农林复合系统滇龙胆茎叶化学计量特征研究

以农林复合系统种植的滇龙胆(Gentiana rigescens Franch.ex Hemsl.)为材料,采用高效液相色谱法建立不同栽培系统滇龙胆茎、叶的色谱指纹图谱,并测定其主要活性成分马钱苷酸、獐牙菜苦苷、龙胆苦苷和当药苷含量,研究不同栽培系统滇龙胆茎、叶化学计量特征。采用相关性分析、指纹图谱相似度分析、偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)、变量投影重要性准则(VIP)等方法进行化学数据分析。结果显示,滇龙胆主要活性成分马钱苷酸含量为(1.85±0.92)mg/g~(7.43±7.64)mg/g,獐牙菜苦苷含量为(1.03±0.17)mg/g~(1.58±0.50)mg/g,龙胆苦苷含量为(15.28±11.34)mg/g~(24.59±7.84)mg/g,当药苷含量为(4.10±1.64)mg/g~(31.67±22.70)mg/g,且叶片中4种活性成分的总含量高于茎;不同栽培系统中,与尼泊尔桤木间作的滇龙胆茎、叶活性成分总含量最高,而与核桃间作的滇龙胆茎、叶活性成分总含量最低。相关性分析显示,植株相同部位和不同部位间的环烯醚萜和裂环烯醚萜含量呈显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)正相关。指纹图谱相似度分析表明,不同栽培系统滇龙胆茎指纹图谱相似度介于0.989~0.992之间、叶指纹图谱相似度为0.988~0.996,相同部位样品化学成分种类相似。PLS-DA分析结果表明,茎和叶片整体化学计量特征具有明显差异;单作及林药间作的样品被区分为不同类群,不同间作模式下滇龙胆茎、叶化学成分具显著差异,叶片高效液相色谱指纹图谱可用于区分不同栽培系统滇龙胆样品。本研究结果可为农林复合系统滇龙胆有效成分含量研究及滇龙胆资源的合理开发利用提供科学依据。     

傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)技术对滇龙胆组织培养的研究

野生药用植物资源的不断减少,使得寻找其原植物的合适替代品显得尤为重要。利用组培材料代替野生药用植物作为药源已取得重大进展,但利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)技术筛选合适的组培材料作为野生药用植物替代资源方面的应用鲜有报道。本研究采用FTIR结合偏最小二乘判别分析(partial least squares discriminant analysis,PLS-DA)对滇龙胆组织培养形成的愈伤组织(肉质部、茎、叶)、增殖苗(肉质部、茎、叶)、生根苗(根、茎、叶)进行比较。结果显示:(1)从原始FTIR光谱图上看,滇龙胆肉质部和根部峰形相似,茎和叶峰形相似;(2)二阶导数光谱图扩大了样品间的差异。在龙胆苦苷的主要吸收峰1612 cm-1附近,吸收峰强度依次为:生根苗叶增殖苗叶和生根苗茎增殖苗茎愈伤组织叶,愈伤组织茎及肉质部、增殖苗肉质部和生根苗根部在该处无吸收峰;(3)PLS-DA得分图表明,同一组培阶段相同组织部位样品聚集在一起,而愈伤组织、增殖苗、生根苗及其各组织部位能够较好的分开。其中:肉质部、根部与茎叶之间距离较远,表明其化学成分和含量可能差异较大;肉质部和根部样品间距离较近,茎和叶样品间距离也较近。二阶导数光谱图显示,组培材料有望代替其原植物满足药用需求;若以龙胆苦苷含量为评价对象,生根苗叶则可能具有更大的开发潜能,有望代替野生滇龙胆以缓解其资源稀缺局面。本研究结果表明,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱法可以简便有效地对药用植物不同组培阶段不同组织部位的替代潜力及开发利用进行初步评估。     

