Bidi Smoking among Massachusetts Teenagers

OBJECTIVES: This article presents the prevalence of bidi use among Massachusetts adolescents. METHODS: Questions on bidi use were included in a statewide telephone survey of a population-based sample of youth 14 to 17 years of age (N = 733). RESULTS: Past-month use rates were below 2.0% for all demographic subgroups. Minority respondents were more likely than white respondents to have ever smoked a bidi. Males and current cigarette smokers were more likely than their female and nonsmoking counterparts to have ever smoked a bidi or to have smoked one in the past year. CONCLUSIONS: The demographic distributions of bidi smoking suggest the need for monitoring bidi use trends among adolescent subgroups.     

烟草广告和促销对青少年吸烟行为的影响

众多研究表明 ,大多数人吸烟始于青少年时期〔1～ 4〕。90 %成年吸烟者在 18岁前开始吸烟〔2〕。在高收入国家 ,80 %以上的吸烟者在青少年时期开始吸烟 ,在中等收入国家 ,大多数的吸烟者在 2 0岁左右开始吸烟〔2〕。青少年吸烟逐渐成低龄化的趋势〔1〕。而开始吸烟的年龄越早 ,     

青少年行为监测必要性调查

目的　进行青少年行为监测基线调查 ,研究青少年行为监测的必要性。方法　对教育行政部门、学校和家长进行深入访谈 ,了解他们对于青少年行为监测看法和需求 ;使用自编制的青少年行为监测问卷对青少年进行基线调查。结果　教育行政部门、中小学校领导、教师、学生和家长从各自的角度均认为有必要对青少年的行为进行监测 ;问卷调查发现了青少年的行为特征。结论　有必要进行青少年行为监测。     

中国医生吸烟与戒烟行为

目的 了解中国医务人员的吸烟及戒烟行为.方法 对全国31个省(自治区、直辖市)和新疆生产建设兵团按行政区划进行多阶段随机抽样,使用统一问卷,采用询问的形式对医生吸烟及戒烟行为进行调查.结果 32个项目地区977家医院共调查医生39248人,中国男性医生吸烟率47.3%,现在吸烟率38.7%.女性医生吸烟率1.5%,现在吸烟率1.1%.医生吸烟呈现出明显的地域性.医生平均吸烟支数为10支.在吸烟的医生中,曾经戒过烟的占43.4%.有戒烟打算的是43.2%.不同医院等级、地区、年龄、文化程度、科室及医院禁烟规定的医生,其吸烟和戒烟行为有差别(P＜0.05).结论 目前中国医生吸烟率较高,且受医院等级、地区、年龄、文化程度、科室及医院禁烟规定影响.     

青少年吸烟行为干预研究进展

据世界卫生组织估计 ,目前全球每年有 3 5 0万人死于与吸烟相关的疾病 ,而大多数人开始吸烟的年龄小于 1 8岁。近年来青少年吸烟率显示出增长的趋势 ,开始吸烟年龄也较以前降低。如果烟草不能得到很好的控制 ,今天的儿童和青少年中将有 2亿 5千万会因使用烟草而提前死亡 (中国 2 1世纪控烟策略研讨会 2 0 0 0 )。因此 ,预防青少年成为未来的吸烟者有非常重要的意义。国内外青少年吸烟行为的流行现况全球青少年吸烟调查美洲地区报告显示 ,1 3～ 1 5岁少年儿童吸烟率达 2 0 %～ 3 9 5 % ;此外 ,还有2 0 %的少年儿童有尝试吸烟倾向[1] 。据WH…     

Smoking Behavior and the Tobacco Crop

The purpose of the study was to measure the influence of the physical and economic presence of the tobacco crop on the smoking behavior and related attitudes of adolescents in tobacco raising regions. A stratified random sample of all grades five-12 from the schools in four Kentucky counties yielded a sample size of 1,322 students. A variable called Tobacco Crop Intensity (TCI), based on pounds of tobacco sold per population and land area, was defined. It was determined that the counties were polarized on this variable; two counties have a much more significant crop. Students from the pairs of counties were surveyed and compared. Results indicate that young people living in the counties with high intensity tobacco production or whose parents grow tobacco were twice as likely to smoke cigarettes; some of their attitudes and beliefs indicate a greater predisposition to cigarette smoking. Implications for government agricultural and educational policy are discussed.     

