Studies on Material Cycling in Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest Ecosystem in Hangzhou: Ⅱ . Dynamics and Decomposition Characteristics of Litter

Through the long-term plot study on the litter and its decomposition in the evergreen broad-leaved forest ecosystem in Hangzhou for more than two years,it was resulted that the annual litter production was 5.85 t ha^-1,most of which was the fallen leave (79.5 percent) and the withered branches and fruits were far less (7.1 and 13.4 percents respectively).The dynamics of the fallen litter was shown as a curve of two-peak pattern which appeared in April and September each year.The half-life of the litter was 1.59 years.The decay rate of the litter attenuted as an exponential function.The annual amount of the nutrient returned to the ground through the litter was as large as 223.69kg ha^-1.The total current amount of the litter on the ground was 7.47t ha^-1.The decay rate in the first half of a year was 45.18 percent.This ecosystem remained in the stage of litter increasing with time.     

长白山地区不同植被下土壤酸度状况

The acidity regimes of representative soils on the north slope of the Changbai Mountains were examined through determinations of pH and pCa of the soil paste as well as in-situ determinations,For soils under broad-leaf forest or broad-leaf-Korean pine forest,the pH decreased from the litte to lower layers gradually until it did not change or decreased further slightly .For soils under coniferous of Erans birch forest,ther was a minimum in pH at a depth of 3-6 cm where the content of humus was high,The pCa increased gradually from the soil surface downward to a constant value.The lime potential(pH-0.5pCa) showed a similar trend as the pH in its distribution.For a given soil,the measured pH value of the thick paste,ranging from 4.5 to 5.5,was lower by about 0.5 units than the value determined by the conventional method with a water to soil ratio of 5:1 ,The pH determined in situ was even lower.It was found that there was a firly close relationship between soil acidity and the type of vegetation.The pH showed a trend of decreasing from soils under broda-leaf forest through broad-leaf-conifer mixed rorest and coniferos forest to Ermans birch forest,and the pCa showed an opposite trend in variation.     

不饱和土壤中可溶性甲醇迁移过程模拟

A combined model of solute transport and water flow was developed to simulate the migration of methanol, a soluble organic chemical, in unsaturated soil zone. The solute transport equation considered convective-dispersive transport in the liquid phase as well as diffusion in the gas phase. The effect of rainfall and evapotranspiration on transport was considered at the boundary conditions of the governing equations. Data on the characteristics of a loam soil and the climatic conditions in southern California were also introduced to compare the results with those from a study in the USA in which the profiles of methanol distribution and water content in the soil zone at different times had been depicted. This comparison showed that there was good agreement between the two studies. The results showed that methanol contamination reached a depth of about 250 cm after 8 760 h. In contrast, if rainfall and evapotranspiration were not considered, the depth was only about 140 cm. The model therefore confirmed that rainfall strongly affected solute transport.     

Salt-Water Dynamics in Soils: II. Effect of Precipitation on Salt-Water Dynamics

Through a simulation test carried out with soil columns (61.8cm in diameter),the effect of precipitation on salt-water dynamics in soils was studied by in-situ monitoring of salt-water dynamics using soil salinity sensors and tensioneters.The results show that in the profile of whole silty loam soil,the surface runoff volume due to precipitation and the salt-leaching role of infiltrated precipitation increased with the depth of ground water;and in the profile with an intercalated bed of clay or with a thick upper layer of clay,the amount of surface runoff was greater but the salt-leaching role of precipitation was smaller than those in the profile of whole silty loam soil.In case of soil water being supplemented by precipitation,the evaporation of groundwater in the soil columns reduced,resulting in a great decline of salt accumulation from soil profile to surface soil.The effect of precipitation on the water regime of soil profile was performed via both water infiltration and water pressure transfer.The direct infiltration depth of precipitation was less than 1m in general,but water pressure transfer could go up to groundwater surface directly.     

鄂尔多斯高原脉冲降雨对油蒿灌丛群落土壤碳排放的影响

Precipitation is the major driver of ecosystem functions and processes in semiarid and arid regions. In such water-limited ecosystems, pulsed water inputs directly control the belowground processes through a series of soil drying and rewetting cycles. To investigate the effects of sporadic addition of water on soil CO₂ efflux, an artificial precipitation event (3 mm) was applied to a desert shrub ecosystem in the Mu Us Sand Land of the Ordos Plateau in China. Soil respiration rate increased 2.8-4.1 times immediately after adding water in the field, and then it returned to background level within 48 h. During the experiment, soil CO₂ production was between 2 047.0 and 7 383.0 mg m^-2. In the shrubland, soil respiration responses showed spatial variations, having stronger pulse effects beneath the shrubs than in the interplant spaces. The spatial variation of the soil respiration responses was closely related with the heterogeneity of soil substrate availability. Apart from precipitation, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen pool were also identified as determinants of soil CO₂ loss in desert ecosystems.     