滇龙胆不同部位裂环烯醚萜类物质含量比较分析

采用高效液相色谱法,对云南临沧云县滇龙胆不同部位龙胆苦苷、獐牙菜苦苷、当药苷含量进行分析.结果显示:(1)龙胆苦苷、獐牙菜苦苷、当药苷在滇龙胆根、茎、叶、花中均有分布;龙胆苦苷、獐牙菜苦苷在根部含量较高,分别为(35.88±5.89)mg/g和(1.35±0.33)mg/g;当药苷在花部含量最高,为(0.97±0.24)mg/g.(2)不同部位有效成分间具有显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)的相关性.(3)相同海拔条件下,不同栽培方式下滇龙胆根部龙胆苦苷含量差异不显著(P>0.05),但茎部、叶部獐牙菜苦苷含量差异显著(P<0.05).     

近红外光谱法快速测定女贞子中特女贞苷的含量北大核心CSCD

应用近红外漫反射光谱法快速测定女贞子中特女贞苷的含量。运用近红外光谱技术(NIRS)结合偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立不同产地女贞子中特女贞苷含量的定量校正模型。特女贞苷的定量校正模型内部交叉验证决定系数(R2)为0.98075,校正均方根偏差(RMSEC)为0.216,预测均方根偏差(RMSEP)为0.223,交互验证均方根偏差(RMSECV)为0.52276。该方法具有简便快速,准确无损,可用于女贞子中特女贞苷含量的快速测定。     

栽培条叶龙胆根中龙胆苦苷含量差异的研究

采用高效液相色谱法,测定栽培条叶龙胆根中龙胆苦苷的含量,结果表明:花末期(9月3日)龙胆苦苷含量高于果期(9月18日)和枯萎期(10月10日);同一根系中二龄根的含量显著高于一龄根;有性后代个体之间龙胆苦苷含量差异显著,对条叶龙胆进行高含量育种研究是可行的。     

滇龙胆中萜类物质积累的动态变化

滇龙胆（Gentiana rigescens）为传统中药材。采用单因素方差分析比较不同生长季节滇龙胆的根部及茎叶部位龙胆苦苷、獐牙菜苦苷及当药苷含量的动态变化。结果表明,在不同生长季节,滇龙胆的根部与茎叶部位3种有效成分的含量具明显差异。龙胆苦苷主要积累于根部;獐牙菜苦苷、当药苷主要积累于茎叶部位。相关性分析表明,龙胆苦苷含量受气候因子的影响,月平均温度与茎叶部位龙胆苦苷含量呈极显著负相关（R=-0.57,P〈0.01）,月降水量与根部、茎叶部位龙胆苦苷含量呈显著（R=-0.48,P〈0.05）或极显著（R=-0.74,P〈0.01）负相关;根中当药苷含量与獐牙菜苦苷含量呈极显著正相关（R=0.62,P〈0.01）,茎叶部位獐牙菜苦苷含量与当药苷含量呈显著正相关（R=0.38,P〈0.05）。研究结果表明,滇龙胆中龙胆苦苷含量受降水量和温度的影响;龙胆苦苷、獐牙菜苦苷及当药苷的含量变动具相关性;9-11月较适宜滇龙胆药材的采收。     

条叶龙胆根培养物中龙胆苦苷的产生和含量

条对龙胆愈伤组织中龙胆苦苷含量较低,根的分化可以提高龙胆苦苷的含量。培养的离休根中龙胆苦苷的含量则更高。随着继代次数的增加,愈伤组织中龙胆苦苷含量下降快,而分化根的愈伤组织和离体培养根中龙胆苦苷含量下降较慢。在愈伤组织的液体培养中,1/2MS培养基附加低浓度的植物激素,龙胆苦苷含量有所提高。植物激素配比促进愈伤组织中分化根的形成,也促进龙胆苦苷的产生;但促进愈伤组织的生长时,不利于龙胆苦苷产生。在离体根培养中,添加 1mg/L的金雀花碱,促进龙胆苦苷的产生,含量可达1.48％,明显高于愈伤组织(0.52％)和分化根的愈伤组织(0.65％),也高于试管苗根的龙胆苦苷含量(1.01％)。     

