贵州镇远道菜中产生物胺细菌的初步筛选及鉴定

该研究选用自然发酵期的镇远道菜为试验对象,分别以不同生物胺前体氨基酸为底物,采用生物胺检测双层培养基筛选出具有产生物胺能力的细菌,通过菌株形态特征、生理生化特征和16S rDNA分子生物学技术对其进行鉴定。结果表明,从镇远道菜中筛选出7株具有产生物胺性能的细菌,主要有芽孢杆菌（Bacillus sp.）、变形杆菌（Proteus sp.）。其中,菌株YJ0103产苯乙胺和组胺含量最高可达11.43 mg/L、0.43 mg/L,菌株FJ1303产色胺和尸胺含量最高可达4.94 mg/L、1.42 mg/L,菌株FJ1307产酪胺含量最高为2.28 mg/L。研究结果为发酵蔬菜中生物胺含量的调控提供重要支撑。     

发酵香肠中生物胺的研究进展

生物胺是一种低分子量的有机物,主要是通过氨基酸的脱羧作用生成.它广泛存在于发酵香肠、泡菜、干酪、酸奶等发酵食品中.本文综述了目前国内外关于发酵香肠中生物胺的研究情况,主要介绍了生物胺的产生原因、常见的生物胺种类、产生物胺的主要微生物、影响生物胺产生的理化因素以及对发酵香肠中生物胺含量积累的控制措施,旨在为今后对发酵香肠中生物胺的进一步研究提供帮助.     

传统中式香肠中产生物胺氧化酶菌的分离鉴定

结合培养基显色法和氧化酶试验,对发酵香肠中产生物胺氧化酶优势菌进行了初步分离。进而利用肉品发酵剂标准剔除不符合要求的菌株。利用高效液相色谱检测符合要求的产生物胺氧化酶菌株对生物胺的氧化减少能力。最后采用16S rDNA分子鉴定方法,通过同源性比对,得到4株符合发酵剂标准的产生物胺氧化酶菌株,即1株表皮葡萄球菌,3株模仿葡萄球菌。     

甜瓣子中生物胺产生菌株和降解菌株的筛选

甜瓣子发酵是豆瓣酱生产的重要阶段,低盐发酵甜瓣子中生物胺含量极易超标。采用生物胺显色培养基,以生物胺为唯一氮源的培养基(BAs)进行筛选,采用高效液相色谱法定量分析和荧光检测定性分析方法测定生物胺含量,并通过16S rDNA、18S rDNA和ITS测序鉴定菌株。结果表明,甜瓣子中产胺菌株多为芽孢杆菌属、肠杆菌属、短杆菌属,少数小孢根霉等也产生物胺,其中枯草芽孢杆菌B11在9%和12%盐度下发酵16 d,分别产苯乙胺233.9,546.5 mg/kg。降胺菌株以美极梅奇酵母属、片球菌属、乳杆菌属为主,其中香肠乳杆菌F003在6%盐度发酵的甜瓣子中发酵16 d,可完全降解100 mg/L的苯乙胺,对100 mg/L的组胺、酪胺和精胺的降解率分别达57.61%,25.52%和45.99%。F003回接至6%的甜瓣子,发酵得到的甜瓣子酯香味浓,无刺激性气味,甜瓣子品质好。在发酵甜瓣子体系中,枯草芽孢杆菌是产生物胺的主要菌种。本研究筛选到1株高效降解生物胺的香肠乳杆菌F003,可为甜瓣子发酵体系中生物胺的控制提供菌株支持。     

四川区域自然发酵香肠及人工接种牦牛肉发酵香肠中生物胺含量的研究

以四川省10 区域自然发酵香肠及人工接种发酵剂的牦牛肉香肠共21 个样品为研究对象,测定发酵香肠中的生物胺含量。结果发现,21 个发酵香肠样品中均检测到酪胺、亚精胺、精胺、尸胺、腐胺、色胺及组胺,β-苯乙胺均未检出;生物胺总量在57.34～411.12 mg/kg,除采自凉山州西昌的自然发酵牦牛肉香肠和广安的自然发酵猪肉香肠中酪胺含量超过了美国食品及药品管理局（Food and Drug Administration,FDA）规定标准（酪胺含量≤100 mg/kg）,其余均不存在生物胺安全问题。     

