稻田土壤不同水分条件下硝化/反硝化作用及其功能微生物的变化特征

以湖南桃源县一长期种植水稻的酸性土壤为研究对象,在微宇宙培养条件下设置了4个水分梯度处理,分别为田间持水量(water holding capacity,WHC)的30%、60%、90%和淹水2 cm深.考察了水分条件变化对硝化和反硝化作用影响,并结合定量PCR和限制性末端片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)技术研究了硝化-反硝化微生物的响应特征.结果表明,30%WHC处理土壤无明显的硝化和反硝化作用发生,硝化作用主要发生于60%WHC和90%WHC处理土壤,90%WHC处理土壤硝化作用明显强于60%WHC,并检测到明显的N2O释放,表明该水分条件可能发生了硝化-反硝化耦合作用.淹水处理土壤氧化还原势Eh显著低于非淹水处理土壤,无明显的硝化作用发生,但能检测到N2O释放且释放量小于90%WHC处理土壤.除培养初期(7 d)外,反硝化功能基因nirS和nirK,以及氨氧化细菌(AOB)amoA基因的丰度先随着水分增加而增加,并在淹水处理中小幅下降,三者之间呈明显的正相关关系,且AOB amoA、nirS和nirK基因丰度均在90%WHC处理中最高,与该处理中硝化和反硝化活性最高相一致.T-RFLP结果表明,培养2周后,nirS基因为代表的反硝化微生物群落组成对水分梯度变化产生明显响应,Eh和含水率Cw是影响其群落组成的主要因子.     

除草剂对氮肥反硝化损失与N2O排放的影响

在华北平原潮土上,采用原状土柱培养乙炔抑制法研究玉米地氮肥反硝化损失和N2O排放量以及喷施3种除草剂(乙莠、丁莠和旱锄)的影响.结果表明,氮肥的反硝化损失量为2.66kgN/hm2,占施肥量的1.77%;氮肥产生的N2O排放量为3.14kgN/hm2,占施氮量的2.09%,反硝化不是该地区旱作系统氮肥损失的主要途径,但氮肥的施用大大增加N2O排放量.喷施除草剂显著或极显著降低氮肥的N2O排放量和反硝化损失量,比单施尿素处理分别降低2.01~2.85kgN/hm2和2.56~3.16kgN/hm2.     

Sources of nitrous and nitric oxides in paddy soils：Nitrification and denitrification

Rice-paddies are regarded as one of the main agricultural sources of N 2O and NO emissions. To date, however, specific N2O and NO production pathways are poorly understood in paddy soils. ^15N-tracing experiments were carded out to investigate the processes responsible for N2O and NO production in two paddy soils with substantially different soil properties. Laboratory incubation experiments were carried out under aerobic conditions at moisture contents corresponding to 60% of water holding capacity. The relative importance of nitrification and denitrification to the flux of NaO was quantified by periodically measuring and comparing the enrichments of the N2O, NH~-N and NO3-N pools. The results showed that both N2O and NO emission rates in an alkaline paddy soil with clayey texture were substantially higher than those in a neutral paddy soil with silty loamy texture. In accordance with most published results, the ammonium N pool was the main source of N2O emission across the soil profiles of the two paddy soils, being responsible for 59.7% to 97.7% of total N2O emissions. The NO3-N pool of N2O emission was relatively less important under the given aerobic conditions. The rates of N2O emission from nitrification （N2On） among different soil layers were significantly different, which could be attributed to both the differences in gross N nitrification rates and to the ratios of nitrified N emitted as NzO among soil layers. Furthermore, NO fluxes were positively correlated with the changes in gross nitrification rates and the ratios of NO/N2O in the two paddy soils were always greater than one （from 1.26 to 6.47）. We therefore deduce that, similar to N2O, nitrification was also the dominant source of NO in the tested paddy soils at water contents below 60% water holding capacity.     

