超临界循环流化床锅炉垂直并联内螺纹管内两相流不稳定性的研究

针对600 MW超临界循环流化床(CFB)锅炉水冷壁管在低质量流速条件下的水动力特性,进行了垂直并联内螺纹管内两相流不稳定性的试验研究,得到了不同条件下的水动力特性曲线和压力降、密度波2种脉动的典型脉动曲线.在试验参数范围内,分析了系统压力、质量流速、进1:2过冷度和上游可压缩容积对两相流不稳定性的影响.根据试验结果,采用均相流模型得到了不稳定发生的界限关系式,为超临界CFB锅炉垂直并联内螺纹管水冷壁的设计与安全运行提供了依据.     

气泡尺寸对气缸盖沸腾换热的影响

在应用欧拉多相流模型仿真计算气液两相流沸腾换热时,离散相的气泡尺寸常常被看作常数,而实际上往往气泡具有不同的形状和尺寸,因此研究气泡尺寸大小对仿真计算结果的影响显得至关重要.以ANSYS Workbench为仿真计算平台,在计算流体动力学模块CFX中,用气液两相流沸腾换热计算模型,对不同气泡尺寸下柴油机气缸盖与冷却水腔所组成的流固耦合传热系统进行了整场离散、整场求解,得到了冷却水腔中气液两相流流场分布特性和气缸盖温度场分布,通过与试验结果的对比分析证明了计算模型的有效性.结果表明,在气泡尺寸大小为1,mm的情况下,仿真结果更接近试验结果,并且考虑气液两相流沸腾换热能够有效地降低气缸盖火力面排气道鼻梁区的最高温度,以此降低此处的热负荷.     

600MW超临界W火焰锅炉燃烧特性及水冷壁分布参数混合模拟

以东方锅炉600MW超临界W火焰锅炉为研究对象,从非预混燃烧、气相湍流、颗粒相轨道模型、辐射传热、煤粉挥发分燃烧等模型入手,运用计算流体力学软件FLUENT进行了计算流体力学(CFD)模拟,同时建立了炉膛水冷壁一维分布参数模型,将其得到的水冷壁温度分布作为CFD模拟的边界条件,通过两种模型的混合模拟,得到了更为准确的基础工况和变负荷工况下炉膛内温度场、流场、组分浓度场的分布特性,并分析了炉内煤粉燃烧规律的变化。     

直流锅炉水冷壁热敏感性的研究

针对锅炉扰动工况下水冷壁的安全问题,根据汽液两相流阻力分相流模型,建立了直流锅炉水冷壁热敏感系数定量计算表达式,基于C++Builder分析程序研制了水冷壁热敏感特性分析软件.对1 100 t/h直流锅炉水冷壁的热敏感系数进行了定量计算,并分析了热负荷、压力、质量流速等因素对流量敏感系数、压降敏感系数和出口焓敏感系数的影响规律.结果表明:在近临界压力区,锅炉热敏感性受外界扰动的影响最为剧烈.研究结果对防止水冷壁爆管,确保直流锅炉安全运行具有重要意义.     

600 MW超临界锅炉燃烧器区膜式水冷壁温度场的数值计算

基于有限元法对某电厂600 MW机组锅炉在不同超临界工况下燃烧器区膜式水冷壁的温度场进行了分析和计算.采用双线性四边形单元对水冷壁温度场进行剖分,分区段计算了向火侧的热流密度.依据水冷壁入口和出口工质的实际温度和压力,确定了管内工质温度及管内的对流换热系数,计算了超临界压力下不同工况的水冷壁温度分布,并对造成水冷壁超温的原因进行了分析.对计算结果与实测值进行了比较,误差很小.     