发酵肉制品中细菌群落结构及其表皮葡萄球菌生物胺相关基因分析

该研究首先利用高通量测序技术对发酵肉制品中细菌群落结构进行分析;然后利用传统培养分离法及双层显色培养基对产生物胺的细菌进行分离筛选,并基于16S rRNA基因序列进行鉴定;最后利用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）对产生物胺细菌的赖氨酸脱羧酶、组氨酸脱羧酶和酪氨酸脱羧酶编码基因ldc、hdc、tdc进行扩增。结果表明,发酵肉制品中细菌主要为厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）的葡萄球菌属（Staphylococcus）。从发酵肉制品中共分离得到52株细菌,其中43株具有产生物胺能力,主要为表皮葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus epidermidis）;产生物胺能力较强的7株表皮葡萄球菌中均含有ldc和hdc基因,部分菌株检测到tdc基因,为评估发酵食品生物胺的潜在危害和快速检测奠定基础。     

休闲发酵色拉米中生物胺的测定与分析

人体摄入过多的生物胺时会出现许多不良反应，本实验对乳杆菌（米酒乳杆菌和戊糖乳杆菌）和片球菌（戊糖片球菌和小片球菌）在休闲发酵色拉米中生物胺的生成量进行了测定与分析。结果表明：供试乳杆菌和片球菌均能产生不等量的组胺、尸胺、腐胺、酪胺、亚精胺和精胺，但都不产生色胺，产品中的生物胺生成量表现出明显的菌株效应。采用复配菌种（片球菌＋葡萄球菌）发酵可以明显降低香肠中组胺、尸胺、腐胺和酪胺以及总生物胺的含量。     

黄酒酿造过程中产生物胺菌株的筛选及其特性研究

从工业化黄酒酿造环境中筛选具有产生物胺能力的微生物,通过显色反应对菌株的产胺能力进行定性分析,用反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)进行定量分析,获得12株产生物胺的阳性菌株。其中2株菌产生物胺含量较高,经16S r DNA序列分析,菌株AR281为短乳杆菌,菌株AR193为棒状乳杆菌。37℃时,菌株AR281总生物胺的产生量最高为154.76 mg/L;菌株AR193总生物胺的产生量最高为173.78 mg/L。本文研究了发酵温度和发酵时间对其产生物胺能力的影响,为黄酒酿造过程中生物胺含量的控制提供了理论依据。     

干发酵香肠中生物胺的产生与控制

综述了干发酵香肠中生物胺产生的条件 ,国外干发酵香肠中生物胺的含量 ,与生物胺积累有关的微生物以及影响生物胺产生的理化因素 ,并提出了控制干发酵香肠中生物胺积累的措施。     

干发酵香肠中的生物胺

综述干发酵香肠中生物胺产生的条件,国外干发酵香肠中常见生物胺的种类及含量,与生物胺积累有关的微生物以及影响生物胺产生的理化因素,并提出了控制干发酵香肠中生物胺积累的措施。     

Mixed starter cultures to control biogenic amine production in dry fermented sausages

Several combinations of an amine-negative Lactobacillus sakei strain, along with proteolytic Staphylococcus carnosus or Staphylococcus xylosus strains, were used to study the influence of mixed starter cultures on biogenic amine production during the manufacture of dry fermented sausages. Changes in pH, water content, proteolysis, microbial counts, and biogenic amine contents were simultaneously examined in a spontaneously fermented batch and in three mixed starter-mediated batches. A double-controlled microbial charge initially inoculated as mixed starter culture of L. sakei and Staphylococcus spp. (all amine-negative strains) drastically reduced tyramine, cadaverine, and putrescine accumulation. No production of other aromatic amines such as histamine, phenylethylamine, or tryptamine was observed in any batch. The polyamines, spermine and spermidine, were found in raw materials and their levels decreased slightly in the spontaneously fermented batch. No correlation between proteolysis and biogenic amine production was observed. The use of proper technological conditions favoring starter development and the use of the raw materials with good hygienic quality make it possible to produce fermented sausages nearly free of biogenic amines.     