Effect of fertilizer and water content on N2O emission from three plantation soils in South China

Introduction Nitrousoxide(N2O)isoneofthemostimportantgreen housegases,whichcontributestoglobalwarmingand consumptionofO3inthestratosphere(Breuer,2000,Solomon,1999).N2Oconcentrationincreasesatarateof0.25%peryear,57%ofwhichisderivedfromthesoildue tonitrific…     

放牧对草原十壤N2O产生及微生物的影响

利用AIM乙炔抑制法 ,首次测试了我国内蒙古放牧和非放牧羊草草原土壤N2 O产生的微生物过程 ;通过分析不同类型草原土壤N2 O产生的微生物过程和相关微生物菌群的季节变化 ,研究了放牧行为对于草原土壤N2 O微生物产生过程的影响 .放牧行为改变了土壤结构 ,有利于土壤微生物反硝化作用的发生 ,在一定程度上降低了草原土壤N2 O的排放 .揭示了内蒙古草原土壤N2 O产生是以异养硝化作用过程为主的微生物过程 ,解释了内蒙古典型草原土壤N2 O通量较低和其季节变化的微生物学机理     

亚洲地区稻田N2O排放影响因子统计模拟分析

关于稻田N2O排放大样本统计分析大多只涉及水分因子和肥料因子,本研究收集历年亚洲稻田N2O排放资料和更多影响因子(水分管理、肥料类型及用量、土壤属性、气候和水稻类型等)的相关信息,从中筛选出具有统计学意义的因子,构建排放通量和上述因子的统计模型.具有统计学意义的因子包括不同水分管理措施、肥料用量、不同有机肥类型、不同p...     

Effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrous oxide emission in a sandy loam soil

To understand the effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and N fertilizer on N2O emission in the North China Plain, a laboratory incubation at different temperatures and soil moistures were carried out using soils treated with organic manure （OM）, half organic manure plus half fertilizer N （HOM）, fertilizer NPK （NPK）, fertilizer NP （NP）, fertilizer NK （NK）, fertilizer PK （NK） and control （CK） since 1989. Cumulative N2O emission in OM soil during the 17 d incubation period was slightly higher than in NPK soil under optimum nitrification conditions （25℃ and 60% water-filled pore space, WFPS）, but more than twice under the optimum denitrification conditions （35℃ and 90% WFPS）. N2O produced by denitrification was 2.1-2.3 times greater than that by nitrification in OM and HOM soils, but only 1.5 times greater in NPK and NP soils. These results implied that the long-term amendment of organic manure could significantly increase the N2O emission via denitrification in OM soil as compared to NPK soil. This is quite different from field measurement between OM soil and NPK soil. Substantial inhibition of the formation of anaerobic environment for denitrification in field might result in no marked difference in N2O emission between OM and NPK soils. This is due in part to more rapid oxygen diffusion in coarse textured soils than consumption by aerobic microbes until WFPS was 75% and to low easily decomposed organic C of organic manure. This finding suggested that addition of organic manure in the tested sandy loam might be a good management option since it seldom caused a burst of N2O emission but sequestered atmospheric C and maintained efficiently applied N in soil.     

不同有机物料对土壤N2O排放的影响与调控

通过向土壤施加15N标记的莴笋残体(处理R)、废纸浆(处理P)及二者混合物(处理RP),并利用不同的压力使其成为3种不同容重处理的土壤样本,进行密闭培养,定时测定土壤N2O排放量及土壤溶液中NO3-与NH4 的动态变化,以探讨N_2O的产生与调控机制.结果表明,8d N2O释放量为R处理最大,RP处理其次,P处理最小.短期内(8d)R处理N2O释放最大量为空白对照(CK)的15倍,增加了土壤反硝化作用;P处理在同期内不能增加N2O释放量,证明这种废纸浆可少量(<2.5%)施用于农田中.RP与CK、P处理比较,可以刺激微生物活性和增加土壤反硝化作用;与R处理相比较,可以增加氮的固定.增加有机质的添加量使同一容重水平的RP处理N2O释放量高于R处理.70%的土壤样本随容重增加N2O释放量增加.土壤容重的增加同时影响了废纸浆的分解速率和土壤溶液中NO3-与NH4 浓度.     

黄绵土N2O排放的水分效应及动力学特征

通过室内模拟试验,研究湿度对西北地区黄绵土N2O排放的影响.结果表明:在试验温度下,随着土壤湿度增加,土壤N2O捧放量增加;但土壤孔隙含水量(WFPS)为20.67%时例外.此时黄绵土对空气中N2O有吸附现象,即在低含水量时,黄绵土有可能是N2O的汇.在试验设计的土壤湿度范围内,15℃条件下土壤N2O排放的最大水分效应区间在49.18%～57.86%(WFPS)之间,20℃条件下在38.14%～49.18%(WFPS)之间,25℃、30℃和35℃时累积量湿区在20.67%～38.14%(WFPS)之间,即随着温度的升高,N2O的最大水分效应区间提前.土壤N2O累积排放量(y)动力学曲线符合修正的Elovich方程(P<0.01),随着湿度的增加,表观排放速率(b)增大,25℃、300C和35℃时,N2O初始排放量(a)也随着湿度增加而增大;15℃、20℃和25℃时,土壤湿度(20.67%～57.86%WFPS)对农田土样N2O排放总量的作用表现为线性关系,30℃和35℃时表现为对数关系.     