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION IN CHINA

Hydrologic Effect of Canopy Layer of Typical Vegetation in Ecological Rehabilitation Region in the Upper stream of Huangqian Reservoir
CHENG Chuan-min WANG Hua-wei CHEN He-nan（ 1. Tai＇ an Soil and Water Conservation Ecological Monitoring Station, Tai＇ an, Shandong 271000, China; 2. Forestry School of Shandong Agricuhural University, Tai＇ an, Shandong 271018, China）
It studies the hydrological effect of canopy layer of typical vegetation type in the ecological rehabilitation region of soil and water conservation in the upper stream of Huangqian Reservoir in Tai＇ an City of Shandong Province, by using the principle of forest hydrology and water balance and the method of fixed sample plot. The outcomes show that （1）under the conditions of P = 18 mm, the sequence of the canopy interception of different trees in the ecological rehabilitation region is Pinus tabulaeformis 〉 Pinus densiflora 〉 Platycladus orientalis 〉 Quercus acutissima 〉 Robinia pseudoacacia, but the similar law has not been found in the amount of stemflow and the throughfall in forest area, and the canopy interception of the coniferous forest is greater than that of the broadleaf forest.     

Effects of Chinese Fir,Loblolly Pine and Deciduous Oak Forests on Nutrient Status of Soils in Northern Subtropics of China

This paper deals with a study on the effects of Chinese fir,lobolly pine and deciduous oak forests o the nutrient status of soils in northern subtropics of China,adopting the principle of forest ecology in the case of similar climate and soil type.The experimental area was situated in the Xiashu Experimental Centre of Forest,where the soil is yellow-brown soil derved from siliceous slope wash.Sample plots of these 3 stands were established to study the nutrient status in litter ,the amount of nutrient uptake by roots,the quantity of nutrient output by percolating water outside the deep layer of soil,and the seasonal dynamics of available nutrient in surface soil.It was whown that the intensity of nutrient cycling in soil under deciduous oak was the highest,and the effect of oak in improving soil fertility was the best.The result of improving soil fertility by Chinese fir was the most inferior,though the intensity of nutrient cycling under that stand was higher than that under loblolly pine stand.The influence of loblolly pine on the improvement of soil fertility was better than that of Chinese fir,in spite of its lowest intensity of nutrient cycling.     

中国东南部红壤地区不同植被对土壤侵蚀和土壤养分的影响

The effect of different vegetation systems including bamboo plantation (BP), forest ecosystem (CF), citrus orchard (Ctr) and farmland (FL) on erosion and nutrients of red soil were investigated in hilly region of southeastern China to find effective control measures for soil erosion. The results showed that all the vegetation systems could significantly reduce soil erosion and nutrient losses compared to bare land (Br). The ability of different vegetation systems to conserve soil and water was in the order of Ctr > BP > CF > FL > Br. Vegetation could also improve soil fertility. The soil organic matter, total N and total P contents were much higher in all the vegetation systems than in bare land, especially for the top soils. Vegetation systems improved soil physical properties remarkably. Compared to the bare land, soil organic matter, TP, TK and available K, especially soil microbial biomass C, N and P, increased under all the vegetation covers. However, they were still much lower than expected, thus these biological measurements are still needed to be carried out continuously.     

Long-term (42 years) effect of thinning on soil CO2 emission in a mixed broadleaved-Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forest in Northeast China

Thinning is an important forest management practice that has great potential to influence regional soil carbon storage and dynamics.The present study measured soil respiration(RS,the efflux of CO2 emitted)and its two components(heterotrophic(RH)and autotrophic(RA)respiration)from soil 42 years after thinning in comparison to un-thinning(control).Autotrophic respiration was significantly greater in the thinning plot,approximately 44%higher compared to the control,while both RSand RHwere slightly,but not significantly,higher in the thinning plot.Higher fine root biomass might have contributed to the higher RAin the thinning plot.Both RSand RHshowed clear soil temperature-dependent seasonal patterns,whereas RAwas less responsive to changes in temperature,especially within one specific season.The annual and season-specific temperature sensitivities of RSand RHwere lower in the thinning plot,specifically during the mid-growing season.Furthermore,variations in the season-specific temperature sensitivity of RSand RHwere less intense in the thinning plot.We conclude that forest thinning can reduce the temperature sensitivity of RSand RHduring the mid-growing season and increase soil CO2 emission in the long term.     