Use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to evaluate the proteolytic activity of Yarrowia lipolytica and its contribution to cheese ripening

The interaction between tyrosine-decarboxylase and proteolytic activities of a Lactobacillus curvatus and Staphylococcus xylosus, respectively, on biogenic amine production during the ripening and the storage of dry fermented sausages was investigated. Water content, pH, proteolysis parameters, microbial counts, and biogenic amine contents were monitored in spontaneously and starter fermented sausages. The use of proteolytic staphylococci as starter resulted in a higher content of non-protein nitrogen and total free amino acids. Tyramine was the main amine produced in all batches. However, tyrosine-decarboxylase activity of the L. curvatus starter strain was weak and yielded lower amounts of tyramine than those produced by the wild mioroflora in the control batch. Association between tyramine production and proteolysis could only be established in a defectively dried batch. Putrescine and cadaverine accumulation was efficiently reduced in the starter-mediated fermentation, in agreement with the lower development of enterobacteria. Phenylethylamine and tryptamine were only detected in the spontaneously fermented sausages, while histamine, spermine and spermidine did not vary during the ripening. Biogenic amine levels and related parameters showed significant changes during the storage of dry sausages depending on the temperature and the batch. As a general rule, changes in the pH, proteolysis, microbial counts, and biogenic amine contents were stronger at 19 degrees C than at 4 degrees C. The results suggest that refrigeration would be advisable for preventing further accumulation of biogenic amines during the storage of dry fermented sausages.     

Biogenic amine and microbiological profile of Serbian dry fermented sausages of artisanal and industrial origin and associated health risk

ABSTRACT

From the public health point of view, safety of dry fermented sausages is of concern due to possible presence of biogenic amines and some other food hazards. Taking into consideration that biogenic amines are chemical indicators of microbiological contamination, industrial and artisanal dry fermented sausages produced in Serbia were subjected to the microbiological and biogenic amine profiling. Microorganisms identified by MALDI-TOF MS included Cronobacter sakazakii and Listeria innocua, whereas the food pathogens were not detected. Biogenic amine content, determined by HPLC method in the range from 37.3 to 1186 mg/kg, was characterised as very low to low in 40% of the samples, moderate in 38%, high in 14% and very high in 8%. Risk assessment revealed that consumption of dry fermented sausages could cause histamine and tyramine intake up to 11.9% and 3.4% of threshold dose for healthy population, respectively. Adverse health effects would be rather unlikely for general population.     

Relationship between biogenic amine contents and the size of dry fermented sausages

Three trials were carried out to study the influence of the diameter on biogenic amine contents and related parameters (pH, humidity and proteolysis) in fermented sausages. The first trial was done on three groups of Spanish dry fermented sausages with different diameter. In the second, two sections (centre and edge) of salchichón sausages were examined. The last trial consisted in the study of the ripening of two batches of sausages fermented under the same conditions but with two different diameters. Biogenic amine contents varied among the different type of products as well as among the same type of samples. Generally, amine levels in the biggest diameter sausages were higher than in the thinnest sausages. Amine contents were higher in the central part of the sausages than in the edge. During the ripening, larger tyramine amounts were formed in sausages with the biggest diameter. Statistical correlations were found among the diameter, the pH, the proteolysis and some amines. The results of the three trials agree with the hypothesis that the diameter is a factor that may affect the formation of biogenic amines during sausage fermentation.     

