红枣山楂芦荟复合饮料的研制

为研制风味独特的复合饮料,采用红枣、山楂和芦荟为主要原料,辅以白砂糖和柠檬酸,以感官评价为指标采用单因素实验和正交试验设计确定原料汁最佳配比,以离心沉淀率为指标采用单因素和响应面分析法确定稳定剂最佳复配方案。结果表明:单因素实验基础上,原料汁最佳配比为:红枣汁20%、山楂汁11%和芦荟汁40%,稳定剂最佳复配方案为:黄原胶0.086%、羧甲基纤维素钠0.13%和结冷胶0.037%,在此条件下,复合饮料感官评价分值为93.1±0.9分,离心沉淀率最低可达0.43%±0.015%。产品色泽纯正,呈橘黄色,酸甜适度,组织细腻,无沉淀和分层现象,具有红枣、山楂和芦荟独特香气,研究结果具有一定参考价值。     

枸杞杏鲍菇复合运动饮料的研制

以枸杞和杏鲍菇为主要原料,以蔗糖、柠檬酸、黄原胶、果胶与羧甲基纤维素钠为辅料,研制复合运动饮料。以感官评分为评价指标,利用单因素试验与正交试验确定枸杞提取液、杏鲍菇提取液、蔗糖和柠檬酸组成的最佳料液配比;以离心沉淀率为评价指标,采用单因素试验与正交试验确定黄原胶、果胶与羧甲基纤维素钠组成的复合稳定剂最佳添加量。结果显示,饮料中原料液的最佳配方参数为枸杞提取液25%、杏鲍菇提取液20%、蔗糖8%、柠檬酸0.15%,此时感官评价达到最高分;饮料中复合稳定剂最佳配方参数为黄原胶0.20%、果胶0.10%、羧甲基纤维素钠0.40%,此时离心沉淀率为2.19%。根据上述配方制得的复合运动饮料富有枸杞的香甜味和杏鲍菇特有的鲜味,色泽均匀,酸甜适中,适合运动者饮用。     

大豆复合植物蛋白饮料配方优化及其理化性质

以黄豆、红枣粉、红豆粉和枸杞粉为植物蛋白饮料的主要原辅料,研究此植物蛋白饮料的配方及其理化性质。以感官评价为指标,通过单因素实验和正交实验,考察了黄豆与辅料(红枣粉、红豆粉和枸杞粉)总量比、料水比、蔗糖添加量、奶粉添加量、红枣:红豆:枸杞的质量之比等对感官品质的影响。通过稳定系数和离心沉淀率,考察了复合乳化剂和复合增稠剂对产品稳定性的影响。通过测定产品的营养成分、色泽、粒径、流变学特性,研究了植物蛋白饮料的理化特性。结果表明:植物蛋白饮料最佳配方为:黄豆与辅料(红枣、红豆和枸杞)总量比为7:3,料水比为1:10(g/mL),蔗糖添加量7%,奶粉添加量1%,红枣:红豆:枸杞之比为2:5:3。复合乳化剂的最佳配比为蔗糖酯:单甘酯=3:4,最适添加量为0.16%;复合增稠剂的最佳配比为海藻酸丙二醇酯:海藻酸钠:瓜儿豆胶=2:1:3,最适添加量为0.065%。采用该配方得到的蛋白饮料呈淡黄色、口感顺滑、具有奶香味。最终获得的产品含有2.14%的蛋白质、0.95%的脂肪、13.57%的可溶性固形物、0.92%的还原糖;样品粒径平均值为303.33 nm,平均分散系数为0.24,属于典型非牛顿流体。     

混浊型炮制佛手饮料配方优化及稳定性研究

以经过炮制的佛手为原料,离心沉淀率和感官评分为指标,通过正交试验和响应面试验优化炮制佛手混浊型饮料的稳定剂配比及调配配方。结果表明：以海藻酸钠、瓜尔胶、罗望子胶为炮制佛手混浊型饮料的稳定剂,海藻酸钠添加量0.06%、瓜尔胶添加量0.06%、罗望子胶添加量0.08%时,稳定效果最好。混浊型炮制佛手饮料的最佳配方为佛手果浆与水质量比1∶2、柠檬酸添加量0.15%、果葡糖浆添加量3%、复合稳定剂添加量0.06%。该配方下佛手饮料的pH值为3.1,可溶性固形物含量为8.33 g/100 mL,还原糖含量为0.14 g/100 mL,总酸含量为0.9 g/mL。     

