中国环境监测技术的现状及其发展

简要回顾了中国20年来监测技术的发展,现已初步形成了按环境要素的监测方法体系;讨论了各环境要素监测的分析方法及其标准化的情况,环境监测质量保证与质量控制、环境标样的研制情况。还讨论了中国环境监测技术与现行环境管理要求的差距及与世界发达国家的差距和主要问题;对今后5～10年中国环境监测技术与分析方法研究的几个重要方向提出了建议,即环境质量与污染源监测方法标准化的研究,重点污染源排放总量监测技术研究,空气有毒有害污染物的筛选及监测技术研究,水和废水监测技术研究,固体废物评价试验方法研究,应急事故和简易快速监测技术研究,环境监测QA/QC系统化的研究,环境标样的研制和全球重大环境问题的监测活动等。     

环境监测仪器与监测技术的发展概况

本文就国内、外环境监测仪器的发展概况作了简单介绍。并就国、内外环境监测的标准方法体系做了总结。随着有机污染日趋严重,各国的有机分析方法也逐渐增加和修改,提出一些新的分析方法。本文着重就美国EPA、日本JIS标准方法中有机污染物的分析方法作了概括介绍。     

水质自动和简易现场监测技术的现状及发展

目前由于我国环境污染日趋严重,为了环境管理的需要,环境监测技术必须进一步提高。本文主要介绍了水质在线自动监测和简易现场监测技术,可以客观、准确、及时地掌握重点污染源的水中污染物的排放总量和重点河流、湖泊等重点监测断面地表水水质情况和快速了解应急事故现场的水质及其他水质的情况。     

我国环境监测分析方法的现状、存在问题及对策建议

分析了我国环境监测分析方法的现状和存在问题,提出了改进和完善我国环境监测分析方法的对策建议。     

提高企业环境监测数据质量水平措施探讨

随着环保政策的日趋严格,环保监督强调过程监管,环境监测作为环保日常工作的重要部分,如何保证环境监测数据的质量是否具有代表性、准确性、精密性、可比性和完整性,将直接影响企业污染物排放的控制和环境信用评级的可信度、说服力。本文介绍了某燃气发电公司作为重点污染源企业在提高环境监测质量水平方面所采取的措施和办法,包括监测质量体系的建设、监测范围因子的选择、监测标准的确定、质量管理活动等。     

新闻

<正>健全完善标准体系加快推进生态文明建设中共中央、国务院日前印发《关于加快推进生态文明建设的意见》,提出到2020年,单位国内生产总值二氧化碳排放强度比2005年下降40%~45%,能源消耗强度持续下降,资源产出率大幅提高,用水总量力争控制在6700亿立方米以内,万元工业增加值用水量降低到65立方米以下,农田灌溉水有效利用系数提高到0.55以上,非化石能源占一次能源消费比重达到15%左右。同时要求要完善标准体系,加快制定修订一批能耗、水耗、地耗、污染物排放、环境质量等方面的标准,实施能效和排污强度"领跑者"制     

关于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）在验收监测执行过程中存在的问题分析

《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）的颁布实施为考核城镇污水处理厂污染物排放是否符合环保要求的提供了重要依据,是验收监测工作的基础。本文论述了该标准在验收监测执行过程中存在的废水取样频次、甲烷无组织排放监测点位布设、污染物测定方法等存在的问题,并提出了相应的解决方法。建议修订标准,在标准修订前,验收监测执行标准时注意正确性、可操作性。     

浅析环境监测在环境影响评价中的意义与作用

环境监测以环境为研究对象,运用化学、生物以及物理等技术手段,对环境的有关成分、污染物进行有效监测,对当前环境的变化规律与质量进行全面分析的学科。文章分析环境影响评价当中环境监测的应用问题,并针对现有的问题提出有效的解决措施,对监控环境的污染、预防环境质量的下降具有重要的意义。     

工信部发布《环保装备“十二五”发展规划》

近日,工业和信息化部公布了《环保装备＂十二五＂发展规划》,支持和鼓励研发大气污染治理装备、水污染治理装备、固体废物处理装备、资源综合利用装备、环境监测专用仪器仪表、环境污染治理配套材料和药剂以及环境应急装备等7大类96项产品和技术。     

《船舶工业“十二五”发展规划》发布

2012年2月9日,工业和信息化部正式发布了《船舶工业＂十二五＂发展规划》。《规划》提出＂十二五＂时期我国船舶工业的发展目标：到2015年,产业体系更为完善,产业结构更趋合理,创新能力和产业综合素质显著提升,国际造船市场份额稳居世界前列,成为世界造船强国。同时,     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Quantum Cooperative Robotics and Autonomy

The intersection of Quantum Technologies and Robotics Autonomy is explored in the present paper.The two areas are brought together in establishing an interdisci...     

