两种连续局部塑性成形工艺对锻件微观组织的影响

通过模拟分析与实验分析结合的方法,验证连续局部塑性成形微观组织演变有限元模型的正确性,采用该模型对42CrMo钢坯料辊锻过程中的组织晶粒度进行预报,研究42CrMo钢辊锻过程的奥氏体晶粒尺寸演化规律;对楔横轧变形过程中组织晶粒度变化进行研究,并对两种连续局部塑性成形后锻件组织晶粒度进行对比。研究结果表明,辊锻变形坯料P1、P2、P3处奥氏体晶粒尺寸实验结果与有限元预报结果吻合良好,晶粒尺寸变化为动态再结晶细化;楔横轧变形过程中,动态再结晶和奥氏体晶粒长大作用同时发生;通过对两种连续局部塑性成形得到的锻件微观组织进行比较,楔横轧锻件整体平均晶粒尺寸更加细小、均匀。     

核电用316H奥氏体不锈钢锻件的晶粒度控制

针对316H奥氏体不锈钢锻件晶粒粗化和混晶的问题,研究了锻造温度、变形量、固溶保温温度对316H钢晶粒度的影响。结果表明:锻件晶粒度大小为芯部＞1/4直径＞表面位置;锻造温度和变形量的增加促进了动态再结晶的发生,对晶粒的细化作用十分显著,锻造温度采用1100 ℃,变形量控制在30%时,锻造后的晶粒度可达7级左右。热处理对锻件的晶粒度具有一定均匀化作用,热处理温度过高会使晶粒长大,热处理温度应控制在1040~1060 ℃范围内。     

相场方法研究变形镁合金的晶粒分布

结合多态相场(MSPF)模型与晶体畸变模型,获得变形镁合金初始变形晶粒组织以及合金内部的非均匀储存能分布,计算模拟不同退火温度条件下的再结晶形核和晶粒长大的微观演化过程,分析退火温度对再结晶晶粒长大和晶粒尺寸的影响,对比不同时刻的再结晶晶粒分布特征。结果表明:在相同的变形条件下,位错密度高的区域,如晶界附近,储存能较高,再结晶形核最先在高储存能区域出现,并通过合并与吞噬机制长大;而在变形晶粒内部,储存能较低且分布相对均匀,再结晶过程中形核长大较慢。不同退火温度下晶粒尺寸权重概率的分布表明:低温下会出现双峰结构和异常晶粒长大现象;高温下晶粒长大较快,晶粒尺寸分布向大尺寸方向变化且趋于均匀。     

高温合金螺栓镦挤过程的微观组织演变模拟及试验研究

使用Visual Fortran6.0开发了锻件微观组织模拟软件,可进行塑性变形分析及模拟变形中锻件内部微观组织演化,得到锻件内的应力场、应变场、应变速率场及晶粒度分布。应用该软件分析了高温合金(GH4169)螺栓镦挤工艺的动态再结晶过程和再结晶的晶粒度分布。     

冷轧压下率对Fe-3% Si低温取向硅钢组织的影响

对低温Fe-3%Si取向硅钢在二次冷轧工艺中不同冷轧压下率下的显微组织进行了分析。结果表明,当第一次冷轧总压下率为42%和52%时,冷轧板显微组织形变度小,冷轧板中的储存能小,再结晶驱动力小,使中间退火后得到的再结晶晶粒粗大,粗大的晶粒遗传给第二次冷轧工艺,不利于高温退火过程中二次再结晶晶粒长大而获得粗大的成品晶粒;当第一次冷轧总压下率为61%和71%时,冷轧板显微组织形变严重,晶粒内畸变能高,冷轧板中的储存能大,再结晶的驱动力大,使中间退火后得到的再结晶晶粒变细,有利于高温退火中二次再结晶晶粒吞并初次晶粒而长大,获得粗大的成品晶粒;当第一次冷轧总压下率为81%时,冷轧板显微组织形变度过大,使中间退火后再结晶晶粒出现二次再结晶现象,晶粒异常长大,显微组织不均匀,不能获得满意的成品晶粒。     