富含γ-氨基丁酸功能性乳酸菌饮品的配方及稳定性研究

为了研发富含γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）的乳酸菌饮品,基于模糊数学综合评价模型评判GABA功能性乳酸菌饮品的最佳配方,并在此基础上,采用单因素及正交试验优化饮品稳定剂配比。结果表明,GABA功能性乳酸菌饮品的最佳工艺配方为：乳酸菌发酵饮料为基质,添加蜂蜜6%、碳酸钙0.35%、阿斯巴甜0.01%,此条件下饮品的感官评分为最高的8.52分;最佳稳定剂配比为琼脂0.10%、黄原胶0.20%、羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC-Na）0.15%,此条件下饮品的离心沉淀率为1.92%、稳定效率为68.18%。功能性乳酸菌饮品符合国家相关标准,色泽呈均一深褐色、酸甜可口、乳酸香气浓郁,GABA含量为1.98 g/L,乳酸菌活菌数达1.026×1010 CFU/mL,同时富含甘氨酸、谷氨酸等17种氨基酸（包含7种必需氨基酸）,且饮品在常温下具有较好的贮藏性,具有广阔的市场前景。     

金银花乳酸菌饮料加工工艺研究

[目的]研究具有营养保健功能的金银花乳酸菌饮料的加工工艺和配方,旨在为该饮料的工业化生产提供技术参考。[方法]通过正交试验确定了金银花乳酸菌饮料的最佳配方;同时选用耐酸CMC-Na、黄原胶和果胶3种稳定剂进行复配,采用正交试验,以沉淀率为指标,确定3种稳定剂的最佳添加量配比。[结果]金银花乳酸菌饮料最佳配方:酸乳35%、金银花汁15%、蔗糖5%、阿斯巴甜0.025%,此时饮料的口感及综合品质最佳;采用复合稳定剂可大大提高金银花乳酸菌饮料的稳定效果,当耐酸CMC-Na、黄原胶、果胶的添加量分别为0.1%、0.1%、0.15%时,饮料的稳定性最好。[结论]通过以上试验研究,可得到具有独特风味的高质量的金银花乳酸菌饮料。     

酸菜汁乳饮料稳定性的研制

蛋白质沉淀反应一直是影响酸性乳饮料质量的重要因素,通过不同种类稳定剂配比进行单因素试验及正交试验,优选出最适稳定剂及最佳添加量。结果表明,在蛋白含量为1%的酸性乳饮料中,通过优化试验确定最适的稳定剂种类以及最佳添加量(CMC 0.55%、黄原胶0.35%、络合剂0.12%和乳化剂0.08%),在此条件下酸菜汁乳饮料的离心沉淀率为0.85%,饮料体系达到了较好的稳定效果。     

牛磺酸薄荷复合运动饮料研制及其体外抗氧化活性

以牛磺酸和薄荷为主要原料,辅以白砂糖、黄原胶、羧甲基纤维素钠与结冷胶,研制牛磺酸薄荷复合运动饮料。以感官得分为评价指标,利用单因素与正交试验确定牛磺酸、薄荷液与白砂糖组成的原料液最佳配比;以离心沉淀率为评价指标,采用单因素实验与响应面法确定黄原胶、羧甲基纤维素钠与结冷胶组成的复合稳定剂最佳添加量;通过测定该饮料对羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和DPPH自由基的清除率,评价其抗氧化活性。结果表明,牛磺酸0.03%、薄荷液6%、白砂糖3%,此时感官评价达到(87.3±0.9)分;黄原胶0.14%、羧甲基纤维素钠0.40%、结冷胶0.08%,离心沉淀率为1.05%。该条件下的牛磺酸薄荷复合运动饮料的薄荷气味浓郁,色泽均匀、透亮,呈浅黄色,酸甜适中,具有清凉感,且无明显沉淀与分层。另外该饮料对羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和DPPH自由基的清除率分别为42.76%、62.25%和57.46%,具有较好的抗氧化活性。     