Characterization of Biogenic Amines and Factors Influencing Their Formation in Traditional Chinese Sausages

Abstract: Biogenic amines in 42 traditional Chinese sausage samples obtained from different regions were determined by HPLC. The result showed that cadaverine was the major amine, followed by tyramine and putrescine. A total of 4 groups of samples were identified on the basis of total amines by cluster analysis. Group A included samples showing low amine contents (76.5 to 220 mg/kg) and accounted for 28.5% of the sausages examined. Group B included samples with moderate amine contents (220 to 600 mg/kg) and accounted for 45.2%. Group C included 11.9% of the samples showing high total biogenic amines contents (600 to 1000 mg/kg) and group D contained 14.28% of the samples showing very high levels of biogenic amines (higher than 1000 mg/kg). High correlation coefficients were found between the total counts of Enterobacteria and concentrations of total biogenic amines (r = 0.73). Sanitary quality of raw materials and the specific flora are import factors influencing biogenic amines formation in traditional Chinese sausages. Practical Application : Biogenic amines are considered potentially harmful substances to human health worldwide and are usually found in fermented sausage.Traditional Chinese sausage is one form of spontaneously fermented sausage and manufactured in small-scale plants following spontaneous fermentation. Little information, however, exists on the traditional Chinese sausage.     

Dry fermented sausages of Southern Italy: a comparison of free amino acids and biogenic amines between industrial and homemade products

This paper compares some important parameters and the free amino acid and biogenic amine contents of cured industrial and homemade meat products. To this aim, industrial and homemade "soppressata" and "salsiccia", typical dry fermented sausages produced in Southern Italy, were analyzed. The homemade sausages showed a higher level of free biogenic amines than that manufactured industrially, most likely because biogenic amine formation in industrial products is limited by the use of starter cultures. The industrial sausages are characterized by a higher total free amino acid content than the homemade products. Overall, free amino acid and biogenic amine contents demonstrated that appreciable differences exist between homemade and industrial sausages.     

Role of surface-inoculated Debaryomyces hansenii and Yarrowia lipolytica strains in dried fermented sausage manufacture. Part 2: Evaluation of their effects on sensory quality and biogenic amine content

The aim was to study the effects of Debaryomyces hansenii and Yarrowia lipolytica strains, used with lactic acid starter cultures (Lactobacillus plantarum), in the manufacture of dried fermented sausages in order to understand their effects on volatile profile, biogenic amine content and sensory properties. The experimental data showed that every yeast strain produced a specific profile of volatile metabolic products. The yeasts also gave sausages with distinctive sensory properties. The degree of mincing also influenced these properties, but none of these factors had significant influence upon the accumulation of biogenic amines.     

Determination of Biogenic Amines in Sichuan-Style Spontaneously Fermented Sausages

The qualitative and quantitative profile of biogenic amines in 30 samples of Sichuan-style spontaneously fermented sausages sold in Sichuan retail markets was studied by HPLC. Tryptamine, phenylethylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, and spermidine were analyzed by UV detection after pre-column derivatization with dansyl chloride. There were wide ranges of different biogenic amines in the samples, except spermidine. The results showed that the histamine was the major biogenic amines, followed by tyramine and cadaverine, which have a mean value of 196.06 mg/kg (ranging from 114.33 to 327.35 mg/kg), 164.67 mg/kg (ranging from 88.84 to 285.89 mg/kg), and 141.65 mg/kg (ranging from 19.14 to 376.46 mg/kg), respectively. The toxicity limit of histamine is 100 mg/kg, where all of the samples exceeded this limit. None of the samples of total biogenic amines content exceeded 1000 mg/kg. The results showed that the amounts of biogenic amines in Sichuan-style spontaneously fermented sausages sold in Sichuan retail markets may pose a potential health risk for sensitive individuals. This suggested that it is necessary to improve the production techniques and the raw materials’ hygienic quality, to ensure the quality and safety of this fermented sausages with respect to their biogenic amine content.