591例患者静脉用药不合理医嘱的原因分析

目的:分析2015年1—6月静脉用药调配中心(PIVAS)不合理医嘱的类型和原因,为静脉药物临床使用提供参考。方法:从2015年1—6月间PIVAS药师审核的146 747例患者医嘱中,统计和分析不合理医嘱用药的原因,如溶媒选择不当、溶媒量不合适、药物配伍禁忌和药物用法用量不适当。结果:591例患者不合理用药医嘱中溶媒选择不当占22.33%、溶媒量不合适占45.52%、药物配伍禁忌占6.77%和药物用法用量不适当占25.38%。结论:PIVAS审方药师对处方应认真审核、严格把关,以确保临床合理使用静脉药物。     

某院静脉药物配制中心124例患者常见不合理用药医嘱的原因分析及其解决对策

目的:分析医院静脉药物配制中心(PIVAS)不合理用药医嘱的原因及其解决对策。方法:选取2018年1月—6月期间PIVAS药师审核的用药医嘱,分析其不合理用药医嘱发生的原因并提出解决对策。结果:用药医嘱中经统计不合理用药医嘱124例,其中不合理的主要原因主要为溶媒选择不适宜(占58.87%)、溶媒剂量不适宜(占22.58%)、超剂量使用(占12.90%)、用药频次不适宜(占2.42%)、药品剂量不足(占1.61%)和药品选择不适宜(占1.61%)。结论:制定"超药物说明书用药管理"和"审方药师发现不合理医嘱后的处理流程"规范,以提高临床合理用药水平,确保患者用药安全。     

某院PIVAS的不合理用药情况分析

目的：分析静脉用药调配中心（pharmacy intravenous admixture services,PIVAS）不合理用药原因并提出改进的措施。方法：选取2021年2月—2022年2月PIVAS含有静脉输液内容的医嘱5 000份,分析其不合理原因,并提出改进措施。结果：PIVAS 5 000份静脉输液医嘱中,审查出不合理用药医嘱203份（占4.06%）;其不合理用药原因有溶媒选择不适宜、药物配伍不当、给药浓度不合理、给药次数不合理、使用剂量不合理、给药方式不合理和医嘱电脑输入错误,其中溶媒选择不适宜40份（占19.70%）、药物配伍不当17份（占8.37%）、给药浓度不合理29份（占14.29%）、给药次数不合理26条（占12.81%）、使用剂量不合理27条（占13.30%）、给药方式不合理58份（占28.57%）和医嘱电脑输入错误6份（占2.96%）。结论：医院PIVAS用药调配存在诸多不合理用药配方,应提高临床药师专业和审方能力,积极主动与临床医师沟通,以避免不合理用药调配、增强安全用药意识,确保PIVAS静脉用药的安全性。     

静脉用药调配中心前置审核与干预的不合理用药医嘱分析

目的:分析并确认静脉用药调配中心(pharmacy intravenous admixture service,PIVAS)前置审核干预不合理用药医嘱的主次因素,完善医嘱前置审核干预,规范合理用药。方法:采用分类统计和帕累托图法分析2018年9月至2019年8月福建医科大学附属漳州市医院PIVAS审核干预的6746条不合理静脉用药医嘱,根据医嘱的错误类型和所涉及的病区,均按ABC分类法分类,并对各类因素的典型案例进行分析。结果:对不合理用药医嘱的原因进行分析,A类主要因素类型有超剂量给药、配伍用药不适宜、用药频次不适宜,占比为71.4%;B类次要因素类型有溶媒品种和用量,占比为18.1%;C类一般因素类型有药品用法、规格不适宜,医嘱录入错误等,占比为10.5%。对不合理用药医嘱涉及的病区进行分析,A类主要因素所涉及病区有神经外科一、三病区,肝胆胰脾病区,胸心外科,胃小肠病区,占比为75.6%;B类次要因素所涉及病区有神经外科二病区和肿瘤放疗病区,占比为14%;C类一般因素所涉及病区有结直肠科、五官科、乳腺外科等,占比为10.4%。结论:审方药师通过对不合理静脉用药医嘱的分析与总结,提升了前置审核和干预能力,促进了合理用药。     

某院静脉药物配置中心儿科常用药物不合理医嘱分析

目的:对厦门大学附属第一医院静脉药物配置中心(PIVAS)儿科常用药物不合理医嘱进行回顾性分析,以促进临床合理用药。方法:通过医院信息系统和药师审方手册记录本对PIVAS 2019年第1季度和第4季度汇总的不合理用药医嘱进行回顾性分析,对不合理医嘱进行干预。结果:通过干预,不合理用药医嘱比例由3.17%下降到1.53%,不合理医嘱分类为溶媒规格选择不当、溶媒种类选择不当、药物浓度不当、配伍禁忌、药物剂量使用不当、用药禁忌、医嘱录入错误等。结论:PIVAS存在不合理用药现象,通过药师干预,可纠正不合理用药,保障患儿安全、合理、经济的药物治疗。     

某院982例静脉用药调配中心不合理医嘱的原因分析

目的:审核医院静脉用药调配中心(PIVAS)不合理医嘱,分析不合理医嘱的原因,促进临床合理用药。方法:抽取2016年1—6月间PIVAS输液医嘱996 560例,统计与分析其不合理的原因。结果:996 560例输液医嘱中,不合理医嘱982例占0.98‰,不合理输液医嘱的原因主要有录入电脑错误和药物配伍、药物剂量、药物浓度及所用溶媒的选择等问题。结论:PIVAS药师通过审核输液医嘱,及时发现并纠正了不合理医嘱的调配,促进了临床合理用药。     