浑浊型龙眼果肉乳酸菌发酵饮料加工工艺优化

以龙眼果肉乳酸菌发酵液为主要基料,以稳定性和感官评价两个指标加权得到的综合评分为响应值,通过单因素实验结合响应面优化方法,确定浑浊型龙眼乳酸菌饮料的较佳原辅料和复合稳定剂配方。结果表明,各因素对浑浊型龙眼乳酸菌饮料综合得分的影响程度从大到小依次为:糖酸比、果胶添加量、海藻酸钠添加量、黄原胶添加量。研究确定主要原辅料配方为木糖醇添加量3.00%,复合酸添加量0.15%;复合稳定剂配方为果胶添加量0.04%,海藻酸钠添加量0.30%,黄原胶添加量0.02%。在该配方下饮料的离心沉淀率为7.36%,感官评分为89.3,综合得分为98.97。     

木瓜红枣复合饮料的工艺研究

以木瓜和红枣为原料,制成复合饮料。结果表明:木瓜红枣复合饮料的最佳工艺配方为复合果汁50%,v(木瓜汁)∶v(枣汁)=3∶2,白砂糖12%,柠檬酸0.15%;最佳稳定剂为明胶0.04%,CMC-Na0.10%,黄原胶0.08%;最佳杀菌条件为温度90℃、时间10min。     

Comparison of nutritive chemistry of a range of temperate seaweeds

Eleven species of macroalgae (including four species from commercially important genera) were analysed for moisture, ash, fat, protein, neutral detergent fibre, crude fibre, calorific value, and calcium content. At the extremes of the nutritional values, Corallina officinalis had low calorific value (2.7 ± 0.3 MJ kg⁻¹), high ash content (77.8 ± 0.2% dw), low protein (6.9 ± 0.1% dw) and high calcium content (182 ppm); whereas the exploited Porphyra sp. had high calorific value (18.3 ± 1.8 MJ kg⁻¹), low ash content (9.3 ± 0.2% dw), high protein (44.0 ± 1.2% dw) and low calcium content (19.9 ppm). The other species considered had intermediate values, but tended to be more similar to Porphyra than to Corallina. When possible our data were also compared with those of other workers; they were found to be broadly similar.     

Optimisation of the pulsed vacuum osmotic dehydration of cladodes of fodder palm

Fodder palm, a great source of nutrients for human and animals, grows even in arid climates. Pulsed vacuum osmotic dehydration is an efficient process for obtaining semidehydrated food. It was used to slice cladodes of fodder palm. The independent variables used were temperature (30–50 °C), pulsed vacuum pressure (50–150 mbar) and NaCl concentration (5–15 g per 100 g solution). The response variables were water activity (a_w), moisture content (X), colour parameters, water loss (WL), solid gain (SG) and weight reduction (WR). The pulsed vacuum osmotic dehydration process was optimised for minimum values of a_w, X and SG, and maximum values of chroma. The experimental data obtained with the optimum condition (100 mbar; 10 gNaCl per 100 g solution, 44 °C) were near the estimated ones. For example, WL, a_w and ?E, and their error were 8.15 g per 100 g, 11%; 0.985, 0.3% and 6.15, 15.2%, respectively.     

Prevention of the deterioration of polyphenol-rich beverages

Only a small amount of H₂O₂ was detected in beverages, such as tea or coffee, immediately after opening caps of bottles, but H₂O₂ was gradually produced in the beverages after opening the caps, i.e. exposure to air. The beverages with high concentrations of polyphenols showed high 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activities, but produced relatively high concentrations of H₂O₂ when they were exposed to air, possibly due to oxygen. The production of H₂O₂ increased both with duration of the exposure to air and rise in temperature. Since H₂O₂ is toxic, ways to prevent the deterioration of catechin-enriched green tea, i.e. H₂O₂ production, were studied. The addition of catalase, which is an enzyme decomposing H₂O₂, reduced the H₂O₂ concentration, but it was inactivated at a high temperature. The addition of l-cysteine or glutathione (reduced form), with a thiol residue, reduced the H₂O₂ concentration. Addition of citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, l-ascorbic acid, l-glutamic acid and l-aspartic acid also reduced it, possibly because they lower the pH of the tea.     

