应变、应变率成像对非梗阻性肥厚型心肌病病人左心房功能的评估价值分析

目的探究应变、应变率成像对非梗阻性肥厚型心肌病病人左心房功能的评估价值。方法选择50例非梗阻性肥厚型心肌病病人,根据左心房有无增大分为左心房增大组(HCM组,29例)和左心房正常组(HCM-C组,21例),另选取同期体检的健康人30名作为对照组。获取心尖四腔观、左室长轴及两腔观组织速度图像,应变、应变率模式下获得收缩期峰值(SSR)、舒张早期峰值(ESR)、舒张晚期峰值(ASR)、舒张晚期峰值达峰应变率(TASR),计算舒张晚期应变率峰值达峰心率校正时间值(TASRc)。结果 HCM组、HCM-C组左心室收缩末期左心房前后径(LA)、舒张末期左室后壁厚度(LVPW)、舒张末期室间隔厚度(IVS)、左室肌重量(LVW)、左室肌重量指数(LVMI)高于对照组(P0.05);HCM组左室射血分数(LVEF)明显低于HCM-C组及对照组(P0.05);HCM组、HCM-C组ESR低于对照组(P0.05);HCM组ESR低于HCM-C组(P0.05);HCM组、HCM-C组ASR高于对照组(P0.05),HCM组ASR高于HCM-C组(P0.05);HCM组TASR、TASRc高于HCM-C组与对照组(P0.05)。结论应变和应变率成像能准确地反映非梗阻性肥厚型心肌病病人局部心肌收缩和舒张功能异常,在左心房功能的全面评估方面具有重要的临床应用价值。     

二维斑点追踪应变率成像技术评价阵发性孤立心房颤动患者左心房功能

目的:应用斑点追踪应变率成像技术评价阵发性孤立心房颤动(lone atrial fibriuation,LAF)患者心动周期中不同时相的左心房功能。方法:对入选的40例阵发性LAF患者(病例组)和23例正常人(对照组)进行超声心动图检查,运用传统超声测量左心房前后径(LAD),舒张早期二尖瓣瓣口峰值血流速度E峰,舒张晚期二尖瓣瓣口峰值血流速度A峰;肺静脉收缩期峰值流速S峰,肺静脉舒张期峰值流速D峰,心房收缩期肺静脉反向血流峰值流速Ar峰,二尖瓣环房间隔侧的多普勒组织运动速度。运用二维应变率成像(2D-SRI)技术获取左心房长轴方向整体应变率曲线,分别测量左心室收缩期左心房峰值应变率(SRs)、左心室舒张早期左心房峰值应变率(SRe)和左心室舒张晚期左心房峰值应变率(SRa)。结果:与对照组比较,病例组左心房前后径(LAD)增大,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);二尖瓣瓣口的血流速度增高,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),肺静脉的血流速度增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),二尖瓣环房间隔侧的多普勒组织运动速度增大,差别没有统计学意义(P>0.05);左心房整体长轴方向心动周期中不同时相的应变率值减低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:阵发性LAF患者心动周期中不同时相左心房长轴方向整体应变率均减低,左心房的存储、传导及收缩功能均受损;二维斑点追踪应变率成像技术可以定量评价左心房的时相功能。     

实时三平面应变率成像评价高血压合并冠心病患者左心房功能的价值

目的探讨实时三平面应变率成像评价高血压合并冠心病患者左心房功能的价值。方法选择24例原发性高血压患者（A组）、22例原发性高血压合并冠心病患者（B组）、30例健康志愿者（C组）,采用多功能彩色多普勒超声诊断仪行实时三平面应变率成像,获得左心房前壁、侧壁、后壁、下壁的应变率曲线,测量收缩期峰值应变率（SRs）、舒张早期峰值应变率（SRe）和心房收缩期峰值应变率（SRa）。结果 A、B组的SRs、SRe均低于C组（P〈0.05或〈0.01）,而SRa高于C组（P均〈0.05）。A组的SRs、SRe低于B组（P〈0.01）,SRa高于B组（P〈0.05）。结论实时三平面应变率成像可反映左心房功能的变化,并能反映其受损程度。     