近红外光谱法快速测定白芍中芍药苷含量

本研究旨在应用近红外光谱法建立一种白芍药材中芍药苷含量的快速测定方法。利用HPLC测定样品中芍药苷含量,并以其作为参考值,运用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立芍药苷含量与近红外光谱之间的多元校正模型,对未知样品进行含量预测。结果表明,所建芍药苷定量分析模型的相关系数(R2)、内部交叉验证均方差(RMSECV)、校正均方差(RMSEC)分别为0.99395、0.33068、0.0563;经内部验证,模型的预测均方差(RMSEP)和平均回收率分别为0.0756和100.07%。该方法操作简便,无污染,结果准确可靠,可用于白芍中芍药苷含量的快速测定。     

野生坚龙胆及其组培苗中龙胆苦苷的含量分析

利用含有α-萘乙酸(NAA)、6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)和激动素(KT)等激素的MS固体培养基,对野生坚龙胆进行组培苗诱导培养。同时,应用高效液相色谱技术对野生坚龙胆和其组培苗的根、茎和叶中的龙胆苦苷进行含量分析和比较研究。结果发现,野生坚龙胆中的龙胆苦苷主要储存于根部,而组培坚龙胆中龙胆苦苷在根中的含量甚微,主要集中在茎、叶部位,且在出根初期组培坚龙胆叶中的龙胆苦苷含量近似于或略大于野生坚龙胆根中的含量。研究结果提示,坚龙胆中的绿色组织是龙胆苦苷合成的部位,这些部位同时具有龙胆苦苷的储藏功能。     

滇龙胆与青叶胆环烯醚萜类物质计量特征分析

龙胆科龙胆属滇龙胆(Gentiana rigescens)与獐牙菜属青叶胆(Swertia mileensis)为我国特有种。采用高效液相色谱法测定其中马钱苷酸、獐牙菜苦苷、龙胆苦苷和当药苷含量,结合多变量分析研究环烯醚萜类成分含量及其构成比例在龙胆科植物种内和种间的差异。研究结果显示,4种环烯醚萜类成分的计量特征呈现种间差异,依据环烯醚萜类成分含量及其构成比例,所有滇龙胆样品可分为4类。马钱苷酸含量与纬度呈极显著负相关(R=-0.348,P0.05),与海拔呈极显著正相关(R=0.307,P0.01);獐牙菜苦苷含量与经度呈极显著负相关(R=-0.592,P0.01),高海拔有利于植株中当药苷构成比例的增加(R=0.245,P0.05);地理因子对植株中龙胆苦苷含量变化影响不显著(P0.05)。     

农林复合系统中滇龙胆形态和生物量变化研究

以幼龄茶树(Camellia sinensis var.sinensis)、十年茶树、木瓜(Chaenomeles sinensis)、尼泊尔桤木(Alnus nepalensis)、大叶桉(Eucalyptus robusta)间作模式和荒坡栽培滇龙胆为研究对象,测定其株高、茎粗、叶长、根粗、生物量等性状,采用单因素方差分析、多重比较、相关性分析和多元逐步回归分析对其形态和生物量数据进行分析。结果表明:荒坡栽培、滇龙胆与十年茶树间作其株高最高,为(37.32±8.36)cm和(37.31±9.62)cm,与大叶桉间作其株高最低,为(19.08±12.40)cm;荒坡栽培植株茎粗数值最高,为(0.36±0.13)cm,大叶桉间作茎粗数值最低,为(0.23±0.04)cm;与茶树间作植株根系最长,为(18.42±7.23)cm和(17.71±7.34)cm,与尼泊尔桤木间作植株须根数最少,为(7.32±2.23)cm;根粗受栽培模式影响不显著(P0.05);荒坡栽培全株生物量最高,为(14.52±13.37)g,大叶桉间作全株生物量最低,为(2.17±1.42)g。相关性分析显示,株高、茎粗和须根数与全株生物量呈极显著的正相关(R=0.514,P0.01;R=0.510,P0.01;R=0.339,P0.01)。根茎比与全株生物量呈极显著的负相关(R=-0.295,P0.01)。多元逐步回归分析显示,各性状对全株生物量的积累贡献程度不同,株高、茎粗、须根数和根粗是影响滇龙胆生物量积累的主要性状。荒坡栽培光照条件较好,有利于植株生物量的积累;与桉树间作,滇龙胆可能受生物与非生物胁迫的共同影响,使其植株矮小,生物量偏低。6种栽培模式中荒坡、滇龙胆与茶树、木瓜间作栽培为高产模式。研究结果可为农林药用复合种植中物种搭配、时间和空间种植技术优化升级以及管理提供理论依据。     