N2:O emissions from a cultivated Andisol after application of nitrogen fertilizers with or without nitrification inhibitor under soil moisture regime

IntroductionNitrousoxide (N2 O)isoneoftheenvironmentallyimportanttracegases ,currentlyaccountingfor 2 %—4 %oftotalGreenhouseWarmingPotential (GWP ) .Itisalsoinvolvedinthedepletionofstratosphericozone .SoilhasbeenknownasthemajorsourceofN2 O ,accountingfor 6 5 %oftotalglobalemissions(Prather,1995 ) .Thus,reducingN2 Oemissionsfromsoilsisamaintaskfortheprotectionoftheglobalatmosphere .N2 Oisproducedastheresultofsoilmicrobialprocesses ,primarillybynitrification ,whentheoxidationhappensofNH+…     

盐碱区不同开发年限水田温室气体排放规律及影响因素

以吉林省前郭盐碱水田区为研究对象,采用野外采样和小区试验相结合的方法,监测水稻生长期土壤温室气体(CH4和N2O)排放、土壤p H和土壤有机碳(SOC)变化,分析水田温室气体排放规律及其影响因素.结果表明,水田N2O排放季节变化特征明显并呈现3个峰值,肥料的施入提供了更多的反应底物,对水田N2O的排放量影响显著.在淹水条件下,N2O的主要来源于反硝化过程,而排水后,硝化作用则占据了主导地位.CH4排放呈现单峰,在水稻生长旺盛的分蘖期,稻田较深水层以还原环境为主,为产生CH4的微生物提供了适宜的条件,进而导致CH4排放呈高峰值;土壤p H对N2O和CH4排放的影响不明显,但土壤SOC含量与CH4的排放规律呈现显著正相关.     

不同水分管理方式下水稻生长季N2O排放量估算:模型建立

我国水稻生产中往往采用多种水分管理方式,如持续淹水、淹水-烤田-淹水和淹水-烤田-淹水-湿润灌溉等. 水分管理方式的不同会引起水稻生长季N₂O排放的显著变化. 本研究收集和整理了2005年以前17篇国内外文献报道的有关我国稻田N₂O季节排放通量的71组田间原位测定资料,每组资料包括稻田氮肥施用的种类和施用量、水分管理方式、N₂O季节排放量等数据,旨在建立不同水分管理方式下水稻生长季N₂O直接排放量的估算模型. 分析结果表明,持续淹水稻田N₂O季节排放量与施氮量无明显相关关系,在淹水-烤田-淹水和淹水-烤田-淹水-湿润灌溉的水分管理方式下,两者呈极显著线性正相关关系. 持续淹水稻田N₂O季节排放总量相当于施氮量的0.02%. 基于普通最小二乘法（OLS）分析技术建立的线性回归模型估算结果表明,淹水-烤田-淹水的水分管理方式下稻田肥料氮的N₂O排放系数为0.42%,但N₂O季节背景排放量不显著. 在淹水-烤田-淹水-湿润灌溉的水分管理方式下,水稻生长季肥料N的N₂O排放系数和N₂O-N背景排放量分别为0.73%和0.79 kg·hm^-2. 残差分析和效能分析显示模型具有较好的适切性. 综合3种水分管理方式,我国稻田水稻生长季N的N₂O排放系数和N₂O-N背景排放量平均分别为0.54%和0.43 kg·hm^-2. 相对于旱作农田而言,水稻生长季肥料N的N₂O排放系数较低,意味着水稻生产较旱地作物可能更有利于减缓我国农业N₂O排放. 本研究建立的模型可以用于我国稻田水稻生长季N₂O直接排放量的估算.     