医学院校学生烟草流行现状研究

目的了解山东省医学院校学生的吸烟现状,对烟草危害健康相关知识掌握情况及对烟草控制的态度,为开展控烟干预计划和策略提供理论依据。方法采用定量与定性相结合的方法。定量调查运用横断面调查方法,分别采用分层整群抽样,以专业和年级为分层特征,集中式自填问卷的方法收集资料。定性调查采用专题小组访谈法。结果调查对象的总尝试吸烟率为27.0%;总现在吸烟率为5.1%。对烟草危害健康知识的全部正确认识率为54.8%,对医生教师均应作为禁烟表率的赞成率为23.9%。结论医学院校学生现吸烟率低于一般人群,对烟草危害健康相关知识的掌握和对控烟的态度已有一定基础,但仍需加强,应尽快制定相应控烟措施来改善其吸烟情况,提高其控烟能力。     

Smoking Behavior of High School Students in Israel

To evaluate the recently developed and implemented Israeli educational program "Smoking and Cigarette Smoke" (SACS), data was collected on the current smoking behavior and attitudes of high school adolescents.
A representative sample of 1,420 students in 22 high schools participated in the study. Each participant had to respond to 65 items of a specially devised questionnaire with respect to his or her smoking behavior and attitudes. According to age and sex in the school year 1980–81, the percentage of smokers within the target population, the distribution by age of when the student started smoking, as well as the distribution of reasons given for both smoking and not smoking, are recorded and analyzed. Generally, it was found that smoking behavior (and age distribution) of high school students in Israel is comparable to that of high school students in the United States. However, the reasons for smoking and not smoking as perceived by the students themselves are different in the two countries both qualitatively and quantitatively. It is concluded that in order to be successful, any preventive antismoking program should be modified and tailored in accordance with the characteristics and needs of the target population under the particular local set of constraints.     

医务人员控烟行为与态度调查

目的对成都市武侯区2家公立医院医务人员的控烟行为和态度等情况进行调查,为更好地贯彻落实医疗卫生系统全面禁烟工作奠定基础。方法采用整群抽样方法抽取武侯区2家医院的医务人员,对其进行问卷调查。结果男性医务人员的吸烟率为34.84%;女性医务人员无吸烟者;多因素分析结果表明影响吸烟医务人员对医院控烟态度的因素有:烟龄、日吸烟量、收入、对被动吸烟危害性认识;女性、不吸烟、接受过控烟培训,了解控烟方法以及希望通过培训使自己有能力开展控烟服务的医务人员更积极开展控烟宣传教育工作。结论成都市2家公立医院医务人员吸烟率相对较低,应进一步加强责任教育、帮助吸烟者戒烟,开展控烟知识与控烟技巧培训,是进一步推进医院控烟工作的重点。     

广西青少年吸烟行为现况调查

目的 了解广西青少年吸烟行为现况，为制定防控措施提供依据。方法 对南宁、柳州、桂林、贺州、钦州、河池等6城市的初中、高中、中等职业技术学校、大学共25766人进行匿名自填问卷，调查的主要内容为尝试吸烟、开始吸烟年龄、经常吸烟、严重吸烟4项。结果 尝试吸烟率为46．1％，男生为65．5％，女生为28．2％，差异显著；开始吸烟年龄≤13岁的占24．1％；不同学校类型之间学生吸烟状况以中等职校最严重，其中男生更为显著，4项指标分别为84．7％、43．6％、22．1％、3．8％；经常吸烟率男生为22．1％，女生为0．9％；三类地区的4项指标统计分别为50．7％、27．6％、6．7％、1．4％，均与一、二类地区有显著性差别；住校生的4项指标统计结果分别为52．1％、26．3％、5．6％、1．3％，与不住校生有显著差异；父母均不在身边的四项指标统计结果分别为53．3％、31．4％、7．2％、2．6％，与其他家庭情况有显著差异。结论广西青少年吸烟状况非常严重，学习、生活环境和家庭状况等影响不容忽视，应开展有针对性的健康教育工作。     