药用植物巴西吐根的引种繁殖及栽培初探

吐根作为治疗痢疾的特效药而著名,主要具有祛痰、催吐和抗阿米巴痢疾的作用。我国目前对吐根药材的需求全部依赖于进口,国内未有大规模种植,为此,该文对原产巴西的吐根进行了引种繁殖及栽培研究。结果表明:(1)云南省西双版纳傣族自治州景洪市的气候条件能满足吐根的正常生长发育的需求,可作为吐根的引种地。(2)吐根的分根和茎下段可用于扦插繁殖,其发根率和存活率分别100.0%和100.0%、68.0%和75.0%,前者优于后者。(3)用20 mg·L^-1的IAA或IBA浸泡1 h,吐根茎下段的扦插成活率为90.0%或88.0%,均显著高于对照,可用于提高吐根茎下段的扦插成活率。(4)采用分根繁殖的吐根植株在植株生长和药材外观性状较好,单株总根体积较高,吐根一年生植株平均株高为10.66 cm,两年生平均株高为16.54 cm,一年生植株根总体积为2.71 mL,两年生根总体积为3.54 mL。(5)吐根栽培基质可用腐殖土:椰糠体积比为4:1。(6)在吐根的年周期生长中,地径1—3月和9—11月增长明显,株高7—11月增长明显,叶片长和宽3—9月增长明显,根据这些特点,可科学制定相应的水肥管理措施。该研究结果可为吐根的引种繁殖和栽培提供一定的科学参考。     

牛大力块根糖积累及其相关酶活性变化研究

为提高牛大力块根的产量与品质,该研究以不同发育时期(移栽6、12、18、24、30、36个月)的牛大力块根为材料,采用紫外分光光度法对糖类含量及其相关酶活性进行测定,研究它们在牛大力块根发育过程中的动态变化规律。结果表明:(1)牛大力块根的生长发育进程可初步划分为形成期(移栽6～12个月)、迅速膨大期(移栽12～24个月)与稳定膨大期(移栽24～36个月)三个阶段。淀粉与蔗糖分别是牛大力块根中主要的多糖与可溶性糖。在牛大力块根发育过程中,多糖类物质的含量逐渐增加,而可溶性糖含量逐渐减少,两者之间呈显著负相关,推测可溶性糖的分解代谢有利于促进多糖类物质的积累。(2)蔗糖的分解代谢是蔗糖合酶(SUS)、蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)、酸性转化酶(AI)与中性转化酶(NI)等多种相关酶协同作用的结果。SUS在牛大力块根发育过程中发挥着既催化蔗糖合成,又催化蔗糖分解的双重调节作用,SUS(合成)的活性不断上升,至移栽36个月达到峰值,极显著高于其他时期; SUS(分解)的活性从移栽6个月至24个月逐渐上升,但在块根稳定膨大期稍有下降; 其净活性为催化蔗糖分解,在移栽12个月达到最高。转化酶AI和NI的活性均在块根发育过程中逐渐上升,且AI活性高于NI活性,提示AI可能在蔗糖代谢分解过程中发挥更重要的作用。该研究结果可为今后深入研究牛大力多糖类成分积累和调控机制提供理论依据,并为提高牛大力药材的产量与品质提供技术指导。     

Seedling vigour and the early growth of transplanted rice (Oryza sativa)