不同氮输入梯度下草甸沼泽土反硝化损失和N2O排放

在实验室培养条件下,设计N0,N1,N2,N3 4种氮输入梯度,净氮输入量分别为0,1,2 和5 mg/g,采用乙炔抑制技术,研究草甸沼泽土反硝化损失和N₂O排放. 结果表明:培养期间(23 d)N1,N2和N3梯度的N₂O排放速率平均值分别为12.55,7.59和4.04 μg/(kg·h),反硝化损失速率平均值分别为11.52,9.87和3.10 μg/(kg·h),二者均明显高于对照(N0)〔0.09和0.10 μg/(kg·h)〕;但高氮输入(N2和N3梯度)会对N₂O排放速率和反硝化损失速率产生一定的抑制作用,且随着梯度增大而加强,差异达到显著水平(P<0.05). 24 h时土壤有机碳矿化速率随氮输入梯度升高而增大,表明氮输入初期能对土壤有机碳矿化产生激发效应;但在整个培养期,有机碳矿化速率却随氮输入增加而降低,表明只有适当的氮输入才能促进土壤有机碳矿化,过量氮输入反而会对其产生抑制作用.      

Effects of cultivation on N2O emission and seasonal quantitative variations of related microbes in a temperate grassland soil

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｎｉｔｒｏｕｓｏｘｉｄｅ (Ｎ2 Ｏ)ｉｓａｖｅｒｙｒａｄｉｏａｃｔｉｖｅｌｙａｃｔｉｖｅｇｒｅｅｎｈｏｕｓｅｇａｓ,ａｌｓｏｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅｄｅｐｌｅｔｉｏｎｏｆｏｚｏｎｅｌａｙｅｒｏｆｓｔｒａｔｏｓｐｈｅｒｅ .ＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＮ2 Ｏｍａｉｎｌｙｏｒｉｇｉｎａｔｅｄｆｒｏｍｎｉｔｒｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｄｅｎｉｔｒｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｅｒｒｅｓｔｒｉａｌｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ.Ｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍ ,ａｃｃｏｕｎ…     

Effect of temperature and moisture on soil organic carbon mineralization of predominantly permafrost peatland in the Great Hing’an Mountains, Northeastern China

Boreal peatlands represent a large global carbon pool.The relationships between carbon mineralization,soil temperature and moisture in the permafrost peatlands of the Great Hing'an Mountains,China,were examined.The CO2 emissions were measured during laboratory incubations of samples from four sites under different temperatures(5,10,15,and 20°C) and moisture contents(0%,30%,60%,100% water holding capacity(WHC) and completely water saturated).Total carbon mineralization ranged from 15.51 to 112.92 mg C under the treatments for all sites.Carbon mineralization rates decreased with soil depth,increased with temperature,and reached the highest at 60% WHC at the same temperature.The calculated temperature coefficient(Q10) values ranged from 1.84 to 2.51 with the soil depths and moisture.However,the values were not significantly affected by soil moisture and depth for all sites due to the different peat properties(P 0.05).We found that the carbon mineralization could be successfully predicted as a two-compartment function with temperature and moisture(R2 0.96) and total carbon mineralization was significantly affected by temperature and moisture(P 0.05).Thus,temperature and moisture would play important roles in carbon mineralization of permafrost peatlands in the Great Hing'an Mountains,indicating that the permafrost peatlands would be sensitive to the environment change,and the permafrost peatlands would be potentially mineralized under future climate change.     

氮肥水平对不同土壤N2O排放的影响

鉴于N2O排放量占施用氮肥量的比例即N2O排放系数还有很大不确定性,室外盆栽试验于2002-2003年选取3个供试土壤.各土壤没置对照和低、中、高氮肥水平,全年施尿素量(以N计)分别为334、670和1 004 kg/hm2.结果表明,水稻生长季,各个土壤的N2O累积排放量与其对照相比的增加量在低、中、高氮肥水平间无明显差异;而小麦生长季,随氮肥施用量增加,各个土壤的N2O累积排放量与其对照相比的增加量在3种氮肥水平之间的差异显著.整个稻麦轮作系统,随氮肥用量的增加明显促进麦田N2O的排放.无论水稻或小麦生长季,对照3个土壤的N2O累积排放量并无显著差异,F土壤(江苏溧水)、G土壤(江苏涟水)和H土壤(江苏农科院)的N2O累积排放量,在水稻生长季分别为168、127和146 ms/m2;小麦生长季,分别为134、124和168 mg/m2.在施氮肥后,3个土壤的N2O排放量出现差异,如在中氮水平下,小麦生长季.F土壤、G土壤和H土壤N2O累积排放量分别为976、744和626 mg/m2.稻麦轮作生长季内,在低氮与中氮2个水平下,不同土壤间N2O排放系数存在显著差异.以1个稻麦轮作周期为时间尺度,F土壤、G土壤和H土壤总的N2O排放系数分别为1.1%±0.23%、0.75%±0.17%和1.01%±0.11%,表明不同土壤对N2O排放系数的影响不同.     