Electronic Smoking Behavior Among Adult Males in Jordan

The use of Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes) has considerably expanded especially among adults. This paper highlights the behavior regarding E-cigarettes uses among adult males in Jordan. Moreover, we studied the electronic cigarette devices, the electronic cigarette liquids used in them, and the health-related complaints associated with e-smoking. Among smokers, we studied the association between E-cigarette use and their interest in smoking cessation. A questionnaire-based study regarding electronic cigarette prevalence and awareness among Jordanian individuals was conducted with a total sample size of 1536 participants. The questionnaire was distributed using Facebook and WhatsApp social groups. In this study, we included data of a total of 254 adult male participants after excluding non-E-cigarettes smokers, female smokers, and male smokers younger than 18 years old from the previously published study (Electronic Cigarettes Prevalence and Awareness among Jordanian Individuals) to describe electronic smoking behavior among adult males in Jordan. We described smoking behavior, electronic smoking technologies and materials, source of knowledge, and believe regarding electronic smoking among participants. A total of 254 E-cigarette smokers have participated in this study. 104 participants (40.9%) were found to smoke both traditional and electronic cigarettes, 111 (43.7%) quit traditional cigarette smoking and switched to E-cigarettes, and 39 (15.3%) individuals are exclusively e-smokers. More than half of the participants (n?=?144; 56.7%) believe E-smoking is not addictive, and 213 (83.8%) suppose that the overall health effects attributable to E-smoking are less severe and not as serious as those related to traditional smoking. The use of E-cigarettes increased both nationally and globally in the past few years and is considered an emerging modality of smoking among non-smokers. Social media and other internet websites are the main sources of knowledge regarding E-cigarettes. Health-related issues and addiction are thought to be less than traditional smoking in considerable percentages of E-smokers. A more comprehensive conception of E-smoking patterns in Jordan is required to approach this phenomenon. Health authorities in collaboration with governmental policymakers are obligate to adopt strict recommendations to control the promotion of E-smoking through social media and other internet websites to limit its distribution among people especially youths.

     

Pregnancy Associated Smoking Behavior and Six Year Postpartum Recall

Background This study examined predictors and behaviors of pregnancy-related smoking among women who belonged to a private health maintenance organization and the recall accuracy of pregnancy-related smoking behaviors after 6-years. Methods A cohort of 725 pregnant women was followed for six years. Major predictors for smoking behavior before, during, and one-year following pregnancy were determined. In addition, accuracy of recall six years postpartum of smoking behavior at the time of pregnancy and one-year postpartum was tested. Results Mother’s education, asthma status, amount of pre-pregnancy smoking, gravidity, and father’s smoking status were important in the prediction of pregnancy associated smoking. Agreement for recall of smoking behavior during pregnancy (6 year recall) and one-year postpartum (5 year recall) were 90% and 91%, respectively. Conclusions Despite potentially adverse outcomes, a proportion of women continue to smoke throughout pregnancy. A number of variables proved to be important predictors of pregnancy associated smoking behavior. These factors should be considered by smoking cessation programs targeting women of reproductive age. Additionally, there was substantial agreement for maternal recall at six years postpartum of smoking behavior at the time of pregnancy and one-year postpartum. This should be considered in retrospective study designs that are primarily based on maternal recall of smoking behaviors before, during, and following pregnancy.     

