruited as the study groups. Forty-six uncomplicated control patients who were matched for age, BMI were also included. Maternal venous ProBNP, CK, CK-MB and Troponin I levels were compared between the three groups.

Results: Obstetric history characteristics were comparable among groups, generally. CK and CK-MB levels were similar among three groups. Troponin I levels in the previa and accreta groups were significantly higher than the controls. ProBNP levels in the accreta group were significantly higher than other two groups. The multivariate regression model revealed that ProBNP could predict placental adhesion anomalies.

Conclusions: Troponin I and ProBNP levels in PP cases were higher than controls and ProBNP could predict placenta accreta.     

Placenta previa increta/percreta in Japan: a retrospective study of ultrasound findings, management and clinical course

AIM: Placenta accreta is an abnormally firm attachment of placental villi to the uterine wall, which may cause postpartum hemorrhage resulting in maternal morbidity and mortality. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the incidence, clinical background and prognosis of placenta previa increta/percreta treated with different modalities in Japan. METHODS: Medical records of cases with placenta previa increta/percreta in eight tertiary centers between January 1994 and December 2004 were reviewed. Placenta accreta without actual invasion into the myometrium confirmed by pathology was not included in placenta increta/percreta. Details of obstetric history, maternal background, ultrasonographical findings, the course of delivery, subsequent complications and management were noted. RESULTS: Among the total of 59,008 deliveries, 45,261 were by the vaginal route (76.7%) and 13 747 by cesarean section (23.3%). In this study, 408 cases were diagnosed as placenta previa (0.69%), 18 of these being placenta increta and 5 placenta percreta. Only 1.1% of cases of placenta previa without prior cesarean section were increta/percreta, in contrast to 37% of placenta previa after prior cesarean sections. Mean intraoperation blood loss was 3630 +/- 2216 g (increta) and 12,140 +/- 8343 g (percreta). One patient with placenta previa percreta died of hemorrhage. Stepwise treatment (cesarean section without separation of the placenta, arterial embolization and hysterectomy) was applied for 4 cases, which had the least blood loss. CONCLUSIONS: Placenta previa increta/percreta is a life-threatening disease. Patients who undergo hysterectomy after uterine arterial embolization demonstrate reduced intraoperation blood loss, and this treatment should be incorporated to reduce maternal morbidity.     

Placenta previa, placenta accreta, and vasa previa

Placenta previa, placenta accreta, and vasa previa are important causes of bleeding in the second half of pregnancy and in labor. Risk factors for placenta previa include prior cesarean delivery, pregnancy termination, intrauterine surgery, smoking, multifetal gestation, increasing parity, and maternal age. The diagnostic modality of choice for placenta previa is transvaginal ultrasonography, and women with a complete placenta previa should be delivered by cesarean. Small studies suggest that, when the placenta to cervical os distance is greater than 2 cm, women may safely have a vaginal delivery. Regional anesthesia for cesarean delivery in women with placenta previa is safe. Delivery should take place at an institution with adequate blood banking facilities. The incidence of placenta accreta is rising, primarily because of the rise in cesarean delivery rates. This condition can be associated with massive blood loss at delivery. Prenatal diagnosis by imaging, followed by planning of peripartum management by a multidisciplinary team, may help reduce morbidity and mortality. Women known to have placenta accreta should be delivered by cesarean, and no attempt should be made to separate the placenta at the time of delivery. The majority of women with significant degrees of placenta accreta will require a hysterectomy. Although successful conservative management has been described, there are currently insufficient data to recommend this approach to management routinely. Vasa previa carries a risk of fetal exsanguination and death when the membranes rupture. The condition can be diagnosed prenatally by ultrasound examination. Good outcomes depend on prenatal diagnosis and cesarean delivery before the membranes rupture.     

Placenta membranacea, previa and accreta. A case report.

A case of placenta membranacea, previa and accreta was managed conservatively and resulted in delivery of a mature fetus. The diagnosis of placenta membranacea and previa was obtained with ultrasound. The placenta previa and accreta necessitated a cesarean delivery and hysterectomy.