700℃超超临界锅炉过热器管材Inconel 740H合金冷变形行为研究

对Inconel 740H合金荒管进行了不同变形量的冷轧实验,分析了其冷变形特性。通过冷变形后不同制度的退火处理,对Inconel 740H合金组织演变规律进行研究,建立了退火过程中再结晶晶粒长大方程。同时引入不均匀因子Z对组织均匀性进行评定。研究表明,Inconel 740H合金中间退火处理中的静态再结晶过程主要受退火温度和保温时间影响,所构建的再结晶晶粒长大方程与实验值吻合度较好。冷轧变形量为20%,中间退火制度为1100℃/5 min时得到的组织最为均匀。     

晶粒及晶界特征对高锰奥氏体TWIP钢抗腐蚀能力的影响

以一种高锰奥氏体孪晶诱发塑性(TWIP)钢为实验材料,采用700~1000℃保温20 min及800℃保温10~30 min的退火工艺获得了不同晶粒尺寸分布及晶界特征分布的再结晶组织,结合EBSD技术及动电位极化曲线测试,研究了晶粒度、晶粒均匀性及晶界特征分布对该钢抗腐蚀能力的影响.结果表明,该高锰奥氏体TWIP钢的抗腐蚀能力受组织中的晶粒度及重位点阵(CSL)晶界分布比例的影响,二者的作用在再结晶的组织中因组织的均匀性不同而表现出明显差异.当再结晶过程刚刚结束,晶粒组织尚不均匀且未进入晶粒长大阶段时,平均晶粒尺寸对抗腐蚀能力的影响占主导地位.随着平均晶粒尺寸的增大,该TWIP钢的抗腐蚀能力下降.而当再结晶晶粒充分长大且晶粒尺寸分布均匀,CSL晶界所占的比例对其抗腐蚀能力的影响尤为显著.随着CSL晶界所占晶界比例的提高,该TWIP钢的抗腐蚀能力增加.     

轧制变形对Ni-Fe-Cu-Co耐蚀合金材料组织性能的影响

选用铸造Ni-Fe-Cu-Co四元耐蚀合金材料,采用热轧和冷轧对合金材料进行轧制处理,分析了不同工艺轧制及退火处理后合金再结晶微观组织。结果表明,耐蚀合金材料经1030℃热轧后,组织形貌为均匀细小的再结晶组织,温度过低不足以形成再结晶晶粒,温度过高会使晶粒不均匀长大,形成二次再结晶组织。耐蚀合金材料经冷轧后660~740℃保温20min,退火处理可以产生细小均匀的再结晶组织,晶粒平均尺寸为20μm;退火温度过低时无法生成再结晶组织,过高时晶粒会有所长大。     

基于CSP工艺下稀土元素对低碳钢冷轧板再结晶的影响

在实验室进行了冷轧板再结晶退火实验,结合再结晶实验结果及再结晶形核和长大动力学模型,研究了稀土元素对低碳钢冷轧薄板再结晶及晶粒长大的影响。结果表明,低碳钢冷轧薄板中加入稀土元素提高了再结晶温度,阻碍了再结晶形核及再结晶晶粒长大。低碳钢冷轧薄板中加入稀土元素增加了晶粒长大激活能。稀土元素提高了低碳钢冷轧薄板的再结晶形核激活能约3.87 kJ/mol,提高再结晶晶粒长大激活能约11.7%。     

热处理对连续点式锻压激光快速成形GH4169合金组织与拉伸性能的影响

研究了热处理对连续点式锻压激光快速成形GH4169合金显微组织和拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,980STA热处理未能使连续点式锻压激光快速成形GH4169合金发生再结晶,合金的拉伸性能达不到锻件标准。经1020STA热处理后,合金发生完全再结晶,等轴晶晶粒尺寸分布均匀,平均晶粒尺寸约为12.8μm,Laves相未被完全固溶,合金的强度和塑性超过锻件标准。1050STA热处理合金的再结晶平均晶粒尺寸约为25.3μm,Laves相完全固溶消失,与1020STA热处理合金相比,合金的强度下降而塑性上升,强度和塑性超过锻件标准。经1080STA热处理后,合金再结晶晶粒尺寸分布不均匀程度明显增大,平均晶粒尺寸约为123.6μm,与1020STA和1050STA热处理合金相比,合金的强度和塑性都大幅度下降,仅与锻件标准相当。     