初入职场者不同吸烟行为的心理原因研究

目的探究不同吸烟行为的初入职场者在吸烟动机、控烟自我效能感、感觉寻求等心理原因上的差异。方法使用Russell吸烟原因问卷、感觉寻求问卷及控烟自我效能感问卷对620名初入职场者进行调查。结果初入职场吸烟者排在前3位的主要吸烟动机依次是:刺激、镇静和享乐;不同吸烟行为初入职场者的感觉寻求水平存在差异,且差异有统计学意义(F=300.31,P0.01),从未戒烟者的感觉寻求水平最高,不吸烟者的感觉寻求水平最低;不同吸烟行为初入职场者的控烟自我效能感也存在差异,且差异有统计学意义(F=708.58,P0.01),不吸烟者控烟自我效能感得分最高,从未戒烟者控烟效能感得分最低。结论感觉寻求水平、控烟自我效能感与初入职场者吸烟行为有关。     

Effects of a Saliva Pipeline Procedure on Adolescent Self-Reported Smoking Behavior and Youth Smoking Prevention Outcomes

Background. Two strategies to resolve the problem of under- or overreporting of tobaccouse among adolescents have been utilized: (a) objective measures for validating self-reports and (b) procedures for improving validity of self-reports, such as the pipeline procedure. The objectives of this article are to investigate the hypothesis that reporting biases may be related to intervention status and to examine what effect such biases would have on interpretation of treatment effects. Method. A two-by-two factorial design was used, with the first factor a pipeline manipulation consisting of pipeline versus control condition, and the second factor treatment status, consisting of treatment versus reference schools. Within each of the schools, half of the 9th-grade classrooms were randomly assigned to a pipeline condition and half served as controls. Analysis was conducted with school as the unit of analysis. Results. The main effect for pipeline condition and the significant interaction between treatment and pipeline conditions were not significant. However, the pipeline manipulation did have an effect on the difference detected between treatment and reference schools; 4.3% difference between treatment and reference schools in the control condition versus 9.9% difference in the pipeline condition, both in the direction of a treatment effect. Using saliva thiocyanate as an objective measure of smoking status suggested differential false negative reporting where students in the reference community falsely claimed to be nonsmokers more frequently than in the treatment community (10.04% versus 5.96%). Conclusions. The reporting bias assessed by the pipeline procedure alone appears to have masked treatment outcome effects. Adjusting the smoking-dependent variable for false negatives seems to have increased the treatment outcome effects even further. This result is contrary to the expectation that the treatment community would experience greater demand pressures to underreport their smoking behavior. Further investigation to address response biases in intervention studies is warranted.     

青少年自杀行为的原因分析及危机干预措施

自杀是一种因社会心理冲突而产生的蓄意终止自己生命，有目的有计划的自我毁灭行为。自杀既是社会现象，又是医学现象，是心理不健康的一种特殊表现。自杀已成为世界各国关注的重大公共卫生问题。自杀可发生在各个年龄段。据统计，中国每年至少有25万人死于自杀，有200万人自杀未遂，而15～34岁的青年自杀已占自杀死亡人数的40％，自杀已成为18～20岁青少年死亡最重要的原因之一。这个年龄段的青少年正处于高考或是求职阶段，一旦遭受挫折就容易出现严重的心理失衡，如不能及时得到家庭和社会的帮助，往往会走上一死了之的极端。造成如此高的自杀死亡率，应引起社会的广泛关注，     

西安市青少年尝试吸烟行为与家庭因素的关系

目的了解西安市在校青少年吸烟状况,探讨西安市青少年吸烟行为与其家庭等因素的关系,为预防和减少青少年吸烟行为的发生提供依据。方法从西安市6个区分层抽取8所中学的初二、高一和高三年级学生1028名进行自编问卷调查,分析家庭因素与青少年吸烟的关系。采取χ2检验、独立样本t检验和多因素Logistic回归模型进行分析。结果西安市青少年吸烟行为在年级和性别上差异有统计学意义;父母情感温暖与理解与青少年吸烟行为有负向关系;父母监控、父母严厉惩罚和拒绝否认与青少年尝试吸烟行为有正向关系;家庭结构、父母吸烟和其他家庭成员吸烟与青少年尝试吸烟行为有关。性别、父母吸烟、母亲拒绝否认、其他家庭成员吸烟、父亲情感温暖与理解对西安市青少年开始吸烟行为有预测作用。结论青少年尝试吸烟行为与家庭中诸多因素有密切关系,营造良好的家庭环境、维护稳定的家庭结构和倡导科学的教养方式有利于预防和减少青少年吸烟行为。