基于有限元数值模拟的超超临界锅炉水冷壁管温度分布研究

现场测试只能得到水冷壁向火侧顶点、背火侧顶点及管内工质温度这3个数据。为研究水冷壁管向火侧整体壁温与这3个点温度的关系,采用有限元数值模拟方法,在ABAQUS软件中建立水冷壁管三维模型,开发自定义传热系数和热负荷子程序,分别研究3个点温度约束与壁面热负荷载荷下水冷壁管温度场分布的差异。发现仅根据3个测试数据无法获得正确的温度场分布,必须提供壁面热负荷数值。借助已有热负荷分布特征,拟合获得了热负荷关于水冷壁管径向距离和向火侧顶点热负荷值的函数,经过试算得到了已知测试温度数据下的壁面热负荷。在该热负荷条件下,计算得到了正确的温度场分布,从而建立了向火侧外壁各点温度与顶点温度的函数。     

管壳式换热器壳侧气液两相流动和传热的数值模拟研究

采用数值模拟方法,使用FLUENT对管壳式换热器壳侧的两相流动及相变传热进行了模拟计算.根据壳侧流体流动特点,选定合适的湍流模型、两相流模型为混合物模型,并根据汽水转化公式编写了自定义函数UDF来描述相变过程质和量的传递.对管壳式换热器壳侧的流体介质换热发生相变并产生气液两相流动进行了三维的数值模拟研究.得到了管壳式换热器壳程的速度场、温度场、压力场及气液各相的分布情况,对壳侧气液两相流动及相变换热进行了分析.对具有相变情况下的管壳式换热器的结构设计起到参考指导作用.     

风电机组中两级齿轮传动系统动态温度响应与实验研究

为研究风电机组齿轮传动系统的动态温度场分布特性,以SQI风电机组传动系统实验平台中两级定轴齿轮箱为研究对象,综合考虑齿轮时变啮合刚度和轴承时变刚度对系统影响,采用有限元法并计入轴系柔性建立两级平行轴齿轮箱的齿轮-轴-轴承耦合系统动力学模型.依据传热学原理对热传导,对流换热等参数进行分析,运用有限元法对系统动态温度场进行...     

旋流燃烧室内煤粉多相湍流流动与燃烧的数值模拟

提出了考虑湍流-颗粒反应相互作用的颗粒随机轨道模型,以此为基础建立煤粉燃烧综合理论模型并应用于旋流燃烧室内煤粉多相湍流流动与燃烧的数值模拟.模拟结果给出了气相温度场、速度场与温度脉动均方根值分布、颗粒相温度场、速度场与表观密度场以及颗粒瞬时温度与质量随时间的变化.研究表明,考虑湍流-颗粒反应相互作用对气相与颗粒相温度场的模拟结果有一定的影响,使气相温度分布与实验数据更为接近.     

600MW超临界锅炉炉膛膜式水冷壁的热行为研究

建立了超临界锅炉膜式水冷壁温度场的有限元计算模型,系统地分析了管壁、鳍片、水垢和积灰厚度对水冷壁温度分布的影响.结果表明:在锅炉炉膛膜式水冷壁向火侧中心和鳍片中心的温度最高,且向火侧内、外壁面温差最大,为29 K;管壁厚度对B、C、D点温度影响较小,但对向火侧A点的温度影响较大,而鳍片厚度对管壁内温度影响较小;随着水垢厚度的增加、积灰厚度的减小,水冷壁向火侧温度基本上呈线性升高的变化趋势.     

System dynamics modelling of spring behaviour in the Orakeikorako geothermal field,New Zealand

System dynamics software STELLA is used to obtain mass and thermal balances of a spring in the Orakeikorako geothermal field, New Zealand, based on field measurements of water level, barometric pressure, rainfall and spring temperature. The model identifies the interactions of the principal influences on spring behaviour of rainfall, groundwater, geothermal steam and barometric pressure. The geothermal steam inflow estimated from the model, of about 0.022 kg/s, confirms the existence of a weak hydraulic connection with a deeper geothermal reservoir.     