铁素体区热轧工艺对Ti-IF钢深冲性能的影响

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜以及电子探针,研究了Ti-IF钢在铁素体区轧制时不同的轧制温度、压下量以及润滑条件对钢板的组织结构以及析出物析出方式的影响.结果表明,轧制温度的降低和变形量的增加,都会导致形核率增大,晶粒尺寸减小,并且使晶体结构中{111}取向加强.润滑条件主要影响试样的表面晶粒尺寸,润滑条件越好,表面晶粒尺寸越接近于中心晶粒尺寸.析出物多以单独析出为主,Ti(C,N)-Al_2O_3由外延生长机制复合而成.     

Control of recrystallization during high-temperature hot-rolling of grain-oriented silicon steel

Recrystallization kinetics of 3 % Si steel after hot rolling in the temperatures between 1373 and 1573 K, which is quite important to obtain uniform magnetic properties, was studied. Recrystallization rate after hot rolling was relatively slow because of low dislocation density, which resulted from rapid recovery, and its behavior was strongly influenced by the initial grain size and coexistence of the γphase. Based on these Findings, controlling technology of recrystallization during hot rolling of grain-oriented Si steels is discussed.     

Texture development during grain growth in polycrystals with strong preferred orientation

Texture alterations accompanying grain growth have been simulated by means of a new statistical model which for the first time takes into account the dependence of both the energy and mobility of grain boundaries on their disorientation. Model polycrystals with a single-component texture are assumed to consist of preferably oriented grains A (the main texture component) and randomly oriented grains B. Therefore, there are three types of grain boundaries in these polycrystals: high-angle A–B and B–B boundaries, and A–A boundaries with a smaller disorientation. A novel map showing the effect of both the scatter and intensity of the main texture component on the character of grain growth is obtained. Abnormal grain growth leads eventually to vanishing of the main texture component. However, the main component enhances at the incubation period of abnormal grain growth, especially in the case when the initial distribution of randomly oriented grains is displaced toward small sizes, as in materials with cube texture. The texture evolution during normal grain growth is strongly affected by the initial position of the size distribution of randomly oriented grains. If this distribution is displaced toward small sizes, the main texture component is enhanced. In contrast, normal grain growth results in vanishing of the main component if the initial size distributions of grains A and B are identical. Various texture evolutions observed in the simulations are shown to be a result of an interplay of the consumption and the growth of randomly oriented grains during the growth process.     

异步轧制AZ31镁合金板材在退火处理中的组织性能演变

研究了异步轧制AZ31镁合金板材经200～350 ℃退火30～120 min后的组织性能演化.在试验条件下,AZ31镁合金板材在200 ℃退火时,随保温时间的延长,组织的均匀程度和晶粒尺寸没有明显变化;在300 ℃退火30 min,基本完成再结晶过程,获得均匀细小的等轴晶,保温时间增加到60 min时,部分再结晶晶粒长大;在350 ℃退火30 min和60 min,均在完成再结晶的同时晶粒长大;300 ℃退火30 min后AZ31镁合金板材的综合性能较好,室温抗拉强度为315 MPa,伸长率为33.0%.     

Thermal stability of nano-RuAl produced by mechanical alloying

The thermal stability of as-milled nano-RuAl has been studied by isothermal annealing at high temperatures. All three kinds of structural evolutions in as-milled powders upon high temperature exposure, namely reordering, strain relaxation and grain growth, show signs of stagnation. The total quantity of impurities, mainly 15 at.% Fe has been analyzed as being dissolved substitutionally in RuAl and also segregated to grain boundaries. Upon grain growth, lattice diffusion and segregation of impurity atoms in grain boundaries have been verified by the lattice parameter variation. The incremental apparent activation energy for grain growth at different temperatures is related to the accumulation of impurities in grain boundaries. Reordering and strain relaxation processes that accompany grain growth could consume a certain part of the driving force for grain growth.     