Previous studies suggest that the positive response of transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) to nursery fertiliser application was due to increased seedling vigour or possibly to increased nutrient content. This paper presents results of two glasshouse experiments designed to test the hypothesis that seedling vigour was responsible for the response of transplanted seedlings to nursery treatments. The aim of the present study was to explore the concept of seedling vigour of transplanted rice and to determine what plant attributes conferred vigour on the seedlings. Seedling vigour treatments were established by subjecting seedlings to short-term submergence (0, 1 and 2 days/week) in one experiment and to leaf clipping or root pruning and water stress in another to determine their effect on plant growth after transplanting. Submerging seedlings increased plant height but depressed shoot and root dry matter and root:shoot ratio of the seedling at 28 days after sowing. After transplanting these seedlings, prior submergence depressed shoot dry matter at 40 days. Nursery nutrient application increased plant height, increased root and shoot dry matter, but generally decreased root:shoot ratio. Pruning up to 60% of the roots at transplanting decreased shoot and root dry matter, P concentration in leaves at panicle initiation (PI) and straw dry matter and grain yield at maturity. By contrast, pruning 30% of leaves depressed shoot and root dry matter by 30% at PI, and root dry matter and straw and grain yield by 20% at maturity. The combined effects of leaf clipping and root pruning on shoot, root and straw dry matter were largely additive. It is concluded that the response of rice yield to nursery treatments is largely due to increased seedling vigour and can be effected by a range of nutritional as well as non-nutritional treatments of seedlings that increase seedling dry matter, nutrient content, and nutrient concentration. Impairment of leaf growth and to a lesser extent root growth in the nursery depressed seedling vigour after transplanting. However, rather than increasing stress tolerance, seedling vigour was more beneficial when post transplant growth was not limited by nutrient or water stresses.     

滇龙胆8-羟香叶醇氧化还原酶基因的克隆与表达分析

滇龙胆主要药效成分为龙胆苦苷,而8-羟香叶醇氧化还原酶基因Gr8HGO是龙胆苦苷生物合成途径的结构基因。为了研究Gr8HGO基因的功能,该文克隆了滇龙胆Gr8HGO基因,并进行表达分析。结果表明:(1)共克隆到5个Gr8HGO基因,其GenBank登录号分别为KP722029.1 (Gr8HGO-1)、KP722030.1(Gr8HGO-2)、KP722031.1(Gr8HGO-3)、KP722032.1(Gr8HGO-4)、KP723852.1(Gr8HGO-5)。(2) Gr8HGO-1基因全长1 062 bp,编码353个氨基酸,其他4个基因全长1 131 bp,编码376个氨基酸;理化性质分析结果表明5个蛋白单体相对分子质量约40 kD,理论等电点在5.47～5.95之间,均为疏水稳定蛋白。(3)信号序列分析结果表明5个蛋白均不含信号肽、跨膜螺旋和叶绿体转运肽;亚细胞定位分析结果表明5个蛋白可能定位于细胞质;结构域预测结果表明除Gr8HGO-1蛋白仅包含乙醇脱氢酶N端结构域(IPR013154)和C端结构域(IPR013149)外,其他4个蛋白还包含聚酮合酶、烯酰还原酶结构域(IPR020843)。(4)系统发育分析结果表明这些Gr8HGO蛋白与长春花Cr8HGO蛋白亲缘关系最近。(5) qPCR结果表明Gr8HGO基因主要在叶中表达,在根和茎中表达量很低。该研究为后续龙胆苦苷生物合成途径的解析奠定基础。     