Fouling in a Steam Cracker Convection Section Part 1: A Hybrid CFD-1D Model to Obtain Accurate Tube Wall Temperature Profiles

Abstract

To study fouling in steam cracker convection section tubes, accurate tube wall temperature profiles are needed. In this work, tube wall temperature profiles are calculated using a hybrid model, combining a one-dimensional (1D) process gas side model and a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) flue gas side model. The CFD flue gas side model assures the flue gas side accuracy, accounting for local temperatures, while the 1D process gas side model limits the computational cost. Flow separation in the flue gas side at the upper circumference of each tube suggests the need for a compartmentalized 1D approach. A considerable effect is observed. The hybrid CFD-1D model provides accurate tube wall temperature profiles in a reasonable simulation time, a first step towards simulation-based design of more efficient steam cracker convection sections.     

A model on water level dynamics in natural circulation drum-type boilers

A model for water level dynamics in the drum-riser-downcomer loop of a natural circulation drum-type boiler is presented. The model is based on basic conservation rules of mass, momentum, and energy, together with well-known constitutional equations. Steam–water mixture in a drum is divided into three sub-volumes; water, steam above and below water level, and a mass balance relation is applied to each sub-volume. The amount of steam under water level is predicted using two constitutional equations for condensation rate and rise velocity of steam. The constitutional equations entail uncertain values such as superficial velocity of water and average size of steam bubbles in a drum. The superficial velocity of water is assumed to be zero and its effect is compensated by a mechanistic model on movement of the water level. Average size of steam bubbles is assumed to be an arbitrary value and its effect on the dynamics is investigated through sensitivity analysis. The model enables one to investigate the water level dynamics for changes in steam demand and/or heating rate simply from basic design values. Simulation results are compared with those in the literature in which an empirical model for the steam bubble dynamics is employed. The presented model shows a reasonable prediction of water level for a change in steam demand.     

IF97公式在超临界汽轮机数值仿真中的应用研究

对IAPWS-IF97水和水蒸气公式在CFD中的应用进行了研究,利用UDF(User Defined Function)建立了全区域的水和水蒸气材料模型。22.8MPa、不同温度下水蒸气热力学参数的计算结果表明,该模型准确度高,适用的区域广。在此基础上,利用该水和水蒸气模型对圆管以及汽轮机高压缸中蒸汽和设备换热系数进行了计算,为汽轮机热流固耦合计算奠定基础。     

Structural model of Longkou oil shale kerogen and the evolution process under steam pyrolysis based on ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulation

ABSTRACT

The product distribution and reaction mechanism of steam pyrolysis of Longkou oil shale kerogen was researched by molecular dynamics simulation. Molecule structural model used in the simulation was constructed according to the analysis results of a series of detection about kerogen extracted from Longkou oil shale. Reactive force field molecular dynamics (ReaxFF MD) was used to simulate both steam pyrolysis and direct pyrolysis process of the kerogen at the temperature of 1600, 2000, 2400 and 2800 K. The results show that temperature is a critical factor affecting product distribution in steam pyrolysis, and 2000 K is a proper set temperature for studying steam pyrolysis via molecular simulation method. Besides that, adding the H₂O molecules during steam pyrolysis can form complexes with heterogeneous atoms, thus destroying the intermolecular interactions in kerogen. Moreover, as the hydrogen radicals come from H₂O molecules can inhibit cross-linking reactions between small fractions, it can reduce the average molecular weight of organic molecules product. These conclusions could be helpful for rational use of oil shale.     