冬闲水田土壤——一个重要的尚未确定的N2O释放源

通过对土壤N₂0生成机理和影响因素、冬闲田土壤中碳氮营养基质积累、N₂0强烈脉冲释放和冬闲田分布面积的分析,提出北半球热带－亚热带地区冬闲田可能是一个重要的尚未确定的N₂0释放源。粗略估计N₂0(以N₂0—N计)年释放量为0.75 Tg。      

水稻土裂缝的生成对N2O释放的影响

通过土柱试验模拟了3种水稻土从淹水到日渐变干过程中的N2O日变化和时变化规律.相同质地的粉质黏壤土青紫泥和黄斑田有相似的N2O日释放规律,区别于粉质壤土的小粉土.24h内开裂土壤青紫泥和黄斑田的释放高峰分别在14:00和凌晨2:00,未开裂的小粉土释放高峰仅在凌晨2:00.裂缝的产生使N2O释放高峰提前出现.在培养过程中开裂的青紫泥和黄斑田的N2O日排放通量与含水量之间存在显著的指数关系,而未开裂的小粉土则未呈现明显相关关系.在裂缝产生过程中,裂缝的平均体积与N2O日排放通量之间存在极显著的乘幂关系.裂缝的平均面积与N2O日排放通量存在显著的乘幂关系,裂缝的平均深度与N2O日排放通量之间呈显著的线性关系.     

不同水分管理方式下水稻生长季N_2O排放量估算:模型建立

我国水稻生产中往往采用多种水分管理方式,如持续淹水、淹水-烤田-淹水和淹水-烤田-淹水-湿润灌溉等. 水分管理方式的不同会引起水稻生长季N2O排放的显著变化. 本研究收集和整理了2005年以前17篇国内外文献报道的有关我国稻田N2O季节排放通量的71组田间原位测定资料,每组资料包括稻田氮肥施用的种类和施用量、水分管理方式、N2O季节排放量等数据,旨在建立不同水分管理方式下水稻生长季N2O直接排放量的估算模型. 分析结果表明,持续淹水稻田N2O季节排放量与施氮量无明显相关关系,在淹水-烤田-淹水和淹水-烤田-淹水-湿润灌溉的水分管理方式下,两者呈极显著线性正相关关系. 持续淹水稻田N2O季节排放总量相当于施氮量的0.02%. 基于普通最小二乘法(OLS)分析技术建立的线性回归模型估算结果表明,淹水-烤田-淹水的水分管理方式下稻田肥料氮的N2O排放系数为0.42%,但N2O季节背景排放量不显著. 在淹水-烤田-淹水-湿润灌溉的水分管理方式下,水稻生长季肥料N的N2O排放系数和N2O-N背景排放量分别为0.73%和0.79 kg·hm-2. 残差分析和效能分析显示模型具有较好的适切性. 综合3种水分管理方式,我国稻田水稻生长季N的N2O排放系数和N2O-N背景排放量平均分别为0.54%和0.43 kg·hm-2. 相对于旱作农田而言,水稻生长季肥料N的N2O排放系数较低,意味着水稻生产较旱地作物可能更有利于减缓我国农业N2O排放. 本研究建立的模型可以用于我国稻田水稻生长季N2O直接排放量的估算.     

不同稻秆处理方式下双季稻温室气体排放通量研究

通过田间试验研究了不同稻秆处理方式下(常规处理(移出稻田+NPK),直接还田(RS)+NPK,原位焚烧还田(BIS)+NPK)双季稻温室气体排放.结果表明,相对于常规处理,RS+NPK处理显著增加CH4排放与减少N2O排放,BIS+NPK处理降低水稻生长季稻田CH4;RS+NPK和BIS+NPK处理稻田N2O排放差异并不显著(P>0.05);早、晚稻秸秆焚烧过程中产生的CH4与焚烧处理田间CH4排放相当,焚烧过程产生的N2O分别为BIS+NPK处理早、晚稻生长季N2O排放总量的90.1%和53.4%,贡献极大.不同处理温室效应表现为RS+NPK>NPK>BIS+NPK,单位产量的温室效应表现为秸秆直接还田处理最高,秸秆原位焚烧处理最低.