Comparison of Properties of New Sources of Partially Purified Inulin to Those of Commercially Pure Chicory Inulin

Newly developed inulin powders were prepared from roots of Asparagus falcatus (AF) and Taraxacum javanicum (TJ) plants grown in Sri Lanka. Inulin content, analyzed by enzymatic spectrophotometric as well as high‐performance liquid chromatographic methods, showed that AF and TJ inulin powders contain 65.5% and 45.4% (dry wt) inulin, respectively, compared with 72% dry wt in the commercially available chicory inulin. Treating the AF and TJ inulin powders using ion exchange techniques significantly (P < 0.05) reduced their contents of micro (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe) and macro (Na, K, Ca, Mg) elements. Enzymatic hydrolysis of inulin into fructose and glucose by fructanase, and FT‐IR analyses proved that the developed AF and TJ inulins have characteristic molecular composition similar to commercial inulin. TJ inulin contained significantly (P < 0.05) greater amounts of total phenolics (4.37 mg GAE/g), total flavonoids (2.79 mg QE/g), and antioxidant capacity (833.11 mM TE/g) than AF inulin, which contained 1.33 mg GAE/g of total phenolics, 0.43 mg QE/g of total flavonoids, and 406.26 mM TE/g antioxidant capacity. The current study suggests that the newly developed inulin from AF and TJ roots could be used as an alternative commercial source of inulin for the food industry.     

Influence of type of muscles on nutritional value of foal meat

The effect of type of muscle on nutritional characteristic (fatty acid profile, amino acid content, cholesterol and major and minor mineral) of foal meat was investigated. Six muscles: longissimus dorsi (LD), semimembranosus (SM), semitendinosus (ST), biceps femoris (BF), triceps brachii (TB) and psoas major & minor (PM) from twelve foals slaughtered at 15 months from an extensive production system in freedom regimen were extracted for this study. Horse meat is characterized by low fat, low cholesterol content, rich in iron and in vitamin B. Statistical analysis showed that the cholesterol content did not show significant differences (P > 0.05) among muscle with mean value range between 0.62 and 0.57 mg/100 g. Most fatty acid presented significant differences (P < 0.05) with respect to the type of muscle. The obtained results showed that except for the polyunsaturated linoleic acid, the highest contents of fatty acids were found in the hindquarter muscles. Regarding amino acid profile, significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed among muscles and our results indicated that, 100 g of foal meat covered from 80.6 to 86.7% for the daily requirement for an adult man weighing 70 kg for essential amino acids for ST and LD muscles, respectively. Statistical analysis showed significant differences (P = 0.050) for the EAA (essential amino acids) index, which was highest for TB muscle, followed by BF and SM muscles, while the lowest values were reported by ST muscle. Finally, foal meat seems to be a very good nutritional source of major and minor minerals. The higher nutritional value of foal meat will be of great importance in the promotion of this meat.     

Effect of method of delivery of sodium butyrate on maturation of the small intestine in newborn calves

The effect of sodium butyrate (SB) supplementation in milk replacer (MR), starter mixture (SM), or both on small intestine maturation in newborn calves was investigated. Twenty-eight male calves with a mean age of 5 (±1) d were randomly allocated into 1 of 4 groups (7 animals per group) and fed (1) MR and SM, without SB (MR⁻ and SM⁻, respectively; MR⁻/SM⁻); (2) MR⁻ and SM supplemented with SB encapsulated within triglyceride matrix (SM⁺, 0.6% as fed; MR⁻/SM⁺); (3) MR supplemented with crystalline SB (MR⁺, 0.3% as fed) and SM⁻ (MR⁺/SM⁻); or (4) MR⁺ and SM⁺ (MR⁺/SM⁺). The MR was offered in amounts equal to 10% of initial body weight of the calf. The SM was blended with whole corn grain (50/50; wt/wt) and offered ad libitum as a starter diet. Calves were slaughtered at 26 d (±1) of age and small intestine development was investigated. Treatment with MR⁺ decreased villus height in the proximal jejunum and decreased villus height, crypt depth, and tunica mucosa thickness in the middle jejunum, whereas treatment with SM⁺ tended to increase small intestine weight and crypt depth in the proximal jejunum, and increased villus height in the distal jejunum. In the duodenum, crypt depth and tunica mucosa thickness were greater for the MR⁻/SM⁺ group compared with MR⁻/SM⁻, MR⁺/SM⁻, and MR⁺/SM⁺ groups. In the ileum, crypt depth was less for MR⁻/SM⁺ compared with MR⁻/SM⁻. Supplementation with SB in both MR and SM enhanced cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis in the middle jejunum mucosa. Regarding brush border enzyme activities, addition of SB to MR increased lactase activity in the middle jejunum and maltase activity in the distal jejunum, and tended to increase lactase activity in the distal jejunum, aminopeptidase A activity in the middle jejunum and ileum, and aminopeptidase N activity in the ileum. In contrast, SM⁺ increased dipeptidylpeptidase IV activity in the distal jejunum and tended to increase aminopeptidase N in the distal jejunum. In conclusion, both MR⁺ and SM⁺ affected small intestine development in newborn calves. This effect depended on the method of SB delivery but MR⁺ generally had a more pronounced effect. No synergistic effect of SB supplementation into MR and SM was found.     