盐磷胁迫对木麻黄和台湾相思种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

恶劣环境下,人工海防林因面临养分胁迫而经营困难。为探讨盐、磷胁迫对主要海防林树种木麻黄和台湾相思种子萌发及生长的影响,该研究分别用不同浓度的NaCl(盐)和KH₂PO₄(磷)溶液处理种子和浇灌幼苗,测定种子萌发和幼苗生长指标。结果表明：(1)高盐胁迫显著抑制种子萌发,对幼苗生长有一定影响,但两种植物影响程度不同;台湾相思种子萌发耐盐性高于木麻黄,前者相对盐害率最大值为23.03%,后者为89.15%;随着盐浓度增加,木麻黄和台湾相思种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数均降低,对应最大值分别为38.70%、34.67%、18.70、0.055和76.67%、62.22%、48.46、6.11。(2)两种植物的株高和根长随盐浓度增加而降低,木麻黄和台湾相思株高分别为12.29～6.01 mm和48.27～17.33 mm,根长分别为8.57～1.45 mm和33.41～5.88 mm;台湾相思根、茎、叶生物量及根冠比均随盐浓度的增加逐渐减小,木麻黄各处理差异较小。(3)台湾相思的种子和幼苗较木麻黄更耐低磷环境,二者最适磷浓度存在差异;木麻黄种...     

Genetic analysis of rooting ability of transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) under different water conditions

In order to assess the benefits of superior rooting ability of rice (Oryza sativa L.) for growth after transplanting under water-limiting conditions, genetic differences in the rooting ability of rice seedlings 30 d after sowing, with their visible roots either pruned or not pruned, were quantified by several root parameters 4 d after transplanting (DAT), under flooded or non-flooded paddy fields (four treatments in total), together with production traits at maturity. Ninety-eight recombinant inbred lines from the two japonica ecotypes, a lowland variety Otomemochi, and an upland variety Yumenohatamochi, were genotyped with 107 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Otomemochi in general produced more adventitious roots, partitioned a greater proportion of biomass to roots, and had a greater increment of root dry weight (DeltaRW) at 4 DAT than Yumenohatamochi, but these variety differences were less clear under non-flooded conditions without root pruning. Several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with rooting ability were identified mainly in chromosomes 1, 4, and 6 across the four treatments or in combined analysis. On the other hand, QTLs for DeltaRW around RM2357 in chromosome 5 and for maximum new root length in RM215-RM205 in chromosome 9 were found only under root pruning treatments and under non-flooded conditions without root pruning, respectively. Greater DeltaRW was associated with higher head dry weight per hill at maturity only in the non-flooded and root-pruning treatments. This study suggests the importance of rooting ability after transplanting and, possibly, other mechanisms for adaptation to non-flooded conditions.     

IBA浓度、扦插时间对江西杜鹃和百合花杜鹃扦插生根的影响

为探明有鳞大花亚组杜鹃扦插生根的最佳IBA浓度和扦插时间,该研究以江西杜鹃、百合花杜鹃为材料,分别采用腐叶土+河沙(1:1)、泥炭+珍珠岩+蛭石(3:1:1)基质,开展了4个IBA浓度和4个扦插时间的生根试验.结果表明:IBA浓度对除老叶留存数外的所有指标有显著影响,其中100 mg·L-1 IBA处理生根率、新梢长最大,腐烂率最低,其它指标也表现良好,为最佳生根浓度;50 mg·L-1 IBA处理根幅、新梢率最大,但不定根数最少,效果其次;200 mg·L-1 IBA处理促进根系生长,但生根率较低、特别是显著抑制新梢发育;对照处理生根效果最差.扦插时间对所有生根指标均有显著影响,早春(04-18)木质化硬枝扦插除老叶留存数较差外,其它指标均表现极佳,为最适扦插时间;秋季(10-19)半木质-木质化过渡枝扦插效果其次;夏季(06-21)嫩枝及(08-16)半木质化枝生根效果极差,不宜进行扦插育苗.物种、基质对生根指标也有显著影响,百合花杜鹃扦插生根能力强于江西杜鹃,泥炭+珍珠岩+蛭石(3:1:1)基质生根效果优于腐叶土+河沙(1:1).该研究结果首次发现早春新梢萌发前采用木质化硬枝扦插可以显著提高两种杜鹃的生根效果,为该亚组杜鹃的扦插育苗提供了科学依据.     