On the Relation of Load to Average Gap in the Contact Between Surfaces with Longitudinal Roughness

A computer simulation model for the contact between longitudinally-oriented rough surfaces has been formulated. This model closely duplicates the actual surf ace contact deformation behavior by taking into account the elastic interactions between the asperities. There were no assumptions made about the shapes, or any deformation behavior of the asperities, except for their obeying the laws of elasticity. The plastic deformations on the high asperity peaks were taken into account by setting a ceiling on their contact pressures at the material hardness value. The simulations used real surface profiles which were digitized from unworn circumferentially ground steel surfaces. Each pair of these profiles was mathematically combined to form an equivalent rough profile pressing against an infinitely rigid flat and having the appropriately adjusted elastic modulus. A total of 28 different pairs of profiles were used in the simulations. Each contacting pair was subjected to 30 different load levels and the local contact pressures and deformations were calculated. The contact simulations yielded some important mathematical relationships between parameters, such as the real area of contact, average gap, and average asperity load through statistical curve fitting. Two analytical functions were generated to relate the average load to average gap and the real area of contact to load.     

三绕组变压器的双绕组等效建模及在Matpower中的应用

针对实际电网存在着大量的三绕组变压器,但国际上一些著名商业软件,如BPA仿真软件、Matpower这一权威潮流计算开源软件,均只提供双绕组变压器模型,限制了其在具有三绕组变压器的电力系统中的应用的问题,潮流计算是自主开发的电力系统各种应用软件的核心模块,因此依托国际权威开源程序进行二次开发,是一种较好的选择。对Matpower要求的数据格式进行了归纳,对变压器的一般的等值电路及带理想变压器的等值电路和带标幺值的等值电路进行了分析研究,提出了三绕组变压器转换为双绕组等效模型的建模方法,使得原先只适应双绕组变压器的潮流计算软件可以适用于三绕组变压器电网的潮流计算;最后以Matpower软件为例进行了案例计算,并用PSASP仿真软件进行对比验证。研究结果证明,所提出的建模方法是有效的。     

电站锅炉模糊风险评价方法研究与应用

针对电站锅炉风险等级评价问题,将模糊综合评价技术应用到电站锅炉风险等级评价中。开展了电站锅炉失效影响因素及模糊评价因素的重要程度分析,建立了一套科学合理适于在线评价的电站锅炉风险评价体系,提出了模糊综合评价技术与改进的模糊层次分析法相结合的模糊风险评价方法,利用改进的模糊层次分析法计算了指标体系中各层指标权重。对某一台电站锅炉的实际运行工况影响子因素进行了模糊风险评价,采用模糊合成算子进行模糊综合运算得到电了站锅炉运行工况影响子因素的评价向量。研究结果表明:电站锅炉的运行工况影响子因素的风险评价等级为第6级,失效可能性等级为小,该电站锅炉运行工况良好。     

考虑进油孔有限长滑动轴承油膜力的近似解析解

针对具有进油孔的有限长滑动轴承油膜力求解问题,采用变分原理和分离变量法,求得了有限长滑动轴承油膜压力分布的近似解析表达式。将油膜压力分布的近似解析表达式在油膜存在区域上进行积分,即得到了油膜力。将提出的计算有限长滑动轴承油膜力方法与无限长轴承模型、有限元方法的计算结果进行了比较,发现了提出的方法与有限元方法的计算结果很接近。最后,研究了进油孔位置和进油压力对油膜存在区域、油膜力等的影响,研究结果表明进油孔位置和进油压力对油膜存在区域和油膜力有较大的影响。     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

交通荷载作用下桥梁结构参数识别方法

应用动力节点加载法,将作用在桥梁上的交通荷载转化为等效节点荷载,再用两步构造法识别结构物理参数.第1步,用Newmark-β方法变换结构运动方程,并用结构的加速度响应求得变换空间内的位移、速度和加速度响应;第2步,基于最小二乘原理,构造出变换空间内求解结构参数的递推式,进行结构物理参数识别.数值模拟结果表明,在交通荷载作用下,该方法能够快速、准确地进行桥梁结构参数识别.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...