Lipids and of fatty acids of edible crabs of the north-western Pacific

Analyses of lipids and fatty acids in muscles and hepatopancreas of five commercially exploited crabs inhabiting the Sea of Japan and the Okhotsk Sea, namely Paralithodes camtschaticus, Paralithodes platypus, Chionoecetes opilio, Chionoecetes angulatus and Chionoecetes japonicus, have been carried out. The total lipid level (TL) in muscles ranged from 0.53% of wet weight (ww) to 1.57% of ww and the amount of phospholipids exceeded that of triglycerides. The TL contents in the hepatopancreas of all crabs were higher than in muscles and varied between 10.2% ww in C. angulatus and 19.8% ww in P. platypus, the major class of lipids being triglycerides. The main polar lipids in the hepatopancreas and muscles were phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Among polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), the n-3 fatty acids have dominated; 16:0, 18:1n-9, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 were the main fatty acids contained in the tissues studied. In all the crabs, excluding C. angulatus, the PUFAs n-3/n-6 ratio in muscles varied between 7.02 and 10.3 while, in the hepatopancreas, the ratio varied between 4.00 and 6.62.     

Influence of molecular weight and degree of substitution of carboxymethylcellulose on the stability of acidified milk drinks

The influence of molecular weight (M_w, 250,000, 700,000) and degree of substitution (DS, 0.7, 0.9 and 1.2) of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) on the diameter and ζ-potential of casein micelles during acidification in diluted dispersions and on the stability of acidified milk drinks was investigated. The experimental results suggested that CMC with high M_w or low DS would result in thick adsorbed layer onto casein micelles. The ζ-potential of CMC-coated casein micelle increased with increasing the M_w of CMC with the same DS while at a fixed M_w the ζ-potential for CMC with high DS (1.2) increased in comparison with those for CMC with low DS (0.7 and 0.9). Both M_w and DS of CMC influenced the stability of acidified milk drinks. CMC with high M_w increased the viscosity of acidified milk drinks significantly and therefore contributed to the stability. CMC with high DS resulted in high ζ-potential of CMC-coated casein micelles, increasing the electrostatic repulsion between casein particles, which prevented the phase separation in acidified milk drinks. It was also found that the amount of CMC needed for efficient coverage of casein micelles increased with increasing the M_w of CMC. Above the efficient coverage concentration, the long-term stability of acidified milk drinks with high M_w CMC was better than that with low M_w CMC.     

Effects of rapid chilling of carcasses and time of deboning on weight loss and technological quality of pork semimembranosus muscle

The effect of rapid air chilling of carcasses in the first 3 h of chilling at −31 °C (then at 2–4 °C, till 24 h post-mortem) and the possibility of earlier deboning (8 h post-mortem) after rapid air chilling, compared to conventional air chilling (at 2–4 °C, till 24 h post-mortem) on weight loss and technological quality (pH value, tenderness, drip loss, cooking loss and colour - L^*a^*b^* values) of pork M. semimembranosus was investigated. Under the rapid chilling conditions, weight loss was 0.8% at 8 h post-mortem and increased to 1.4% at 24 h post-mortem when weight loss was 2.0% under conventional chilling. Carcasses that were rapid chilled had significantly lower (P < 0.001) internal temperature in the deep leg at 4 (25.7 °C), 6 (13.0 °C), 8 (6.2 °C) and 24 h (3.8 °C) post-mortem compared to conventional chill treatment (32.7, 24.2, 19.1 and 5.1 °C, respectively). Rapid chilling reduced significantly (P < 0.05) the rate of pH value decline at 8 h (6.02) post-mortem in M. semimembranosus compared to conventional chill treatment (5.88). Compared to conventional chilling, in M. semimembranosus deboned in different time post-mortem, rapid chilling had a positive significant effect on drip loss (P < 0.05, muscles deboned 8 h post-mortem), cooking loss (P < 0.001) and incidence of pale colour (L^* value). Rapid chilling i.e. rapid chilling and earlier deboning had neither positive nor negative significant effects (P > 0.05) on other investigated technological quality parameters of M. semimembranosus (tenderness, a^* value and b^* value) compared to conventional chilling.