Peroxidase isoenzymes as markers for the rooting ability of easy-to-root and difficult-to-root <Emphasis Type="Italic">Grevillea</Emphasis> species and cultivars of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Protea obstusifolia</Emphasis> (Proteaceae)

Summary One easy-to-root and one difficult-to-root species of the ornamental plant Grevillea were investigated for rooting potential in relation to peroxidase activity. In vitro-grown shoot segments of both species started to root 30 d after transplanting to rooting medium containing indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), however, fewer roots were found on fewer segments of the difficult-to-root species G. petrophioides compared to the easy-to-root species G. rondeau. Total peroxidase (POX) activity was measured during the rooting process. G. petrophioides showed higher total POX activity at the time point of adventitious root formation than G. rondeau. Isoelectric focusing electrophoresis showed that G. rondeau contained more acidic isoforms than G. petrophioides, but the basic isoforms were more prominent in the difficult-to-root species, especially at the time point of lateral root emergence. In addition, the ability of different hormones to induced POX activity in upper and lower stem segments of both species was tested. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), IBA and α-naphthaleneacetic acid induced POX activity in the upper stem segments of G. rondeau, whereas the same hormones led to the induction of POX activity in the lower stem segments of G. petrophioides. Similar to the results obtained with Grevillea, the difficult-to-root variety of Protea showed higher POX activity, especially in the middle stem part and the leaves. Feeding of radiolabeled IAA to the Grevillea stem segments resulted in the synthesis of three different compounds in both species. After 1h incubation no differences were found in the uptake of IAA and the appearance of other labeled compounds. However, after 2 and 4 h incubation IAA uptake was faster in the easy-to-root species and IAA was also metabolized to a higher extent in G. rondeau. Three metabolites were found, tentatively identified as IAA-aspartate, IBA, and an IBA conjugate.     

Effects of periodic flooding and root pruning on Quercus nuttallii seedlings

In the southern United States, much of the emphasis in bottomland restoration is placed on establishing an oak-dominated forest. Artificial regeneration is an alternative for restoration on cleared lands and where a desirable seed source is not present. Currently the standard procedure for seedling preparation is to prune the roots prior to transplanting in the field. It is not fully known what effect(s) root pruning has on transplanted seedlings. In addition, bottomland restoration efforts inherently take place on floodplains. The potential interaction between root pruning and flooding on seedling performance is not known. This study consisted of two separate but related laboratory experiments. The purpose of the first experiment was to quantify the effects of various percentages of root removal and varying soil moisture regimes on transplanted Nuttall oak seedlings (Quercus nuttallii Palmer). Root pruning treatments consisted of removal of roots at 0%, 25% and 75% while soil moisture regime was maintained at non-flooded or periodically flooded conditions. Plant gas exchange, growth, and survival were measured. Root pruning alone had adverse effects on height growth during the first 72 days following transplanting. Periodic flooding also produced adverse effects on stomatal conductance (p = 0.0002), height growth (p = 0.005), and survival (p = 0.02). Photosynthetic data indicated that as pruning intensified in the periodically flooded seedlings, photosynthetic rates decreased. In contrast, as pruning intensified in the non-flooded seedlings, photosynthesis increased. This demonstrated that pruning rate had a varying effect on photosynthesis dependent upon soil moisture condition. Experiment 2 focused on the effects of varying degrees of root pruning on new root formation. The seedlings were grown under laboratory conditions, harvested at 0, 10, 20, and 30 days after treatment initiation, and analyzed for new root formation. Results of Experiment 2 indicated no difference in new root formation, root length, or root biomass due to the pruning treatment. Overall, our results from both experiments indicated that root pruning had no detectable long-term adverse effects on growth and survival of seedlings under drained soil conditions; however, as results from Experiment 1 demonstrated, if seedlings were planted in periodically flooded conditions, root pruning produced adverse effects. Thus, in restoration efforts utilizing Nuttall oak seedlings, the planting strategy and pruning rate should be carefully evaluated based on the knowledge of sites' hydrology. Alternatively, on sites with unpredictable flooding both pruned and unpruned seedlings may be utilized to ensure survival.