Salt—Water Dynamics in Soils：Ⅲ.Effect of Crop Planting

Through a simulation test conducted with soil columns (61.8cm in diameter) in field condition,effect of crop planting upon the regulation of salt-water dynamics in soils was studied by monitoring of salt-water dynamics in situ,using soil salinity sensors and tensiometers.The results indicated that the amount of water absorbed by crops from the soil was generally larger than the decrement of water consumption from soil surface evaporation reduced by the crop covering the soil surface and improving the soil structure,therefore,under the conditions of crop growing and non-irrigation,water content in soil profile was less than that without crop growing,and the gradient of negative pressure of soil water in soil profile especially in the root zone was enlarged,thus causing the water flowing from subsoils into root zone and increasing the groundwater moving upwards into soil layer via capillary rise,so that the groundwater evaporation increased.Consequently,under the condition of crop growing,the salt was mainly accumulated towards the root zone rather than to the top soil.the accumulating rate of salt in groundwater via capillary rise of soil water to subsoils was increased thereby.     

Redistribution process of precipitation in ecological restoration activity of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica in Mu Us Sandy Land,China

Precipitation is the most important water resource in semi-arid regions of China. The redistribution of precipitation among atmospheric water, soil water and groundwater are related to the land surface afforested ecological system. The study took widely replanted Pinus sylvestris var. Mongolica (PSM) in Mu Us Sandy Land (MUSL) as a research object and monitored precipitation, soil moisture, sap flow, and deep soil recharge (DSR) to find out moisture distribution in shallow soil layers. Results showed that the restoration process of PSM in MUSL changed the distribution of precipitation, with part of it infiltrating downward as DSR and part of it being stored in the shallow soil. Consequently, evapotranspiration increased and DSR significantly decreased, resulting in up to 466.9 mm of precipitation returning to the atmosphere through evapotranspiration in 2016. Vegetation increased soil water storage (SWS) capacity, with maximum SWS in PSM plot and bare sandy land (BSL) being 260 mm and 197 mm per unit horizontal area, respectively in 2016. DSR decreased from 54% of precipitation in the BSL plot to 0.2% of precipitation in the PSM plot in 2016. A great portion of infiltrated water was stored in the PSM ecosystem, resulting in a time lag of infiltration to reach the deep soil layer, and the infiltration rate in the BSL plot was 11 times of that in the PSM plot. SWS decreased 16 mm and 7.6 mm per unit horizontal area over a one-year period (from March to October, non-freezing time) in 2017 and 2019, respectively. The PSM annual sap flow was maintained at a relatively constant level of 154 mm/yr. Through in-situ measurement and comparative analysis of the precipitation redistribution of the BSL plot and the PSM plot, we find that PSM can significantly reduce the shallow soil water storage and DSR. However, substantial reduction of shallow soil water storage and DSR is detrimental for the long-term development of PSM forest. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce PSM density to cut the water consumption by PSM per unit area, thus to augment the shallow SWS and DSR, which will be beneficial for the PSM to survive under extreme drought conditions in the future. This study helps us understand the role of precipitation-induced groundwater recharge in the process of vegetation restoration in semi-arid regions and explains the possible causes of PSM forest degradation.     

岷江上游油松与华山松人工混交林对降雨的截留分配效应

人工油松与华山松混交林是岷江上游区域主要的群落类型，采用水量平衡的方法，研究了混交林林冠截留量、穿透量、树干茎流量等指标。通过混交林对24场降雨分配的定位观测，结果表明林冠截留量83．47mm、穿透量81．43mm、茎流量2．00mm，分别占同期降雨量的50．o％，48．8％，1．2％；幂函数方程能较好地拟合林冠截留量与林外降雨量之间的关系，而线性方程能较好地拟合穿透雨量、树干茎流量和林外降雨量之间的关系。结果表明恢复重建后的人工油松与华山松混交林生态系统在水源涵养、水土保持上效果明显。     