某院PIVAS 669张不合理用药医嘱的原因分析及其对策

目的:分析医院静脉用药集中调配中心(PIVAS)不合理医嘱的用药原因及其对策,为促进临床合理用药提供参考.方法:收集医院2018年1月-2020年10月间PIVAS审方记录的2 492 981张医嘱,分析其医嘱用药的合理性以及不合理医嘱用药的原因.结果:2492 981张医嘱中,不合理用药医嘱有669张(占调配输液医嘱的0.268‰),其中不合理抗菌药物医嘱占不合理医嘱的10.31％;不合理医嘱中TOP3的病区有急诊内科、肿瘤科(20病区)和中医科;不合理用药类型TOP 3有溶媒用量不适宜、溶媒种类不适宜和给药频次不适宜;TOP3药品类别有消化系统用药、免疫调节剂和血液系统用药;不合理医嘱中涉及药品种数较多的类别有抗肿瘤药物、抗菌药物和消化系统药物;不合理医嘱中涉及的单品种药品为香菇多糖、卡络磺钠和氢溴酸山莨菪碱;克林霉素在不合理医嘱中列抗菌药物类别TOP 1.结论:PIVAS审方药师在确保患者静脉用药的有效性和安全性等方面发挥了重要作用,采用审方干预可确保患者静脉用药的安全性.     

PIVAS审方药师对不合理用药医嘱的干预与分析

目的：通过静脉药物配置中心（PIVAS）审方药师对吉林大学第一医院内科住院患者不合理医嘱的干预,以保证临床用药更加合理和患者用药更加安全。方法：以2016年5月-9月我院静脉用药集中调配中心内科医嘱作为研究对象,审方药师对不合理医嘱进行分析。结果：在2016年5月-9月,PIVAS内科医嘱共有1047581条,其中不合理医嘱381条,不合理率为0.04%;在不合理医嘱中,干预成功368条,干预成功率为96.59%。不合理医嘱的主要类型包括溶媒选择错误、溶媒用量错误、医嘱录入错误、药品用量错误、药品给药途径错误、配伍禁忌和药物相互作用。结论：我院应加强静脉用药的管理力度,审方药师应提升自身业务能力,有效干预不合理医嘱,保证患者用药合理、安全、有效。     

某院静脉药物配置中心不合理用药干预与分析

目的对广东省珠海市人民医院/暨南大学附属珠海医院不合理医嘱进行分析,为静脉安全用药提供依据。方法对2019年1-12月静脉药物配置中心(PIVAS)审方药师干预的不合理医嘱进行分析。结果2019年1-12月广东省珠海市人民医院/暨南大学附属珠海医院共审核83700份医嘱,干预的不合理医嘱924份,医师更改884份,干预成功率达95.67%;不合理医嘱类型主要包括频次不当、溶媒选择不当、剂量(浓度)不当、配伍不当、医嘱误录及给药途径不当等。结论PIVAS审方药师及时对不合理医嘱进行干预,对不合理医嘱进行分类统计,可有效避免静脉用药安全隐患。     

某院2011～2013年静脉药物配置中心不合理用药医嘱分析

目的分析该院2011～2013年静脉用药集中调配中心不合理用药医嘱,了解静脉药物配置中心（PIVAS）不合理用药医嘱现状及药师干预成效。方法收集整理该院PIVAS日常审方工作中不合理用药医嘱,并进行统计分析。结果该院PIVAS不合理用药医嘱的主要类型为：稀释浓度不当、溶媒选择不当、给药频次不当、药物配伍禁忌、给药剂量不当等;2011～2013年不合理用药医嘱的百分率分别为：0.0769%、0.0479%、0.0269%,呈逐年下降趋势。结论通过药师审核用药医嘱及有效干预,不合理用药医嘱减少,患者静脉用药的安全性得到了提高。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.     

Hyperkalaemia in patients in hospital

A survey of all laboratory blood specimens with a plasma potassium concentration greater than or equal to 5.5 mmol/L was conducted over a three month period. Of 331 specimens with hyperkalaemia, 71 were excluded because the specimens was haemolysed, old or contaminated. The laboratory served a population of 348,561 and during this time measured the plasma potassium on 25,016 occasions. Sixty-six outpatients and 20 neonates were not evaluated. The survey was undertaken on 86 of 102 inpatients (46 males), 48 of whom were over 66 years of age. Fifty-seven patients were admitted under a medical service and 29 under a surgical service. Fifty-nine had a single episode of hyperkalaemia. Thirty-two underwent a surgical procedure. The commonest contributing factor was impaired renal function which was present in 71 (83%) patients. Although a definitive causative role for drugs could be identified in only five patients, in 52 (60%) patients drugs were a contributing factor (potassium supplements 24, ACE inhibitors 16, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs 12). Thirty-five of the 86 (41%) patients died during their hospital admission. Nineteen of the 35 deaths occurred within three days of the hyperkalaemia being recorded. A normal plasma potassium was eventually documented in 50 of the 86 patients. Of the remaining 36 patients, 25 (69%) subsequently died. In general the treatment of patients with hyperkalaemia focused on identifying and treating the underlying cause. Hyperkalaemia must always be considered seriously and regard given to the overall clinical status of the patient, with particular attention to drug therapy, renal and cardiac function, acid base status and the possibility of sepsis.