实时三平面容积/应变率成像评价心肌梗死患者左心房整体及局部功能

目的:应用实时三平面超声心动图（RT-3PE）和实时三平面应变率成像（Triplane-SRI）技术定量评价心肌梗死患者左心房整体及局部功能,探讨左心室功能的损害对左心房功能的影响。方法: A组为31例左心室射血分数（LVEF）≥50%的心肌梗死患者;B组为20例LVEF<50%的心肌梗死患者,C组为30例正常人。组织多普勒测量二尖瓣环收缩期峰值速度（Sa）、舒张早期峰值速度（Ea）和舒张晚期峰值速度（Aa）。脉冲多普勒测量二尖瓣口舒张早期峰值流速（E）、舒张晚期峰值流速（A）。RT-3PE软件获得左心房最大容积（LAVmax）、最小容积（LAVmin）、收缩前容积（LAVpre）、总排空分数（LAVtEF）、被动排空分数（LAVpEF）、主动排空分数（LAVaEF）等参数。Triplane-SRI软件获得左房前壁、侧壁、后壁、下壁和房间隔的心室收缩期、舒张早期和心房收缩期峰值应变率并计算其平均值（MSRS、MSRE和MSRA）。结果: ①与C组比较,A、B两组Sa、Ea及Aa均显著减低（P<0.05）,A组E峰显著减低（P<0.05）,A峰显著增加（P<0.05）,EA。②与C组比较,B组LAVtEF、LAVpEF及LAVaEF均显著减低（均P<0.05）,A组LAVtEF、LAVpEF显著减低（P<0.05）,但LAVaEF减低不显著。③与C组比较,B组各左心房壁及房间隔MSRS、MSRE及MSRA均显著减低（均P<0.05）,A组各左心房壁及房间隔MSRS、MSRE均显著减低（均P<0.05）,但左心房侧壁、后壁及下壁MSRA减低不显著。结论: RT-3PE和Triplane-SRI能从左心房容积和心房肌形变的角度综合评价左心房功能。     

应变率成像技术评价酒精性心肌病患者左心房功能

目的:研究应变率成像技术在评价酒精性心肌病患者左心房功能改变方面的应用价值。方法:对30例酒精性心肌病患者(ACM组)和相匹配年龄30例正常人(正常对照组),分别进行左心房常规二维参数及应变率参数测量。常规参数包括:左心房最小容积（LAVmin）、左心房最大容积（LAVmax）、左心房p容积（LAVp）、左心房最大直径（LAMD）、左心房主动射血分数(LAAEF)及左心房被动射血分数(LAPEF)。应变率测量指标包括:左心房间隔、侧壁、下壁及前壁收缩期的应变率（SSR）、舒张早期应变率（ESR）及舒张晚期应变率（ASR）。结果:与正常对照组相比,ACM组常规参数LAMD、LAVmax、LAVmin、LAVp及LAAEF增高,LAPEF减低,差异均具有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。ACM组ASR增高,而SSR及ESR减低,差异具均有统计学意义(均P<001)。结论:应变率成像可以准确评价酒精性心肌病患者左心房功能。     

二维斑点追踪成像技术测得的左心房应变值与CABG术后新发房颤相关

目的应用二维斑点追踪成像(STI)技术分析左心房应变值与冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)术后新发房颤的相关性。方法应用STI技术测量行CABG的42例冠心病患者左房收缩功能,按患者是否新发房颤分为房颤组(n=13)和非房颤组(n=29),对2组相关因素做单因素和多因素分析。结果与非房颤组比较,术后房颤组LAD较大,E较高,A较低,E/A较高,左心室收缩期左心房长轴方向所测整体应变(Ss)及心房收缩期左心房长轴方向整体应变(Sa)和左心房各节段应变率(SRs)均较低,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论术前应用STI技术测得的左心房应变值与CABG术后房颤相关。     

彩色M型超声及组织多普勒成像对长期持续性心房颤动患者的治疗评估

目的联合应用多项超声心动图指标观察长期持续性心房颤动(房颤)患者经导管射频消融术或药物控制心室率治疗的心功能变化,并对不同治疗方法进行评价。方法选取接受导管射频消融治疗长期持续性房颤患者20例(射频消融组)及接受药物控制心室率治疗长期持续性房颤患者25例(药物控制组)。于治疗前采集房颤患者二尖瓣血流彩色M型图像、组织多普勒运动曲线及左心房应变曲线,测定舒张早期左心室内血流传播速度(VP)、舒张早期二尖瓣环运动峰值速度(Em)、收缩期侧壁运动峰值速度(Vs)及左心房应变峰值速度等指标,所有患者随访6个月,重复检测上述指标。结果与治疗前比较,2组术后6个月VP、Em、Vs及左心房应变峰值速度明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01)。与药物控制组比较,射频消融组各指标差值△VP、△Em、△Vs及△左心房应变峰值速度升高更明显(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论应用导管射频消融及单纯药物控制心室率治疗长期持续性房颤均能提高患者的左心室收缩、舒张功能及左心房功能,但前者改善更为明显。     