温带森林磷沉降-水系统输出-迁移动态特征及对土壤磷影响

采用对比和分析的方法,研究了黑龙江省带岭凉水国家级自然保护区温带森林生态系统磷沉降、溪流、河流和渗透水输出磷含量动态特征,以及磷沉降和水系统磷输出对红松人工林、落叶松人工林、椴树红松混交林、枫桦红松混交林和白桦次生林5种林型土壤全磷和有效磷的影响。结果表明,研究区域通过降雨产生的年磷沉降量约为0.888 kg hm-2,7月除红松人工林外,其他4个林型穿透雨磷浓度均高于大气降雨的磷浓度。7月枫桦红松林、8月白桦次生林和红松人工林A层土壤渗透水磷浓度低于林内雨磷浓度,表层土壤对穿透雨中磷有固定作用。在凉水自然保护区森林生态系统内,森林系统内小溪流、凉水河和凉水森林系统外永翠河水磷浓度均较林外降雨及穿透降雨磷浓度高,表现为永翠河水>土壤A层渗透水>凉水河>小溪>穿透雨>大气降雨。表明土壤中部分磷素通过地表径流和壤中流流出森林生态系统,并汇集于林中小溪,最后进入河流,造成磷在小溪和河流中的富集。大气磷沉降、森林水系统磷输出均与椴树红松林A0层土壤全磷含量呈显著负相关,与红松人工林B层土壤全磷含量呈极显著正相关,与落叶松人工林A0层土壤有效磷含量呈极显著正相关。     

黄前水库上游生态修复区典型植被林冠层水文效应

利用森林水文与水量平衡原理,采用固定标准地方法,对山东省泰安市黄前水库上游水土保持生态修复区典型植被类型的林冠层水文效应进行了研究。结果表明:①在P=18 mm的降雨条件下,生态修复区内不同树种林冠对降雨截留量的排序为油松>赤松>侧柏>麻栎>刺槐,树干径流量和林内穿透雨量没有发现有类似的规律,针叶林比阔叶林的林冠截留量大。②不同造林密度对林冠截留量的影响总体趋势为造林密度越大林冠截留量越多,反之林冠截留量就越少;林内穿透雨量与林冠截留量的变化规律相反。③不同郁闭度林分与不同造林密度的林分对降雨的再分配规律相同。④不同混交方式的林分对降雨的截留量排序为松刺栎混交>油松>松栎混交>松刺混交>麻栎>刺槐;树干径流量和林内穿透雨量的规律不明显。⑤生态修复区内典型植被林冠截留量在降雨量较小时(P=4.50 mm)截留作用很明显,林冠截留率较大;但随着雨量增加,树干径流量逐渐增大,林冠截留率呈减小趋势。     

六盘山半干旱区华北落叶松林土壤水分时空变化与影响因素

分析森林土壤湿度时空变异规律,研究植被蒸腾、林地蒸散和气象因子对土壤湿度的影响,对干旱地区的植被恢复、林水协调管理和植被生态水文功能提升都有重要意义。在宁夏六盘山北侧半干旱的叠叠沟小流域,建立了华北落叶松人工林标准样地,利用气象站、热扩散探针、微型蒸渗仪、时域反射仪等设备,同步监测了2013年7—10月的气象条件、林木蒸腾、林地蒸散、土壤湿度的动态变化,并分层(0—20,20—40,40—60,60—80cm)探讨了土壤湿度的主要影响因子。结果表明:(1)受随机降雨事件影响,土壤湿度呈现相应的脉冲性变化;整体而言,表层(0—20cm)土壤湿度(32.69%)较低,以下各层较高(40.00%左右);土壤湿度的变异程度随土层加深和降雨增大而逐渐减弱。(2)影响土壤湿度的主要气象因子为温度、饱和水汽压差和气压;林木蒸腾和林地蒸散与整个研究期间主根系层(0—60cm)土壤湿度的相关性显著。(3)土壤湿度与各因子的相关系数随土层加深而变小,在主根系层明显,在以下土层(60—80cm)不明显。综上可知,森林土壤湿度同时受降水输入和蒸散输出影响,各土层湿度的时间变化规律相似;但表层土壤的湿度低、变幅大,土壤湿度对影响因子的响应敏感性和变幅随土层加深而逐步缩小。     

Canopy and Soil Retention of Nitrogen Deposition in a Mixed Boreal Forest in Eastern Finland

Nitrogen deposition, leaching, and retention were monitored in a mature spruce (Picea abies Karsten) dominated mixed boreal forest in eastern Finland. Bulk precipitation, throughfall, stemflow, and percolation through the podzolic soil profile were monitored from 1993 to 1996. Mean annual bulk deposition of total N was 3.83 kg ha^-1, of which 33% was NH₄ ⁺, 26% was NO₃ ^- , and 41% was organic N. Throughfall+stemflow flux of total N was 2.93 kg ha^-1 yr^-1. Sixty-four % of NH₄ ⁺ and 38% of NO₃ ^- in bulk precipitation was retained by tre three canopy. Organic N was released (0.27 kg ha^-1 yr^-1) from the tree canopy. Nitrate-N was retained and organic N was leached as the water passed through the ground vegetation and soil O-horizon. Ammonium-N and organic N were retained mainly in the E-horizon. The output of total N from the E-horizon was only 5% of the total N deposition in the forest stand during the study period and it was mainly as organic N. The output of inorganic N forms from under B-horizon was seasonal and occurred mainly at spring snowmelt.     