Structure and deformaton behaviour of Armco iron subjected to severe plastic deformation

Structural evolutions in an Armco iron subjected to severe plastic deformation by torsion under high pressure are anlysed with conventional and high resolution electron microscopes. The substructure observed at low strains appears to shrink with increasing deformation and transforms at very high strains into grain boundaries. The resulting grain size decreases down to a constant submicrometric value. Meanwhile, the material strength, as revealed by micro hardness measurements, levels out. Dislocation densities and internal stress levels are used to discuss the structural transformations. Hydrostatic pressure and deformation temperature are believed to modify the steady-state stress level and structural size by impeding the recovery processes involving diffusion.     

Recrystallization in Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Nickel－base Superalloy MA760

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Evolution of microstructure and microtexture upon recrystallization of submicrocrystalline niobium

Laws of recrystallization in niobium after a submicrocrystalline structure was formed in it by high pressure torsion at room temperature are studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Recrystallization is shown to begin at 300 °C due to the growth of individual microcrystallites. Continuous recrystallization develops in the temperature range 300–800°С. As isothermal annealing temperature is increased, the area occupied by recrystallized grains, which (110) planes are parallel to the sample surface, increases to 90%. Discontinuous and continuous recrystallization that takes place simultaneously upon annealing at 900°С results in grain refinement and more pronounced size inhomogeneity in the structure. The grain refinement is accompanied by a smearing of the recrystallization texture.     

Post Deformation at Room and Cryogenic Temperature Cooling Media on Severely Deformed 1050-Aluminum

The annealed 1050-aluminum sheets were initially subjected to the severe plastic deformation through two passes of constrained groove pressing (CGP) process. The obtained specimens were post-deformed by friction stir processing at room and cryogenic temperature cooling media. The microstructure evolutions during mentioned processes in terms of grain structure, misorientation distribution, and grain orientation spread (GOS) were characterized using electron backscattered diffraction. The annealed sample contained a large number of “recrystallized” grains and relatively large fraction (78%) of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs). When CGP process was applied on the annealed specimen, the elongated grains with interior substructure were developed, which was responsible for the formation of 80% low-angle grain boundaries. The GOS map of the severely deformed specimen manifested the formation of 43% “distorted” and 51% “substructured” grains. The post deformation of severely deformed aluminum at room temperature led to the increase in the fraction of HAGBs from 20 to 60%. Also, it gave rise to the formation of “recrystallized” grains with the average size of 13 μm, which were coarser than the grains predicted by Zener–Hollomon parameter. This was attributed to the occurrence of appreciable grain growth during post deformation. In the case of post deformation at cryogenic temperature cooling medium, the grain size was decreased, which was in well agreement with the predicted grain size. The cumulative distribution of misorientation was the same for both processing routes. Mechanical properties characterizations in terms of nano-indentation and tensile tests revealed that the post deformation process led to the reduction in hardness, yield stress, and ultimate tensile strength of the severely deformed aluminum.     

纯镁在高压扭转处理中的结构及硬度演变

研究了纯镁在室温高压扭转处理过程中的结构及硬度演变,系统探索了硬度达到稳态后时晶粒尺寸的演变。结果表明,在变形的初始阶段硬度HV随着应变的增加而增大,并达到一个最大值(~530 MPa),随后硬度HV随着应变的增加将降低到一个稳定值。然而,当硬度值处于稳态时,晶粒尺寸并不是处于稳态。在高压扭转的过程中,硬度值随应变的演变和晶粒尺寸随硬度值的演变是不一致的。当硬度值处于稳态时,晶粒尺寸进一步减小是由于动态回复和动态再结晶造成的位错湮灭。而动态回复和动态再结晶的发生来源于高压扭转过程中的温度上升以及纯镁较低的熔点。