某660MW超临界锅炉抽高温再热蒸汽加热一次风系统改造效果分析

通过介绍某660MW超临界锅炉抽高温再热蒸汽加热一次风系统改造,解决锅炉制粉系统干燥出力不足,一次风率偏高,主蒸汽温度偏低,水冷壁局部壁温超温等问题,对比改造前后锅炉运行数据,为以后存在相同问题的锅炉改造提供一定的依据。     

优化壁温计算模型及其在电站锅炉壁温在线监测中的应用

针对电站锅炉壁温在线监测以及炉内汽温和壁温计算的要求,对电站锅炉过热器和再热器炉内汽温和壁温的计算方法进行了优化,提出了炉内汽温和壁温的分段计算模型,对该计算模型涉及的辐射因数、角系数、辐射穿透率、沿炉膛宽度的偏差系数和沿屏高度的偏差系数进行了详细研究,并通过数值模拟对沿炉膛宽度的偏差系数和沿屏高度的偏差系数进行了优化和修正.结果表明:该模型可对锅炉过热器和再热器受热面各点温度进行实时计算,能满足电站锅炉壁温在线监测的要求.     

Mathematical modelling of the transient response of pipeline

Steam pipelines applied in power units operate at high pressures and temperatures. In addition, to stress from the pipeline pressure also arise high thermal stresses in transient states such as start-up, shutdown or a load change of the power unit. Time-varying stresses are often the cause of the occurrence of fatigue cracks since the plastic deformations appear at the stress concentration regions. To determine the transient temperature of the steam along the steam flow path and axisymmetric temperature distribution in the pipeline wall, a numerical model of pipeline heating was proposed. To determine the transient temperature of the steam and pipeline wall the finite volume method (FVM) was used Writing the energy conservation equations for control areas around all the nodes gives a system of ordinary differential equations with respect to time. The system of ordinary differential equations of the first order was solved by the Runge-Kutta method of the fourth order to give the time-temperature changes at the nodes lying in the area of the wall and steam. The steam pressure distribution along pipeline was determined from the solution of the momentum conservation equation. Based on the calculated temperature distribution, thermal stresses were determined. The friction factor was calculated using the correlations of Churchill and Haaland, which were proposed for pipes with a rough inner surface. To assess the accuracy of the proposed model, numerical calculations were also performed for the thin-walled pipe, and the results were compared to the exact analytical solution. Comparison of the results shows that the accuracy of the proposed model of pipeline heating is very satisfactory. The paper presents examples of the determination of the transient temperature of the steam and the wall.     

燃煤锅炉三维CFD数值模型水冷壁热边界条件设定方法

目前,燃煤锅炉三维CFD数值模拟中对炉膛水冷壁传热分布的预测大都基于给定的壁面温度边界条件。然而,此方法无法体现锅炉运行状态对壁面传热与壁温分布的影响。提出了一种基于锅炉烟气侧放热与汽水侧吸热间热平衡关系的壁面传热计算方法,并重点讨论了壁面传热系数的物理意义及取值方法。研究发现,壁面传热系数基本由壁面结渣状态决定,因此可根据壁面渣层的传热系数确定。本文方法将影响壁面传热的关键因素合理地体现在计算过程中,同时在模型复杂性与工程适用性之间保持了合理的平衡。采用此方法对一台320 MW锅炉的燃烧与传热分布进行了数值模拟,水冷壁吸热量的预测结果与锅炉运行数据吻合良好。     

Dynamics and control of parabolic trough collector loops with direct steam generation

Parabolic trough power plants with direct steam generation technology are a promising option for the production of electricity from renewable energy resources. For the layout of the collector field and the design of the control system the knowledge of the short-time dynamics is of essential importance. To study the dynamic behaviour a transient non-linear simulation tool is developed based on the Modelica language. The impact of over-all and local shadings of an 1000 m collector loop is simulated. Different feed water control systems are developed, implemented and evaluated. It turns out that in addition to the liquid level control of the buffer tank a fast feedback of the actual steam production is necessary for a good performance. For the case of steam temperature control by an injection cooler, it is shown that feedforward control significantly reduces the temperature deviations compared to a simple proportional–integral controller. The reaction of the controlled loop is simulated under a varity of irradiation disturbances. A key finding is that the orientation of the collector field relative to the moving clouds has large impact on the peak values during transients.