中子探测仪在林地土壤水分研究中的应用

<正> 目前对土壤水分的研究可以分为两大类:一类是空间变异性问题,即对同一时刻不同位置的土壤水分特征值进行估计,另一类是时间变化问题,即对同一位置不同时刻的土壤水分特征值进行研究。 自1952年Gardner和Kirkham开创性地应用中子探测仪测定土壤水分的变化之后,中子探测仪成为比较通用的野外原状土壤含水量的探测仪器。该仪器能较准确地探测出土壤水分的时间变化过程,因此使得从短期内土壤水分平衡的角度来推算蒸发散量成为可能。 对于土壤性质的空间变异性研究,从本世纪初就已开始,特别是60年代以后,这方面的研究已进一步深入化。研究者们希望了解土壤特征参数在什么条件下才     

科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿群落生长季土壤水分动态和蒸散量估算

以流动沙丘和不同恢复年限的人工和天然小叶锦鸡儿群落为研究对象,从土壤水分平衡角度对小叶锦鸡儿群落生长季土壤水分动态和蒸散量进行了研究.结果表明,与天然小叶锦鸡儿群落的土壤含水量相比,人工小叶锦鸡儿群落内土壤含水量较低,且呈现出随植被生长发育年限的增加而不断减少的趋势;从土层垂直方向看,流动沙丘土壤含水量较稳定,6年生和天然小叶锦鸡儿群落土壤含水量大致随深度的增加而逐渐增加,但11年生和22年生小叶锦鸡儿群落土壤含水量基本呈下降趋势,绝大多数土层含水量均低于1.50%,水分状况较差;在生长季,人工植被区绝大部分的降雨都通过蒸散丧失,在时间分布上,各样地蒸散量呈现单峰型曲线模式.     

Acidification phenomena in beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests of Europe

When comparing the species composition of herb layers in loess beech forests of the Westphalian Bight (Northrhine-Westphalia, F.R. Germany) in the years 1976 and 1983, findings show that acidophilic plants tended to be favored during this period. Apart from many other factors, depositions have also been considered as causes for this. Where they should actually play a role, comparable locations having a higher acid deposition rate would have to show a stronger tendency towards acid-indicators than those having a lower one. It is the stemflow area of the beech tree (Fagus sylvatica L.) which attracts more precipitation than the rest of the forest area, on account of its infundibular treetop. Furthermore, stemflow water from Fagus sylvatica exhibits a higher degree of acidity than rain dripping from the treetop. Thus, the stemflow area as an area with higher acidic incidence may be compared with the normal forest area displaying minor acidic incidence. Findings from all the surveys so far conducted in Middle Europe show that soil pH recorded in the stemflow area is distinctly lower, and that there are less base- and weak acid-indicators but correspondingly more (strong) acid-indicators, than in “normal” forest soil. It must be noted that the phenomena observed need not be due to acidic precipitation. They could as well be attributable to a special feature pertaining to the stemflow area of the beech as specifically natural phenomena. In the event of natural causes being detected, these would have to be observable in the overall growth area of the beech. In Southern Europe, however, we did not find any indication whatsoever for acidification of the stemflow area. This phenomenon appears to be restricted to Central European regions affected by higher pollution.     

滇中三种典型人工林群落结构与土壤侵蚀关系研究

以云南松，直干桉，直干桉－黑荆三种人工森群落对象，对不同植物群落结构与土壤侵蚀的关系进行了研究，结果表明，在三种人工林群落中，直干桉－黑荆混交林群落和云南松植物群落具有较强的控制径流和土壤侵蚀的能力，直干桉人工林群落控制能力较差，在相同坡度和降雨条件下，有机质含量，乔木层盖度，树冠截留量，建群种平均材积，枯落物凋落量，水稳性团粒百分比等因子数值大，土壤侵蚀量小，乔木树种的生物学特征特性也有差异。