心肌应变率在射血分数正常的心力衰竭合并心房纤颤患者心功能评价中的应用

目的分析心肌应变率(SR)在射血分数(EF)正常的心力衰竭(CHF)合并心房纤颤(房颤)患者心功能评价中的应用。方法 102例CHF患者左室EF(LVEF)均正常,其中,房颤组52例,非房颤组50例,同期50例查体健康者为对照组。观察3组左心房内径(LA)、左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、左心室收缩末期容积(LVESV)、LVEF、心肌质量指数(LVMI)、心率(HR)、E峰、A峰、E/A、基底段、中间段和心尖段的心肌收缩期峰值应变、左室收缩期左房应变率峰值(SRS)、左室舒张早期左房应变率峰值(SRE)和左室舒张晚期左房应变率峰值(SRA)差异变化。结果 3组超声心动图指标变化差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。房颤组LA、LVEDV、LVESV、LVMI、HR、E峰和E/A显著高于非房颤组及对照组,而A峰则明显低于非房颤组及对照组(P<0.05)。3组LVEF差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),与病理生理改变不符;3组心肌收缩期峰值应变差异显著(P<0.05)。房颤组左心室后间隔和侧壁的基底段、中段和心尖段明显低于非房颤组及对照组,3组SRS、SRE、SRA在各节段差异变化明显,房颤组后间隔和侧壁SRS、SRE、SRA在左心室各节段显著低于非房颤组及对照组(P<0.05)。结论 SR技术作为一种无创定量方法在EF正常CHF合并房颤患者的心功能评价中优于超声心动图指标。     

房性期前收缩诱发阵发性心房颤动患者动态心电图与心脏彩超检查的临床分析

目的对房性期前收缩诱发阵发性心房颤动(房颤)患者动态心电图(DCG)与心脏彩超(PAF)检查结果进行临床分析。方法选择55例阵发性房颤患者与55例非阵发性房颤患者的动态心电图与心脏彩超检查结果进行比较分析,并经彩超检查测量左房大小。结果阵发性房颤组24小时房性期前收缩发生次数明显多于对照组;引发房颤的房性期前收缩联律间期明显短于对照组房性期前收缩联律间期;房颤组组内数据相比,引发房颤的房性期前收缩联律间期短于房颤发作前最近一次单发的房性期前收缩的联律间期;房颤组左房内径与对照组比较差异无统计学意义,但对于房颤持续时间大于1h的患者,其左房内径明显大于对照组。结论阵发性房颤的发作和维持与房性期前收缩的提早量以及发生频率、左心房的大小及自主神经的调控能力等有密切关系。阵发性房颤维持时间的长短与心房增大的程度亦有临床意义。     

应变/应变率成像评价慢性心力衰竭患者左心房功能

目的应用组织多普勒应变/应变率成像技术评价慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者左心房功能的变化。方法共纳入48例CHF患者和41例健康人(对照组)。行常规超声心动图检查,应用应变/应变率成像技术测量左房5个壁心肌组织的应变(S)、应变达峰时间(TS),左室收缩期左房应变率峰值(SSR)、左室舒张早期左房应变率峰值(ESR)、左室舒张晚期左房应变率峰值(ASR),对两组指标进行比较。结果与对照组相比较,CHF组左房内径(LAD)、左房内径指数(LADI)、左房最小容积(LAVmin)、左房最大容积(LAVmax)、左房容积指数(LAVI)、左房每搏量(LASV)均明显高于对照组(均为P<0.05),左房射血分数(LAEF)低于对照组(P=0.02)。CHF组除左心房前壁外,左心房其余各壁应变均显著降低。CHF组SSR减低,ESR及ASR均明显减低(均为P<0.05)。结论慢性心力衰竭患者左心房功能较健康人减低,应用应变/应变率成像技术能够定量评价慢性心力衰竭患者左心房功能的变化。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.